Historical Stages Research Articles

Presencia de las Ciencias Sociales en los currículos de Educación Infantil de Extremadura.

The social sciences are very present in daily life, since knowledge such as geography, history, sociology, etc., has an impact on people's daily lives. In the educational stage of Early Childhood Education, the teaching of historical content is developed through projects that allow students to discover and investigate a certain historical stage. But do these contents related to social sciences really appear in the Early Childhood Education curriculum? This work aims to know how social science content is included in the curriculum of this stage. To this end, the legislation that regulates Early Childhood Education in Extremadura has been analyzed to establish comparisons in the treatment of social sciences within it. The methodology used has been qualitative, and more specifically, a documentary data analysis has been carried out where the last two Early Childhood Education decrees of Extremadura have been analyzed: Decree 4/2008 and Decree 98/2022. The results obtained suggest that in Decree 98/2022 there is more presence of social sciences than in the old Decree 4/2008, although this presence in both decrees is very generic and refers more to processes related to socialization.

DİJİTAL DÜNYADA İSLÂM TARİHİNİ BİLGİSAYAR OYUNLARI ÜZERİNDEN KEŞFETMEK: KNIGHTS OF THE LIGHT ADLI OYUN ÇERÇEVESİNDE ALANA BİR GİRİŞ

This article analyses the computer game ‘Knights of the Light: The Prologue,’ which focuses on a theme from the early periods of Islamic history, and evaluates its role in the teaching and learning Islamic history. The game centres around the Battle of Qādisiyya (15/636), a critical juncture during one of the significant milestones for Muslims in their struggle against the Sassanids, marking a pivotal moment in the early Islamic conquests. Commanders Qaʿqāʿ b. ʿAmr and his brother ʿĀṣim b. ʿAmr, who played crucial roles in the events leading up to the eradication of the Sassanids from the historical stage, are the primary figures in this game. Despite encountering some technical flaws and receiving unfavourable feedback from players, the game’s commendable effort to adhere to historical data and accurately present the conditions of that period deserves recognition. In this regard, the game becomes the focal point of this article concerning the instruction and education of Islamic history. Factors such as the prominence of learning materials through computer games, the vivid portrayal of historical events, and the encouragement of students to delve into more profound research, as exemplified by this game, suggest the effectiveness of such games as valuable tools in the education of Islamic history.

Counter-Discourses of Lower-Caste Intellectuals in Colonial and Postcolonial India: Mainstream Hindu Discourses and the Phule-Ambedkar Ideology

This study examines the nature of discourse formation in the Dalit movement by analysing two different historical stages: 1) the nineteenth-century upper-caste discourse on Aryan race theory and the counter-discourse advocated by Phule; and 2) the early twentieth-century mainstream nationalist discourse and the counter-discourse proposed by B. R. Ambedkar. However, the ideologies of Phule and Ambedkar, which have often been combined and called the ‘Phule-Ambedkar ideology’, contain heterogeneous and conflicting elements, especially concerning lower-caste identity and perceptions of the upper castes. Counter-discourses have been produced through interaction with and responses to the contemporary mainstream discourse in different times and contexts

In honor of the 100th anniversary of the Department of Infectious Diseases at the I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)

This article is dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the Department of Infectious Diseases of the I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University). This study examined key biographical information about department heads and achievements of teams at various historical stages. Currently, the department follows the educational policies of Sechenov University up to 2030. New educational programs in Russian and English are created for students. New teaching methodologies are implemented, talented students are engaged in student research on infectious diseases, interdisciplinary Olympiads are held, and conditions are formed to enhance student involvement in research and development activities to prepare competitive professionals with new professional competencies (research, interdisciplinary, and digital), capable of advancing science and new technologies.

Relazioni linguistico-letterarie tra Genova e la Spagna: aspetti fraseologici

By retracing the historical stages of the relations between Liguria and Spain since the Middle Ages, the article outlines, through a series of examples, some considerations on the phraseology of Spanish and Genoese. A promising panorama of perspectives on the history of linguistic relations between Genoa and Spanish-speaking countries emerges out of the analysis.

Prognostic analysis of sex and age in hepatocellular carcinoma: a SEER study.

