Stages Of Culture Research Articles

Impact of Photosynthetic Efficiency on Watermelon Cultivation in the Face of Drought

Water availability is a limiting factor for plant production, especially in Brazilian semi-arid regions. The main aim of the study was to investigate the physiological effects of drought during the fruiting stage of watermelon cultivation. A completely randomized block design with four replications and six treatments varied by the number of lateral drip tapes (1 or 2) and the duration of drought stress (0, 4, and 8 days) was used. The following parameters were evaluated: relative chlorophyll content, relative leaf water content, electrolyte leakage, CO2 assimilation (A), stomatal conductance (gs), internal CO2 concentration, leaf temperature, transpiration (E), water use efficiency (WUE), carboxylation efficiency (CE), yield, thickness, diameter, length, and fruit °brix, at 4 and 8 days of drought. Drought negatively affected photosynthesis, particularly in treatments with a single dripper and 4 days of drought, resulting in reductions of up to 60% in A, 68% in gs, 44% in E, 58% in WUE, and 59% in CE, but did not have a significant effect on watermelon yield after 4 or 8 days of irrigation. It was concluded that drought influences the physiological responses of watermelon plants, mainly in reducing photosynthesis, but does not drastically affect fruit productivity in short periods of stress.

Goal Progression, Trait Changes, and Practice Paths of Artificial Intelligence Ethics Education of Professional Courses in Higher Education

Artificial Intelligence as an emerging technology in a large number of applications at the same time gradually revealed many ethical issues. Artificial Intelligence ethics education has become an important initiative and a key link in the implementation of the fundamental task of moral education in Chinese higher education institutions, however, Artificial Intelligence ethics education in professional courses often lags behind the education of course knowledge and skills, and it is difficult to achieve the integration of the three educational requirements. This paper proposes that Artificial Intelligence ethics education in professional courses should meet the requirements of the progression of course teaching objectives and adapt to the changes of educational traits from explicit and implicit to integration, and puts forward a practical path of Artificial Intelligence ethics education in professional courses that is consistent with the objectives, adapted to the traits, and constructed with multiple synergies according to the progression of the educational objectives of the professional course system and the changes of the educational traits. This paper also proposes the following suggestions for ethical education in professional courses: in order to achieve the goals of ethical teaching, it is necessary to establish connections between courses at different stages of cultivation, so that each course forms a hierarchical, collaborative, and supportive relationship. After the relationship is established, it is necessary to strengthen the collaborative participation of various subjects and corresponding practical guarantees in the specific teaching practice. This helps to form a system of Artificial Intelligence ethics education throughout the whole process, which in turn improves students' Artificial Intelligence ethics literacy.

Influences of the Integrated Rice-Crayfish Farming System with Different Stocking Densities on the Paddy Soil Microbiomes.

Integrated rice-fish farming has emerged as a novel agricultural production pattern to address global food security challenges. Aiming to determine the optimal, scientifically sound, and sustainable stocking density of red claw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) in an integrated rice-crayfish farming system, we employed Illumina high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing to evaluate the impact of different stocking densities of red claw crayfish on the composition, diversity, function, and co-occurrence network patterns of soil bacterial communities. The high stocking density of red claw crayfish reduced the diversity and evenness of the soil bacterial community during the mid-culture stage. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Chloroflexi emerged as the most prevalent phyla throughout the experimental period. Low stocking densities initially boosted the relative abundance of Actinobacteria in the paddy soil, while high densities did so during the middle and final stages. There were 90 distinct functional groups identified across all the paddy soil samples, with chemoheterotrophy and aerobic chemoheterotrophy being the most abundant. Low stocking densities initially favored these functional groups, whereas high densities enhanced their relative abundances in the later stages of cultivation. Medium stocking density of red claw crayfish led to a more complex bacterial community during the mid- and final culture stages. The experimental period showed significant correlations with soil bacterial communities, with total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations emerging as primary factors contributing to the alterations in soil bacterial communities. In summary, our findings demonstrated that integrated rice-crayfish farming significantly impacted the soil microbiomes and environmental factors at varying stocking densities. Our study contributed to theoretical insights into the profound impact of integrated rice-crayfish farming with various stocking densities on bacterial communities in paddy soils.

