Spatiotemporal analysis of carbon emission efficiency across economic development stages and synergistic emission reduction in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.

Characterizing anthropogenic disturbance for sustainable hydrological regimes based on information Theory

This paper investigates the relationship between ethnic and religious diversity (ED and RD) and financial development using the data from 102 developing countries. It is widely accepted that financial depth and the more ready availability of finance have a central role to play in fostering economic growth. We hypothesize that financial development in developing countries, especially those at the early stages of economic development, may be retarded by preexisting ED and RD, which may produce conflict. However, we believe that this risk can be moderated by sound institutional functioning, including good governance and democracy. Financial development is measured using M2 and private credit, both as a percentage of GDP, while ED and RD is measured using the Alesina fragmentation index. Our results are supportive of our hypothesis that ED and RD can indeed hamper financial development; these risks, however, are mitigated by well‐functioning institutional arrangements.

Abstract During his Pontificate from 1979 until 2005, Pope John Paul II visited 130 countries, more than the 263 Popes before him combined. I document a significant increase in exports to trading partners with a relatively high share of Catholics following a Pastoral visit, leading to a non-negligible increase in aggregate exports. The biggest beneficiaries in terms of increased trade are visited countries that are at lower stages of economic development and have relatively fewer Catholics and relatively weaker trade links. The effect is absent for other prominent episodes, such as visits by celebrated secular leaders or global sports events.

Businesses are influenced by the cyclical nature of economic development and distinct stages in the corporate life cycle. Accurate early-warning mechanisms are crucial to mitigating bankruptcy risk, enabling timely rescue measures. This article analyses the reliability of various bankruptcy prediction models, including those by Kliestik et al., Poznanski, the modified Zmijewski, Jakubik–Teply, and Virag–Hajdu, across corporate life cycle stages. Reliability was assessed using five metrics: accuracy, balanced accuracy, F1 and F2 scores, and the Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC). The sample included over 5000 SMEs from Central Europe, with financial data from 2022. The findings reveal a U-shaped trend in financial distress risk, with start-ups and declining enterprises facing the highest risks. The results indicate that the Kliestik et al. model shows consistent reliability across all life cycle stages, while the Poznanski model shows more variability. Conversely, the Virag–Hajdu model exhibits significant variability in reliability, with its best performance observed during the Decline stage. The modified Zmijewski and Jakubik–Teply models show lower MCC values overall, with the modified Zmijewski model performing better at predicting the financial distress of mature shake-out firms compared to other stages.

The new quality productive forces provide scientific guidance for countries to promote high-quality development and represent advanced productive forces in line with the new development concept. It is an inevitable requirement for adapting to the transformation of China’s economic development stage and a strategic measure to cope with the increasingly fierce international competition. Existing research primarily focuses on the theoretical connotations, characteristics, formation logic, and industrial practices of new-quality productive forces, but lacks comparative analysis and literature reviews of domestic and international studies. Drawing inspiration from the principles of biomechanics, this study delves into the intricate mechanisms underlying the rise of these advanced productive forces, aiming to unravel their potential to empower sustainable economic development. Akin to the dynamic interplay of form, function, and adaptation observed in biological systems, the new-quality productive forces embody the harmonious integration of scientific guidance, technological innovation, and market-driven optimization. Just as the human body's musculoskeletal system leverages the principles of force transmission and load distribution to achieve efficient movement, these productive forces harness the synergistic power of knowledge, technology, and market forces to drive economic progress. This paper employs the CiteSpace knowledge map tool to analyze the publication volume, author collaboration networks, keyword clustering, timelines, and emergent words from relevant literature in the core databases of CNKI and Web of Science. Drawing inspiration from biomechanics, the study highlights the importance of balancing the top-down and bottom-up forces that govern the formation and transformation of new-quality productive forces. Much like the human body's ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions, the successful integration of these productive forces into the economic landscape requires a delicate interplay of strategic planning, technological innovation, and market-driven optimization. By aligning the insights from this research with the principles of biomechanics, the study offers a unique perspective on the sustainable development of the economy. Just as biological systems exhibit elegant and efficient mechanisms to harness energy and resources, the new-quality productive forces hold the potential to empower countries to navigate the increasingly fierce international competition and achieve long-term, high-quality economic growth.