This study aimed to explore the impact of sex on clinical features and survival among hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. HCC case data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database for the period 2010 to 2015 were selected for analysis. Kaplan-Meier curves displayed overall survival. Univariate cox regression examined the prognostic characteristics of individual features, and multivariate Cox regression assessed hazard ratios. This study comprised 3486 HCC patients, with 2682 males and 804 females. Across all age groups, there was a higher prevalence of males compared to females. Survival curves among female patients showed no significant differences across various age groups. However, among male patients, those under 60 demonstrated notably higher survival rates compared to those aged 60 and above. Regarding various ethnicities, TNM staging systems, tumor sizes, the presence of lung/bone/brain metastases, location in Purchased/Referred Care Delivery Areas, SEER historic stages, tumor grades, and individuals receiving chemotherapy, the proportion of male patients consistently exceeded that of female patients. Within the female patient group, individuals receiving chemotherapy exhibited significantly higher survival rates compared to those who did not. However, the administration of chemotherapy showed no significant impact on the survival rate of male patients. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed age, gender, and the administration of chemotherapy key factors influencing the overall survival prognosis. Age, gender, and the administration of chemotherapy are influential factors in the prognosis of both male and female HCC patients.

Methods of interaction of Russian conservatives with society and government. The question of the status of the Grand Duchy of Finland at the beginning of the XX century

The subject of the study is the change in the methods of interaction of the Russian conservative trend with society and government structures within the framework of the anti-Finnish discourse in the early twentieth century. The author examines in detail such aspects of the topic as the return of the "Finnish question" to Russian journalism after the assassination of Alexander II by the People's Deputies and a sharp change in the internal political course of the government; the influence of right-wing monarchical organizations (especially the "Russian Assembly") on the spread of anti-Finnish sentiments in Russian society and senior government circles; the actualization of the "Finnish question" in the context of the actions of the tsarist government by incorporation of the outskirts. Special attention is paid to the transition of anti-Finlandic sentiments from the plane of public controversy on the pages of Russian magazines into the practical activities of Russian officials to limit the autonomous rights of the Grand Duchy of Finland. The main content of the research methodology is the study from the point of view of objectivity and historicism of materials giving an idea that the strengthening of anti-Finlandic sentiments among representatives of the right-wing radical spectrum of the Russian social movement, which was caused by revolutionary shifts in the life of Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century. The main conclusions of the study are: 1) disagreements over the status of the Grand Duchy of Finland became part of the ideological and practical confrontation between different social groups in Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century; 2) the vector of Russian policy regarding the autonomous rights of Finland is changing, and this problem is again becoming part of the information agenda, mainly in conservative publications. The author's special contribution to the research of the topic is to identify the reasons for the change in the nature of the discussion of the status of Finland in the context of serious changes in the Russian Empire at the beginning of the twentieth century. The novelty of the research lies in the analysis of the events of a crucial historical stage, when the activation of the revolutionary and national liberation movement caused a tendency to strengthen pro-monarchist groups seeking to counter the destructive anti-state challenges in the national issue of the idea of preserving the state.

An Analysis of Time and Phenomenology by Husserl and Heidegger

This paper mainly discusses some important internal connections between Heidegger’s early philosophical thoughts, especially the phenomenological theory of time and Dasein’s existentialism, and Husserl’s phenomenology of inner time consciousness, so as to provide some favorable perspectives for a clearer understanding of the overall ideological context of the two thinkers. Correcting the inconsistencies and contradictions that we have formed in our minds and resolving some of these doubts, especially through the analysis of time and phenomenology, we can more clearly understand some important clues of 20th century continental philosophy and its position on the historical stage. The key is how Heidegger successfully completed his Dasein existentialism innovation and its “hermeneutic” transformation.

Turkic Ethnic Realities in the Medieval Manuscript of Kipchak Origin

The purpose of our work was to analyze the ethnic realities of the Kipchak language in order to
 establish its similarities and differences with modern Turkic languages for which this medieval
 language was a proto-language. The written medieval manuscript in Arabic “Al-Tuhfa al-Zakiyya fi al-
 Lugha al-Turkiyyah” (Genuine wonder about the Turkish language) was one of the most important and
 most valuable source for studying the Kipchak language. The main feature of the work was that the
 original version was written in the Kipchak, as the anonymous author pointed out on the first page of
 the manuscript, stored in Istanbul, in the Beyazit state library. When studying objects that were far
 apart from each other in a temporary sense, such as medieval and modern languages, we used the
 comparative-historical method, and as a result concluded that in some cases there were only phonetic
 differences, while the syntactic and semantic commonality of lexical and phraseological units persisted.
 To classify ethnic realities, the statistical method of analysis was used. Ethnographic, cultural and
 mental realities testified to direct kinship and a single nomadic culture of the speakers of the languages
 of this group and provided an opportunity to restore the historical stages of the development of the
 Turkic languages from the Middle Ages to the present day.