Developing causal loop diagrams for the perusal of soil health in agricultural practices – A case study of rice nursery cultivation practices in India

CONTEXTSoil is a key component of the agriculture–livestock–forestry nexus. However, it has been reported that 40% of the agricultural soil is being degraded globally; in India, 70% of the agricultural soil is undergoing degradation despite various efforts to improve soil health. Hence, the current study takes a paradigmatic shift by applying the approach of systems thinking for understanding soil health. OBJECTIVEThis study aims to present an alternative methodology to study the impact of agriculture practices on soil health with a systems approach. METHODSA practice of soil parching for rice nursery cultivation, called raab, representing the agriculture–livestock–forestry nexus, was taken as a case study. The study included field visits to rice farms in Maharashtra, India, soil sample collection at three stages of raab practice, and soil samples from non-raab fields. Thirty-one soil samples were tested for four properties: pH, electrical conductivity, available potassium, and permanganate oxidizable carbon (POXC) in raab and non-raab nursery fields. Further, a causal loop diagram of the soil ecosystem was developed based on farmer interactions, soil testing results, and literature to identify the key system archetype in this case study. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONStatistical analysis of the results showed a significant difference in soil properties at different stages of cultivation and in comparison to the control group. The mean pH of raab fields had increased due to the raab practice from 5.76 to 7.01, and the mean electrical conductivity increased from 0.218 dS/m to 0.745 dS/m. The mean available potassium increased from 229.9 kg/ha to 1239 kg/ha in the raab fields, while direct nursery fields had a mean of 487 kg/ha at the time of sowing. The mean POXC increased from 0.02 to 0.04 mol of MnO4− reduced. The causal loop diagram developed had 17 loops, 15 of which were favorable-reinforcing loops, and two were unfavorable-balancing loops. The system archetype of “Limits to growth” was identified in this study, based on which recommendations are suggested for maintaining soil health. SIGNIFICANCEThe systemic approach aids in decision-making regarding sustainable agriculture practices considering soil ecological processes with judicious use of resources available from the forest and livestock. The direct impact of soil health on five UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the indirect impact on seven other SDGs underscores the global significance of the novel approach discussed in this study.

Empowering Farmers and Consumers Blockchain Innovations in Agricultural Supply Chains

In recent times, numerous instances have come to light concerning farmer suicides attributed to mounting debts and meager agricultural yields. This poses a significant predicament for countries like India, which are grappling with burgeoning populations and an escalating reliance on land for residential and industrial expansion. The diminishing availability of fertile land for farming necessitates heightened agricultural output to meet the nation's demands. Despite this increasing demand, farmers continue to grapple with formidable challenges. Concurrently, consumers are also grappling with concerns over escalating commodity prices and the quality of produce available in the market. They often find themselves compelled to purchase available goods at prices dictated by sellers. Unscrupulous practices such as black market activities, hoarding, and adulteration, perpetuated by intermediaries, serve to further inflate the costs of agricultural products. Although the desire for organic products is on the rise, the absence of a robust system to trace the various stages of organic cultivation and guarantee authenticity poses a significant hurdle. Perhaps the most glaring issue in the agricultural markets is the palpable disconnect that exists between farmers and consumers. We have introduced an innovative marketplace built upon blockchain technology, designed to foster collaborative farming practices between farmers and consumers. This platform allows farmers to showcase their potential crops and projected yields on a decentralized public ledger. Consumers, in turn, gain access to this information and can assess the credibility of farmers based on their past cultivation and supply records. This pioneering approach establishes a transparent and tamper-proof digital marketplace exclusively for agricultural products. Within this framework, a consensus is established through mutual agreement between farmers and consumers. This consensus enables consumers to financially support individual crops or entire fields, in exchange for a share of the farm's yield or a percentage of the market value profit. A rating system has been implemented to enhance the credibility of both farmers and consumers, drawing from their prior interactions and experiences within the agro-market domain.