Under the low-carbon background, regional talent allocation and transformation and upgrading of export trade are all important issues of common concern among academic circles in the stage of sustainable economic and environmental development. This paper explores talent allocation’s impact on the transformation and upgrading of export trade. Based on the results, the improvement in regional talent allocation level has significantly increased the percentage of regional general trade exports. It is conducive to the trans- formation and upgrading of export trade, and such an influence also shows the nonlinear characteristic of increasing “marginal effect”. This conclusion still stands after a series of robustness tests. According to the influencing mechanism test results, the technological innovation brought by the improvement in regional talent allocation level is an important transmission channel for such improvement to facilitate the transformation and upgrading of export trade. Based on the multi-dimensional analysis of the results of transformation and upgrading of export trade, regional talent allocation has significantly enhanced the complexity of exported technologies and actively promoted innovation among exporters. The research provides important inspiration for further promoting the structural reform of regional talent allocation and facilitating the transformation and upgrading of export trade patterns. First published online 12 February 2025

At any stage of economic development, one of the main tasks for each state is to ensure the availability and sustainability of social security systems. A special place in the implementation of social policy is occupied by pension provision, the functioning of which reflects the level of economic development and at the same time affects the macroeconomic situation of the country. In Russia, multiple reforms of the pension system are aimed at achieving the main objectives of pension provision: financial security of the pension system in the long term and an acceptable level of pension provision. This article is devoted to the analysis of the features of the social security system for elderly citizens.

Climate risk, within the context of environmental sustainability, is profoundly affecting global development trends. As critical organizations, enterprises play an irreplaceable role in various stages of economic development, with liquidity being a vital capability for their survival, growth, and sustained value creation. This paper innovatively constructs a framework of climate risk, encompassing three levels: macro background, industry environment, and corporate operation. Focusing on publicly listed companies in China’s eight high energy-consuming industries, this paper employs fsQCA and NCA methods to investigate the factors influencing enterprise liquidity in the context of climate risk. Finally, the study finds and concludes with three main patterns: macro-oriented, industry-adaptive, and management-optimized. These findings suggest related policy recommendations and key strategies to enhance economic resilience by adjusting climate policy uncertainty, controlling technical personnel proportion, and improving financial management.

The development and implementation of county carbon control action plans in the Yellow River Basin (YRB) are crucial for realizing the “dual carbon” goals and modernizing national governance. Utilizing remote sensing data from 2001 to 2020, this study constructs a light-carbon conversion model and a carbon footprint model to simulate the carbon footprint of county energy consumption in the YRB. Employing spatial autocorrelation and spatial Durbin models, the study examines the temporal-spatial evolution characteristics and spatial effect mechanism. The results show that: (1) The county carbon footprint increased year by year. The distribution of the high carbon footprint is consistent with that of energy-intensive areas. The carbon cycle system is significantly unbalanced, and the counties with carbon deficit spread inland. (2) The carbon footprint exhibits significant spatial dependence, and the high carbon spillover effect is significant. Regional joint prevention and control strategy is essential to control the carbon footprint. Otherwise, the inter-regional carbon leakage effect may occur. (3) The current stage of economic development and industrial structure upgrading is not conducive to low-carbon development. Because of the energy rebound effect, technology development has not played the expected emission reduction effect. Nevertheless, the technology level and residents’ living standard are critical factors in reducing the carbon footprint. Government intervention, urbanization, human capital, and agricultural energy inputs increase the carbon footprint.

China’s economic development has had adverse effects on the environment. Nevertheless, the Chinese government is optimistic about its ability to achieve a harmonious balance between economic growth and environmental sustainability. To this end, the government promotes, guides, and supports green innovation through the provision of policies and the creation of a conducive environment. Enterprises play a vital role in implementing and advancing green innovation, making them essential to realizing green development through their innovative capabilities. The relationship between government and business acts as a bridge between these two entities, fostering a synergistic effect that is crucial for achieving this objective. This paper conducts a comprehensive analysis of the existing literature on government–business relationships and green innovation, both domestically and internationally. Utilizing data envelopment analysis, it accurately measures the green innovation efficiency of 292 prefectural-level cities in China. The paper then employs a combination of a qualitative comparative analysis and a requisite condition analysis to establish the causal link between government–business relationships and green innovation development. Our detailed analysis of the data has identified three modes of driving green innovation: ‘government service-oriented’, ‘policy support-oriented’, and ‘pro- and clean-oriented’. These modes correspond to the developmental trajectories of China’s first, second, and third–fourth–fifth-tier cities, respectively. This paper offers policy recommendations for the systematic reform and optimization of government–business relationships in China. These recommendations are grounded in the three dimensions of the government–business relationship and consider the current conditions of cities at various stages of economic development. The findings and recommendations presented in this paper can serve as valuable insights for policymakers and businesses alike, providing guidance for future initiatives aimed at fostering a more sustainable economy.