ABOUT THE HISTORICAL PREREQUISITES OF THE FORMATION OF PUBLIC SAFETY CENTERS IN THE CONDITIONS OF UKRAINE

The purpose of publication is analysis of literary and archival sources in order to establish the historical stages of the formation of the Service of Emergency Situations, ascertaining of its main tasks, and mainly to identify the features of the structural and functional organization of historical prototypes for modern centers of public safety. In general, the process of formation and development of the fire protection system, its transformation into an emergency service has so deep roots, starting with the laws of the state Kievan Rus until today. An analysis of the development of the fire service on the example of separate cities of Ukraine showed, that in the process of its development it was placed in buildings of sacred (churches) and administrative (town halls) purpose. Later, a single network of a separate type of architectural objects was gradually formed (watchtowers, fire stations), which were expanding according to the development of the city. Buildings where fire service personnel were placed, contained all the necessary means for notifying the population, quick reaction, and counter measuring in the case of an emergency situation and updated with the advent of modern technologies. It should be noted separately that during certain periods of fire protection development this service was located together with the police service, which is an important prerequisite for the formation of a structural and functional organization of modern centers of public safety. Also noteworthy is the fact that the civilian population was involved in fire protection on a voluntary basis. In general, we can say that during the development of the fire service of Ukraine prototypes of networks of public safety centers in cities already existed, but they were not considered as a separate typological group of architectural and urban planning objects. Historically, it happened that the fire service, and in the 20th century - also the civil defense service (which initially was developing separately), during the last decade were united into a single state structure – SESU. The main stages (periods) of the development of which begin with the historical period (before 1494) and end with the modern period of development (arrangement of SESU) from 2012 to the present time.

Censorship of the Soviet Union in Kazakhstan

Relevance. The relevance of this article is condtioned upon the study of the mechanism of censorship of the Soviet Union as a factor of distortion of the historical reality of Kazakhstan during the Soviet period and the need in the conditions of independence of Kazakhstan to restore its authentic history. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to study the mechanism of censorship of the Soviet Union in Kazakhstan. Methodology. The leading method to study this problem is the ideographic method, which allows reconstructing the phenomenon of censorship in the Soviet period and to investigate it comprehensively, studying the mechanism of censorship simultaneously in the Soviet Union as a whole, and in Kazakhstan as one of its republics, in particular. Both in the theoretical and empirical part of the study, analysis and synthesis were used as necessary general scientific methods. To organise the information obtained during the analysis of archival documents, the method of systematisation was used. Results. The article suggested a classification of censorship by the type of information to which it is applied; the penalties applied to "violators" of censorship in the USSR are determined; 578 documents from four archival collections of Russia and Kazakhstan containing data on the period of development of Soviet censorship in Kazakhstan are selected and examined; the main directions that fell into the hands of archival sources are established under the censorship of the Soviet Union in Kazakhstan. Conclusions. The materials of the article can become the basis for further research in the field of history, political science, etc., devoted to the study of censorship in Kazakhstan, both exclusively during the Soviet Union, and when comparing various historical stages. The results obtained in the course of the study can be used in universities of Kazakhstan in the preparation of classes in history, political science, etc. Keywords: total control; totalitarian regime; prohibition; state ideology; archival data

On the question of the establishment of modern Ukraine: How all the territories were brought together

The relevance of the study is conditioned by the aggravation of the socio-political situation in the world, as a result of which there is a need for a comprehensive historical analysis of the borders of Ukraine, defining its sovereignty, boundaries, and territorial integrity. The purpose of the study was to investigate the establishment of Ukraine in its modern borders. The leading approach to this problem is the historical and genetic method, which helped to comprehensively consider the topic under study by identifying and analysing the most significant events in the history of Ukraine, which had a predominant influence on the establishment of the territory of the modern Ukrainian state. General research methods were also used – analysis and synthesis, and special ones: systematisation, periodisation and chronological method. A consistent study of the emergence of Ukrainian statehood and the unification of Ukrainian lands has been conducted; the main historical periods of the establishment of the territorial borders of Ukraine have been identified and considered; the borders of the Ukrainian state at different historical stages have been described; the territorial distribution of Ukrainian lands in the Soviet period has been assessed; the prerequisites for Ukraine's declaration of independence have been established. The practical significance of the study of the unification of Ukrainian territories together and the establishment of modern borders of Ukraine lies in the possibility of using the materials of the study in teaching the history of Ukraine in secondary and high schools, including extracurricular activities, and in general courses on the history of Ukraine in universities. The main provisions and conclusions can serve as a basis for further scientific work in the field of studying the history of Ukraine in general and its territories and historical borders, in particular