Impact of Tea Tree Cultivation on Soil Microbiota, Soil Organic Matter, and Nitrogen Cycling in Mountainous Plantations

This study focused on examining the early stages of tea cultivation (1, 3, and 5 years) in mountainous tea plantations. It specifically aimed to investigate the changes in soil micro-ecology at different locations (inter-row, terrace surfaces, and terrace walls). It was revealed that as tea tree cultivation progressed over the years, bacterial diversity and co-occurrence networks annually decreased in different locations. The results of soil physicochemical index analysis showed that the soil’s available nutrients and the activities of cellulase and protease increased. Furthermore, the amplitude of variation of these indexes in the inter-row soil was significantly higher than that on the terrace surfaces and the terrace walls (p < 0.05). Alterations occurred in the soil microbial community structure, with an enrichment of bacterial genera such as Sinomonas, Granulicella, and Sphingomonas, as well as fungal genera such as Trichoderma, Penicillium, and Talaromyces; an increase in the proportion of plant pathogenic fungi (Cladosporium, Fusarium, and Curvularia) was observed in the inter-row soil. The results of soil microbial function prediction showed that nitrification and nitrogen fixation decreased, but denitrification increased (p < 0.05). In conclusion, cultivating tea trees in mountainous terraced plantations significantly impacted the soil microbial community, accelerated the metabolism of soil organic matter, disrupted soil nitrogen cycling functions, and increased the presence of plant pathogenic fungal pathogens. Moreover, the changes in the structure and functions of the soil microbial community demonstrate a spatial distance effect across different terrace locations.

Sub-pilot scale sequential microalgal consortium-based cultivation for treatment of municipal wastewater and biomass production

Municipal wastewater (MWW) was treated by a sequential pilot microalgal cultivation process. The cultivation was performed inside a specifically designed low-cost photobioreactor (PBR) system. A microalgal consortium 2:1 was developed using Tetraselmis indica (TS) and Picochlorum sp. (PC) in the first stage and PC:TS (2:1) in the second stage and the nutrient removal efficiency and biomass production and biomolecules production was evaluated and also compared with monoculture in a two-stage sequential cultivation system. This study also investigated the effect of seasonal variations on microalgae growth and MWW treatment. The results showed that mixed microalgal consortium (TS:PC) had higher nutrient removal efficiency, with chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phosphate (TP), and total nitrate (TN) removal efficiencies of 78.50, 84.49, and 84.20%, respectively, and produced a biomass of 2.50 g/L with lipid content of 37.36% in the first stage of cultivation under indoor conditions. In the second stage of indoor cultivation, the PC:TS consortium demonstrated maximum COD, TP, and TN removal efficiencies of 92.49, 94.24, and 94.16%, respectively. It also produced a biomass of 2.65 g/L with a lipid content of 40.67%. Among all the seasonal variations, mass flow analysis indicated that the combination of mixed consortium-based two-stage sequential process during the winter season favored maximum nutrient removal efficiency of TN i.e. 88.54% (84.12 mg/L) and TP i.e., 90.18% (43.29 mg/L), respectively. It also enhanced total biomass production of 49.10 g in 20-L medium, which includes lipid yield ∼15.68 g compared to monoculture i.e., 82.06% (78.70 mg/L) and 82.87% (40.26 mg/L) removal of TN and TP, respectively, and produced biomass 43.60 g with 11.90 g of lipids.

Survey on Soil Micro-Nutrients Analysis and Crop Recommendation System in Smart Agriculture

Healthy and sufficient crop and food production are very much essential for everyone as the population is increasing globally. At present, many advancements have been made in recent times, mainly, the roles of the data analysis and machine learning tools help a farmer to analyze and make better decisions in each stage of cultivation. Once suitable crop seeds are chosen, the farmer shall proceed with seeding, monitoring crop growth, disease detection, finding the ripening stage and then crop cutting. The main objective is to provide a continuous support system to a farmer so that he can obtain regular inputs about his field and crop. This survey thoroughly analyzes different soil micro nutrients such as nitrogen, boron, potassium and sulphur to improve Crop Recommendation Systems. It explores soil analysis components, various algorithms, and datasets used in precision agriculture.