In today’s world, political conflicts are a fairly common phenomenon, for this reason, society increasingly has to face the challenges that arise as a result of global transformations. Challenges of this kind can arise for various reasons and have completely different consequences, however, it is economic, political, environmental and other instabilities, and especially conflicts and tensions, that become a circle of issues on which attention is focused by a significant number of scientists. In modern realities, the study of the influence of political conflicts as a prerequisite for the emergence of military conflicts is one of the main tasks of scientists, because they consider the last decades as a period of exacerbation of conflicts, and their management is one of the most important prerequisites for maintaining stability both within the country and in the context of preserving international relations. The article considers that the war itself is the result of conflicts between different political entities, which arises due to the presence of claims of various plans, which are implemented in the form of armed confrontation (military actions between armed forces). It was determined that political conflicts are an important factor that can provoke or accelerate the escalation of military confrontations. It is shown that at the current stage of economic development, it is quite important to realize that in the global world a whole complex of problems that arose as a result of the actions of the world states, which are related to the increase of their military power, are relevant. It is substantiated that political conflicts that remain unresolved through diplomatic means often provoke force confrontations, which quickly turn into military conflicts. Taking into account the current foreign-political and internal situation in Ukraine, the study of how political conflicts are formed and exacerbated by the military is an important step for understanding the mechanisms of their escalation and finding ways to prevent wars in the modern world.

Simulation computer models of human neuroscience are widely used in artificial intelligence. The extensive use of surgical robots in China makes the simulation model of neuroscience have a broader stage in economic development. We have more usage for medical image recognition and surgical robot programming. We try to analyze the neural network model commonly used by orthopedic medical robots from the simulation of human neuroscience. The discussion is based on economic principles.

The article raises the problem of generalizing critical assessments of modern economics in the context of ontological, epistemological, methodological and ideological components of the paradigm of economic theory. The paper shows crisis manifestations of all four components at the current stage of world economic development. The methodological basis of the study are modern Western concepts of a new paradigm of economic theory, such as the multilevel paradigm and the “embedded” economy, as well as the original author's concept of cyclical modification of the dominant paradigm depending on the cyclical change of phases of long-term technological and world economic development. The author shows that the locomotive role of production technologies and protectionism contribute to the final discrediting of previous economic orthodoxy and clear the way for a new paradigm of economic theory. The phase of the locomotive role of transport technologies and the phase of free trade provide a “golden age” for the dominant orthodoxy, which attributes to itself the results of economic growth and welfare gains achieved within these phases by maximizing the scale effect. The phase of information technologies and the accompanying phase of globalism reveal significant paradigmatic shortcomings of the dominant orthodoxy, which, however, are temporarily mixed by incorporating the ideas of ontologically close, but epistemologically different economic schools. The author argues that the completion of the cycle of long-term technological and world economic development, consisting of the three specified phases, prepares the transition to a new paradigm and a new dominant orthodoxy of economic theory. The important role of the ideological (apologetic) component in the evolution of the paradigm at each phase is substantiated in the form of a change in the dominant political and economic groups that act as customers of the corresponding theories. The findings suggest that the new industrial revolution and the new world economic order are giving rise to a new elite layer - “industrial digitalists” - interested in a radical change in the paradigm of economic theory.

The crisis of mainstream economic theory has persisted for over 50 years, but recent global economic shifts have added new qualitative features, highlighting not only the theory’s lack of practical and predictive value but also the inadequacy of its cognitive tools in addressing new realities. The growing risks and challenges of global economic development, driven by the transition to a new world economic structure, are not reflected in the mainstream’s conceptual framework and potential. The dogmatism inherent in neoclassical economic theory has become self-perpetuating, rejecting even attempts at modernization within the existing paradigm. A prime example of the disconnect between neoclassical theory and real-world economics is the innovation paradox, or the failure of productivity growth theories based on innovation investments. Mainstream economists are unable to explain this phenomenon without resorting to the narrow confines of neoclassical thinking, overlooking key global economic factors. This paper summarizes the ontological discrepancies between neoclassical dogma and real economic processes, including: 1) extra-historical universalism, which disregards the stages of world economic development; 2) the inability to develop a new ontological approach to the issue of power in the economy; and 3) the lack of potential for meaningful generalizations about processes driven by the new industrial revolution. Attempts to modernize the mainstream, such as those made within the CoreEcon project, introduce additional theoretical constructs, giving the new course “Economics” the appearance of dynamism and relevance. However, these efforts largely retain the same dogmatic framework. The paper proposes ontological and methodological paths for identifying a new value core for economic theory, including: 1) rejecting the principle of methodological individualism, which is inadequate for contemporary realities; 2) abandoning the principle of ‘market supremacy’ in its various forms; and 3) rethinking the fundamental principle of economic efficiency.