Factors Causing the Decline of Islam-Based Political Parties Existence on General Elections 2014

The dynamics of the existence of Islamic political parties on the historical stage of democracy in Indonesia have experienced unstable political dynamics. This is inseparable from the plurality of Indonesian society which does not only contain Muslims but is diverse with a diversity of other religions. This dynamic can be seen in the track record of participation of Islamic political parties in general elections in Indonesia. The vote share of Islamic political parties, which has tended to decline since the reform era, is a matter of note and homework to be completed immediately. Many factors certainly contribute to the small number of Islamic political parties' votes. Party characteristics and ideology are at stake in society's assessment of the existence of Islamic political parties.

ОТ ЛОМОНОСОВА ДО НАШИХ ДНЕЙ. ЗАМЕТКИ О РАЗВИТИИ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ НАУКИ В РОССИИ В КАНУН 300-ЛЕТИЯ РАН

The article, based on extensive factual material, presents the history of the development of economic science since the creation of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1724. The role of the great Russian scientists M. V. Lomonosov L. Euler, D. I. Mendeleev and many others is revealed in the application of economic knowledge in the interests of strengthening the Russian state. The contribution of scientists from the economics section of the Academy of Sciences to solving specific problems of the country’s economic development at different historical stages is analyzed. The activities of the North-Western Section for Promoting the Development of Economic Science at the Department of Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences are presented. The significant contribution of the Institute of Regional Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences to the implementation of fundamental scientific research and its practical implementation in the development of regional development strategies and the creation of a unique model for assessing and improving the quality of life of the population based on the use of quality economics tools is shown.

Digital Death and Spectacular Death

Throughout human history, individuals, communities and societies have always had to confront and tackle the problem of death. Consequently, death remains a topic of social scientific relevance, highlighting the need for its study and for theorising around it. This article analyses the development of the social scientific study of death and dying, taking inspiration from Philippe Ariès’s historical stages to discuss the recent developments in the field, namely the study of digital death. The article begins with a discussion of the visibility of death in modern society in the context of spectacular death. The analysis emphasises its four dimensions: mediatisation, commercialisation, re-ritualisation and the revolution in end-of-life care. The article moves on to discuss the emergence of digital death as the current stage and reflects on its similarities to spectacular death and its transformation of public imaginaries around death in contemporary society. The article concludes with a reflection on future developments in the field, specifically the emergence and study of artificial intelligence (AI) in digitalised death culture.

Typology, Political and Legal Foundations of Francoism: Modern Interpretations

The article proposes a conceptual analysis of the political practices of the Francoist authoritarian regime, including its ideological principles and socio-political doctrines. The study delves into their historical origins, factors and reasons for formation, components, essence, and the evolution and transformation of these ideological principles and doctrines throughout the historical stages that the Spanish Francoist regime underwent from 1939 to 1975.The argument is presented that Francoist Spain did not adhere to a unified ideology, similar to national-socialist or fascist regimes. Instead, a diverse conservative political-ideological spectrum was employed, encompassing nationalist, traditionalist, and confessional movements, rooted in the ancient historical past of Spain. The article explores the historical, political-philosophical, and social origins of these movements, as well as their components, peculiarities of formation, development, modifications, and evolution in alignment with the transformation of Francoism’s political, socio-economic, and foreign policy practices.The legal foundations of the Francoist regime, the essence of the theory and practice of ‘organic democracy,’ and the ways and mechanisms of government organization are examined. The article also explores the formation and evolution of the universal status of the head of state, which ensured the efficiency and heredity of royal power and facilitated a peaceful transition to democratic reforms.The author focuses on the direct interdependence of the development and evolution of the Francoist authoritarian political system, aimed at stabilization and reforms, and the unique model of Spain’s transition to a full-fledged democracy. The article discusses Spain’s rapid acquisition of subjectivity in international relations and its membership in Euro-Atlantic structures.