Flow cytometry study of DNA transformation dynamics in ВНК-21/SUSP/ARRIAH cell culture during rabies virus reproduction

The study examines the DNA transformation dynamics of ВНК-21/SUSP/ARRIAH subline cells during rabies virus reproduction. Cells infected with the virus and control intact cells were cultivated under similar conditions. The identification of dependence of the virus infectivity on reproduction time revealed that the virus infectivity titre increased from (3.2 ± 0.2) lg CCID50/cm3 at the time of inoculation to (7.63 ± 0.3) lg CCID50/cm3 after 48 hours of reproduction, with the most intensive increase having been observed within the first 24 hours. The cell concentration changed from 0.5 to 1.9 million/cm3, i.e. increased by a factor of 3.8. After 24 hours, the cell growth rate slowed down. Findings from the examination of cell cycle phases during rabies virus reproduction in the host cell allowed for the estimation of duration and predominance of G1, S, G2 + M phases at different stages of cultivation. The dynamics of changes in the apoptotic cell population in the control and test samples was similar within 36 hours of cultivation. After the said period, the proportion of apoptotic infected cells was 28–42% higher than that of apoptotic control cells. After 9 hours, the proportion of cells undergoing G1 phase increased by 11.7% in the test samples, whereas it decreased by 16.6% in the control samples. Subsequently, the number of G1 phase cells in the control and test samples changed in the same way: a 40% decrease was observed after 15–18 hours, it was followed by a 45–46% growth jump, then again a 39–40% decrease and an increase were observed. After 33 hours of reproduction and till the end of cultivation, the proportion of infected cells undergoing G1 phase was significantly higher (by 12–21%) as compared with control cells. The percentage of S phase cells in the test and control samples was the same during the first day of the virus reproduction, with sharp jump-like 3.4- and 2.4-fold increases having been observed after 15 and 24 hours, respectively. After 24 hours, the infected and control cells began to demonstrate differences, which gradually increased from 8 to 137% by the end of reproduction. After 30 hours of reproduction, the proportion of test sample cells undergoing G2 + M phase began to decrease by 17–28% as compared with the control cells. The cell switch-over to the synthesis of complete rabies virus particles occurred after 24 hours of reproduction. This is indicated by changes in the host cell cycle phases, as well as by the slowing down of ВНК-21/SUSP/ARRIAH cell population growth.

Differences and relationships between talent detection, identification, development and selection in sport: A systematic review

Although there are numerous studies on talent, especially talent identification, development, and selection, both on influencing factors and model construction or talent prediction, they have relatively independently explored some of its stages. Undeniably, talent development is continuous and phased, with specific tasks to be completed at each step, and these steps have certain differences and relationships. The aim of this review is to provide a clear distinction between the entire talent cultivation process, with the purpose of having better methods and measures for each stage to minimize the turnover rate and ensure the integrity of the talent development process. Through searching the Web of Science ™ database, this review was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Selected were original articles in English containing data or models related to talent detection/identification/development/selection in sports. A total of 16 articles were included in the study by reviewing the literature. This overview presents the differences and relationships between the four stages of talent cultivation, where these different aspects are aim, purpose, approach, and emphasis. The relationship is characterized by continuity, progressive, complementary, and mutually. This finding shows that each stage is not developed independently, but is an integral part of the talent training process. Additionally, better differentiation and strengthening of the links between the various talent cultivation stages are considered to contribute to elite athlete development. This review highlights the differences and relationships that exist at each stage of talent cultivation. Meanwhile, some measures are also proposed to strengthen the connection of these phases and how to reduce the turnover rate of talent, which can provide theoretical references for coaches or stakeholders. Based on the results of the review, it is also recommended that future research on talent cultivation could take into account the intrinsic linkages between the various stages and develop talent training programs in a multidimensional way.