The article delves into Friedrich List's ideological and theoretical developments in the field of international trade and economic policy. It analyses the features of the formation of List's theory within the context of a critical examination of economic liberalism. By scrutinising the shortcomings of laissez-faire economics, List offered a compelling alternative to the dominant theories of his time. List's approach emphasised the importance of historical context in shaping economic analysis and policies, contrasting with the universal principles advocated by classical economists. His ideas formed the basis for the historical school of economic thought, which stressed the significance of national circumstances in economic policymaking. The article summarises the provisions of List's theory of national productive powers and the concept of staged development. List argued that nations pass through distinct stages of economic and civilisational development, each requiring tailored policies to foster growth. The article highlightі List's vision of sectoral diversification of the national economy, and examines his key arguments in favour of implementing the policy of “educational protectionism”. This policy was crucial for List because, based on historical method, he attributed vital importance to manufacturing, viewing it as the backbone of a nation's economic strength. He argued that a robust manufacturing sector is essential for achieving long-term prosperity and reducing dependency on foreign goods. Therefore, the policy of “educational protectionism” advocates for temporary protective measures to shield infant manufacturing industries from foreign competition until they become self-sufficient. The article reveals the essence, main goals, and criteria for applying this policy in practice, providing insights into how List envisioned tariff regulation and the transition from selective protectionism to free trade as industries mature. Finally, the article considers the advantages and limitations of List's contribution and assesses its relevance and applicability to the present stage.

This article reveals the essence and significance of the phenomenon of our research — accounting at the current stage of economic development. In addition, much attention in the process of the study is given to artificial intelligence as a fundamental factor in the development of accounting and reporting in the era of rapid development and digitalization of society. Undoubtedly, the topic of scientific research we have chosen is quite relevant to this day, since it is artificial intelligence that serves as the main tool that ensures the complete transformation of accounting by the standards of today’s constantly evolving world. In addition, in the article we considered the main positive and negative aspects of the introduction of artificial intelligence tools into the accounting system. We also devoted an important place to identifying the main factors and ways to maximize the benefits of the digital economy in order to optimize and automate various production processes. Thus, we can conclude about the important role of artificial intelligence for the current and future stages of development of accounting and reporting, since thanks to the object of our research it is possible to achieve speed, transparency, accuracy and strategic planning, which is important for the prosperity of both individual enterprises and the entire economic system of any state, providing many competitive advantages in the market. Accordingly, in order to exist for a longer period, each enterprise must keep up with the times, not save on information technology and other benefits that are aimed at facilitating the entire enterprise system.

The current stage of economic development is characterized by transformation processes occurring at the global, regional, local levels, and affecting the main areas of activity: economic, technological, social, political, etc. In the article, in order to specify transformation processes in the technological sphere, attention is focused on the regional level, namely in the industrial regions of the Russian Federation. Transformation in technological development is considered on the basis of changes in the integral index of technological development of industrial regions, calculated by the author over a five-year period. It is shown that the knowledge economy (which is also undergoing profound changes) is the basis (along with other factors) of technological development. In this context, the possibilities of regional technological development are connected, on the one hand, with education and science, with a person — the bearer of knowledge and competencies, with the level of human potential in general; on the other hand, with the level of innovativeness of the economy, which requires high-quality scientific support, highly qualified scientists and specialists.

Currently, the economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan is adapted to market conditions. Therefore, the current stage of economic development in our country is accompanied by the construction of unique facilities. An example of this is the construction of modern railway tracks, unique bridge structures stretching for many kilometers, etc. The most common is rolling stock used in difficult natural and climatic conditions in various fields and industrial facilities, in the field of construction and utilities. The railway track and rolling stock represent a single thermodynamic system that interacts and depends on each other. The main task of studying dynamic processes in the Rolling Stock-Railway system is to determine the optimal values of this system (overall dimensions, weight, stiffness, coefficients of viscous friction, etc.), which reduce fluctuations and dynamic forces that negatively affect the reliability and strength of rolling stock and road structures.

The current stage of economic development is characterized by the deep integration of digital technologies into all spheres of economic activity. Digital transformation, covering both individual industries and national economies as a whole, is becoming a key factor in the competitiveness and sustainable development of business. In these conditions, traditional business models based on physical assets, linear production and sales processes, as well as centralized management, are faced with the need to adapt to the new reality. The digital economy, based on artificial intelligence and blockchain technologies, provides fundamentally new opportunities for creating value, organizing production processes and interacting with consumers. This leads to a rethinking of business strategies, a redistribution of roles in the market, as well as the emergence of new forms of organizing economic activity. The relevance of the topic is due to the need for a systemic analysis of changes occurring in the business environment under the influence of digitalization, as well as the search for effective ways to transform traditional approaches to enterprise management and development. This research context opens up broad prospects for scientific understanding and practical application of new business models in the digital economy.