Alhalalalai as a form of cultural memory of the Itelmens

The article examines the most significant folk holiday of the Itelmen, Alhalalalai, in the context of the cultural memory of this indigenous small people living in Kamchatka. The object of the study was the cultural memory of the Itelmens, and its subject was the culture of the Alhalalalai holiday, the beliefs, rituals, traditions and customs associated with it. It is noted that Alhalalalai is of great importance in the Itelmen culture, representing a traditional autumn celebration dedicated to the completion of household work, giving thanks to the forces of Nature, unity with nature, cleansing from evil spirits, expelling failures, troubles, fears and diseases before a new cycle. Since ancient times, the main goal of Alhalalalai was to prepare for the new annual cycle and ensure its success with the help of carnival events. The research is carried out on the basis of a systematic approach using theoretical-analytical, descriptive-analytical, typological, historical-genetic, semiotic, axiological and other methods. The article pays attention to the issue of the admissibility of the reconstruction method in relation to ancient forms of cultural memory; It is noted that reconstruction is one of the current ways to revive elements of cultural memory that have temporarily, for objective historical reasons, lost their significance. Attention is focused on the fact that culture cannot and cannot be static and stop developing; it combines traditional and innovative components, and therefore changes in the celebration of Alhalalalai, its “modernization” are quite natural. A conclusion is drawn about the exceptional role of the Itelmen celebration Alhalalalai in preserving the cultural identity of the Kamchatka people, about its significance in the context of the revival of ancient elements of cultural memory at a new historical stage in the existence of the people.

Взаимодействие власти и населения в вопросах изменения городской среды: трансформация содержания и характера запросов

Interaction at the population-government level today is one of the current areas of scientific discourse. The development of the territory largely depends on the presence of a productive dialogue between authorities and residents. This is due to a change in the nature of interaction, primarily in the increasing role of residents in making management decisions in the territory. City residents are included in the planning stages of territory development projects, and the demand for interaction practices in the city is growing. This article analyzes the historical stages of the formation of the institution of appeals in Russia, describes the main features of the interaction between the authorities and the population inherent in certain historical periods. The conducted research in a historical context allowed us to trace the nature of interaction between the authorities and the population, as well as describe the needs of the population in historical retrospect.

ИСТОРИКО-ПРАВОВЫЕ ТЕНДЕНЦИИ УГОЛОВНОЙ ОТВЕТСТВЕННОСТИ ЗА ДЕЗОРГАНИЗАЦИЮ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЙ, ОБЕСПЕЧИВАЮЩИХ ИЗОЛЯЦИЮ ОСУЖДЕННЫХ (ЗАКЛЮЧЕННЫХ) ОТ ОБЩЕСТВА

In Russia, one of the most common punishments throughout the entire period of existence has been punishments related to imprisonment and isolation from society. In the process of executing these punishments, problems may arise in their implementation. The key problem in this area is the improvement of measures to counter actions that disrupt the activities of correctional institutions. For several decades, Soviet legislation has been changing the concept of criminal liability for actions related to the disorganization of correctional institutions. The article examines the historical and legal trends in the development of criminal liability for violent acts against convicts (prisoners) and staff of institutions providing isolation from society at different historical stages. The work is based on the analysis of scientific literature and legislative acts that establish measures of responsibility for actions related to the disorganization of correctional institutions. The aim of the work was to raise the problem of criminal liability for the disorganization of correctional institutions for scientific discussion.

Glocalization: The Development and Localization of Chinese Christian Hymns between 1807 and 1949

The global dissemination of Christianity has resulted in diverse singing styles and historical narratives that incorporate different languages and musical traditions. Chinese Christian hymns, in particular, possess distinctive features that reflect the Chinese thinking mode and cultural values, showcasing the interplay between Western hymns and Chinese singing and poetic and cultural traditions within the Chinese historical context. This paper takes Chinese Christian hymnals published between 1807 and 1949 as its object of study. It conducts research on representative hymnals from three historical stages: the emergence, flourishing, and prosperity of hymns, and examines their compilation and publication. Using methods such as historical research, textual criticism, translation studies, and cross-cultural communication, the paper explores the evolution of Chinese Christian hymns. The paper analyzes such aspects of the hymnals as translating and writing strategies, thematic content, linguistic features, editing and formatting, as well as the selection and composition of melodies. It is concluded that the indigenization of Chinese hymns does not involve outright rejection of foreign elements or unquestioning adherence to local traditions, but rather represents a common ground between Chinese and Western languages and vocal traditions, reflecting the characteristic of glocalization.