An Artificial Intelligence Framework for Disease Detection in Potato Plants

Agricultural products are a fundamental necessity for every country. When plants are afflicted with diseases, it influences the country's agricultural productivity, as well as its economic resources. Diseases are an important problem for potato plants, causing potatoes to be rejected and resulting in financial losses. Viruses and diseases in potatoes and field plants can be missed with the naked eye, particularly in the early stages of cultivation. The use of modern instruments and technology at an early stage of disease diagnosis dramatically reduces costs. This study used deep learning techniques to categorize and detect plant leaf diseases in photos taken from the Plant Village dataset. The dataset consists of 20,636 photos of plants and their diseases. This study focused on potato plants because it is the most common type of plant in the world, particularly in Pakistan. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) methods were used to categorize plant leaf diseases into 15 classes, including three classes for healthy leaves and classes for several plant diseases such as fungal and bacterial infections, among others. The proposed models were trained and tested, achieving 98.29 and 98.029% accuracy, respectively.

Relationship between Nitrogen Dynamics and Key Microbial Nitrogen-Cycling Genes in an Intensive Freshwater Aquaculture Pond.

Intensive aquaculture in high-density hybrid snakehead [Channa maculata (♀) × Channa argus (♂)] fishponds can lead to toxic conditions for fish. This study investigated nitrogen migration and transformation in these fishponds during different cultivation periods. Using qPCR technology, we analyzed the abundance variation of nitrogen-cycling microorganisms in water and sediment to reveal the nitrogen metabolism characteristics of hybrid snakehead fishponds. The results showed that fish biomass significantly impacts suspended particulate matter (SPM) flux. At the sediment-water interface, inorganic nitrogen fluxes showed predominant NO3--N absorption by sediments and NH4+-N and NO2--N release, especially in later cultivation stages. Sediments were rich in nirS and AMX 16S rRNA genes (ranging from 4.04 × 109 to 1.01 × 1010 and 1.19 × 108 to 2.62 × 108 copies/g, respectively) with nirS-type denitrifiers potentially dominating the denitrification process. Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) were found to dominate the ammonia oxidation process over ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) in both water and sediment. Redundancy analysis revealed a positive correlation between SPM flux, Chlorophyll a (Chl-a), and denitrification genes in the water, and between nitrogen-cycling genes and NH4+/NO2- fluxes at the interface. These findings provide a scientific basis for nitrogen control in hybrid snakehead fishponds.

Proteomics-Based Investigation of Different Live Prey Administered to Freshwater Dark Sleeper (Odontobutis potamophila): Examining the Effects on Glycolipids and Energy Metabolism.

Live prey is characterized by balanced rich nutrients and high palatability and is widely used for the seedling cultivation of freshwater dark sleeper (Odontobutis potamophila) larvae. In this study, we evaluated the effects of four groups of paired feeding regimens (group C (Daphnia magna), group L (Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri), group H (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix fry), and group M (mixed groups C, L, and H)) on glycolipid and energy metabolism in O. potamophila larvae. We observed that fatty acid synthase (FAS) and sterol-regulatory-element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) mRNA levels were significantly lower in group H when compared to mRNA levels in the other three groups (p < 0.05) and that carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1α (CPT1-α) mRNA levels were significantly lower in group L when compared to group M (p < 0.05). Relative glucokinase (GK) expression levels were significantly lower in group M when compared to the other three groups (p < 0.05). Using proteomics, we analyzed and compared groups H and L and identified 457 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), of which 151 were significantly up-regulated and 306 were significantly down-regulated. In the comparison of group M with groups C, L, and H, we found significant enrichment in glycolytic processes, the endoplasmic reticulum lumen, NAD binding, intermediate filaments, and nutrient reservoir activity. Our results provide a theoretical guidance for bait selection during larvae cultivation stages in carnivorous fish.

Comparative study of the growth, survival and morphology of the whitefish hybrids and parent species in the first year of rearing in cage aquaculture

The purpose of the work: to estimate fish breeding indicators of three hybrid forms of whitefish in comparison with parental species when grown in cage aquaculture.Methods used: the production and cultivation of hybrids and parental species were carried out using standard technology for whitefish from November 2021 to May 2022. We have studied the survival and growth rate of fingerlings, and we also conducted a comparative assessment of the exterior of yearlings using factor and cluster analyses.Novelty: for the first time, three hybrid forms of peled and parent species (peled, muksun, broad whitefish, nelma) were grown in cages, and a comparative analysis of survival, growth and morphology of hybrids and parent species was performed.Results: all hybrid forms occupy an intermediate position in terms of growth rate, surpassing the maternal species (peled), yielding to the paternal ones. The best results in terms of weight and linear growth among hybrids were noted in pelchir. In terms of survival, oneyearlings of all hybrids show the effect of heterosis, although at the stage of larvae and early juveniles, the superiority in survival of hybrid forms over the parental pair was noted only in pelnelm. The survival rate of hybrid eggs, as well as the survival rate of pelchir and pelmuk at the early stages of cultivation, had intermediate values — lower than that of peled, but significantly higher than that of paternal species. The lowest survival rate of eggs among hybrids is shown in pelchir. The peled has the most significant morphological differences from other pure species and hybrid forms used in the experiment, all hybrid forms show more similarity with the paternal species.Practical significance: results provide a potential assessment of whitefish hybrids for the prospect of their use in commercial aquaculture.

Obtaining Gene-Modified HLA-E-Expressing Feeder Cells for Stimulation of Natural Killer Cells.

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-specific adaptive NK cells are capable of recognizing viral peptides presented by HLA-E on infected cells via the NKG2C receptor. Using retroviral transduction, we have generated a K562-cell-based line expressing HLA-E in the presence of the HLA-E-stabilizing peptide, which has previously shown the capacity to enhance adaptive NK cell response. The obtained K562-21E cell line was employed to investigate proliferative responses of the CD57- NK cell subset of HCMV-seropositive and seronegative donors. Stimulation of CD57- NK cells with K562-21E/peptide resulted in an increased cell expansion during the 12-day culturing period, regardless of the serological HCMV status of the donor. The enhanced proliferation in response to the peptide was associated with a greater proportion of CD56brightHLA-DR+ NK cells. In later stages of cultivation, the greatest proliferative response to K562-21E/peptide was shown for a highly HCMV-seropositive donor. These expanded NK cells were characterized by the accumulation of CD57-KIR2DL2/3+NKG2C+NKG2A- cells, which are hypothesized to represent adaptive NK cell progenitors. The K562-21E feeder cells can be applied both for the accumulation of NK cells as therapeutic effectors, and for the study of NK cell maturation into the adaptive state after the HLA-E peptide presentation.

The Addition of Zinc to the ICIE16-Bioactive Glass Composition Enhances Osteogenic Differentiation and Matrix Formation of Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells.

An ICIE16-bioactive glass (BG) composition (in mol%: 49.5 SiO2, 6.6 Na2O, 36.3 CaO, 1.1 P2O5, and 6.6 K2O) has demonstrated excellent in vitro cytocompatibility when cultured with human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs). However, its impact on the development of an osseous extracellular matrix (ECM) is limited. Since zinc (Zn) is known to enhance ECM formation and maturation, two ICIE16-BG-based Zn-supplemented BG compositions, namely 1.5 Zn-BG and 3Zn-BG (in mol%: 49.5 SiO2, 6.6 Na2O, 34.8/33.3 CaO, 1.1 P2O5, 6.6 K2O, and 1.5/3.0 ZnO) were developed, and their influence on BMSC viability, osteogenic differentiation, and ECM formation was assessed. Compared to ICIE16-BG, the Zn-doped BGs showed improved cytocompatibility and significantly enhanced osteogenic differentiation. The expression level of the osteopontin gene was significantly higher in the presence of Zn-doped BGs. A larger increase in collagen production was observed when the BMSCs were exposed to the Zn-doped BGs compared to that of the ICIE16-BG. The calcification of the ECM was increased by all the BG compositions; however, calcification was significantly enhanced by the Zn-doped BGs in the early stages of cultivation. Zn constitutes an attractive addition to ICIE16-BG, since it improves its ability to build and calcify an ECM. Future studies should assess whether these positive properties remain in an in vivo environment.

Transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis unveils a negative effect of glutathione metabolism on laccase activity in Cerrena unicolor 87613.

The white rot fungus Cerrena unicolor 87613 has been previously shown to be a promising resource in laccase production, an enzyme with significant biotechnological applications. Conventional methods face technical challenges in improving laccase activity. Attempts are still being made to develop novel approaches for further enhancing laccase activity. This study aimed to understand the regulation of laccase activity in C. unicolor 87613 for a better exploration of the novel approach. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses were performed to identify key genes and metabolites involved in extracellular laccase activity. The findings indicated a strong correlation between the glutathione metabolism pathway and laccase activity. Subsequently, experimental verifications were conducted by manipulating the pathway using chemical approaches. The additive reduced glutathione (GSH) dose-dependently repressed laccase activity, while the GSH inhibitors (APR-246) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) inducer (H2O2) enhanced laccase activity. Changes in GSH levels could determine the intracellular redox homeostasis in interaction with ROS and partially affect the expression level of laccase genes in C. unicolor 87613 in turn. In addition, GSH synthetase was found to mediate GSH abundance in a feedback loop. This study suggests that laccase activity is negatively influenced by GSH metabolism and provides a theoretical basis for a novel strategy to enhance laccase activity by reprogramming glutathione metabolism at a specific cultivation stage.IMPORTANCEThe production of laccase activity is limited by various conventional approaches, such as heterologous expression, strain screening, and optimization of incubation conditions. There is an urgent need for a new strategy to meet industrial requirements more effectively. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome of Cerrena unicolor 87613. For the first time, we discovered a negative role played by reduced glutathione (GSH) and its metabolic pathway in influencing extracellular laccase activity. Furthermore, we identified a feedback loop involving GSH, GSH synthetase gene, and GSH synthetase within this metabolic pathway. These deductions were confirmed through experimental investigations. These findings not only advanced our understanding of laccase activity regulation in its natural producer but also provide a theoretical foundation for a strategy to enhance laccase activity by reprogramming glutathione metabolism at a specific cultivation stage.

On-Chip Photoacoustics-Activated Cell Sorting (PA-ACS) for Label-Free and High-Throughput Detection and Screening of Microalgal Cells.

Microalgae play a crucial role in global carbon cycling as they convert carbon dioxide into various valuable macromolecules. Among them, Haematococcus pluvialis (H. pluvialis) is the richest natural source of astaxanthin (AXT), which is a valuable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptosis agent. These benefits make AXT highly commercially valuable in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and nutritional industries. However, intrinsic genetic characteristics and extrinsic cultivation conditions influence biomass gains, leading to low productivity and extraction as the main techno-economic bottlenecks in this industry. Thus, detecting AXT in H. pluvialis is essential to determine the influence of multiple parameters on biocompound accumulation, enabling optimization of cultivation and enrichment of AXT-rich H. pluvialis cells. This work developed an opto-acousto-fluidic microplatform for detection, analysis, and sorting of microalgae. Via label-free monitoring and extraction of sample-induced ultrasonic signals, a photoacoustic microscopic system was proposed to provide a full-field visualization of AXT's content and distribution inside H. pluvialis cells. When employed as on-chip image-based flow cytometry, our microplatform can also offer high-throughput measurements of intracellular AXT in real time, which demonstrates similar results to conventional spectrophotometry methods and further reveals the heterogeneity of AXT content at the single-cell level. In addition, a solenoid valve-pump dual-mode cell sorter was integrated for effective sorting of cells with a maximum working frequency of 0.77 Hz, reducing the fluid response time by 50% in rising and 40-fold in recovery. The H. pluvialis cells which have more AXT accumulation (>30 μm in diameter) were 4.38-fold enriched with almost no dead empty and small green cells. According to the results, automated and reliable photoacoustics-activated cell sorting (PA-ACS) can screen AXT-rich cells and remove impurities at the terminal stage of cultivation, thereby increasing the effectiveness and purity of AXT extraction. The proposed system can be further adopted to enrich strains and mutants for the production of biofuels or other rare organic substances such as β-carotene and lutein.

Environmental benefits of macroalgae products: A case study of agar based on life cycle assessment

Seaweed (marine macroalgae) cultivation and hydrocolloids industries can contribute significantly to sustainable development and bio-economy. However, there has been a lack of study on the environmental impacts of agar manufactured from macroalgae. This study is one of the first attempts to analyze environmental sustainability of agar extracted from Gracilaria lemaneiformis using an integrated method of life cycle assessment (LCA) and environmental profit and loss (EP&L). The “cradle-to-gate” life cycle stages are considered, namely, seaweed cultivation, transportation, agar production, and waste treatment. Two scenarios are conducted to explore the different production methods of agar. Results reveal that the carbon sequestration during the seaweed cultivation stage of agar amounts to 7.21 kgCO2eq/kg, and the net “cradle-to-gate” carbon emission of agar is −1.11 kgCO2eq/kg. The cultivation of seaweed can also benefit the marine environment through the removal of nitrogen, phosphorus, and heavy metals. In addition, the environmental impacts of agar production in China are converted into monetary values and estimated as total external costs based on EP&L. The comparative analysis elucidates a reduced environmental loss of 667 CNY in Scenario 2, while the external cost of Scenario 1 is 1020 CNY, indicating the environmental impact of Scenario 2 is reduced due to the improved process of agar production. As one of the first systematic LCA studies of seaweed cultivation and agar manufacturing, this work promotes the understanding of the environmental sustainability of seaweed hydrocolloid industry.

Семеноводство сои на орошении в условиях Левобережья Саратовской области

The article discusses the main stages of soybean cultivation using irrigation in the arid conditions of the Left Bank of the Saratov region. The purpose of the work is to analyze the technology of soybean cultivation under irrigation in the arid conditions of the Saratov region, to establish optimal irrigation periods and norms. A brief technological scheme is presented, including soil preparation, sowing, irrigation, harvesting and post-harvest refinement of soybeans. In the conditions of the Left Bank of the Saratov region, it is necessary to cultivate soybeans for seed purposes using zoned varieties, strictly in accordance with agro technology and irrigation. Compliance with agro technological techniques allows you to obtain stable soybean yields with minimal application of herbicides and rational use of irrigation water. Depending on the conditions of moisture availability of the growing season, from 3 to 5 watering is carried out with a rate of 450‑600 m3 / ha. Watering is usually carried out from mid-June to mid-August. If dry conditions form after germination, the first watering is carried out even earlier – in the phases of formation of 2‑3 nodes on the plant. Critical phases of development for soybeans in terms of sensitivity to lack of moisture are the phases of flowering – bean formation – seed filling, this period lasts the duration of which is 1.5‑2 months. During that period, the soil moisture in the 0.5‑0.7 m layer should be at least 60‑65% the lowest moisture capacity (LC) on light soils, 70% LC on medium and 75‑80% LC on heavy soils. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the depth of groundwater in order to avoid their contact with irrigation water. The total water demand, taking into account the coefficient of water use (CWU) and the efficiency of irrigated areas, is 296‑518 thousand for soybean irrigation m3 per irrigation period, depending on the conditions of moisture availability during the growing season. At the same time, the last watering carried out in the conditions of the Saratov Left Bank in August should be carried out strictly taking into account the predicted weather conditions.