Design Stage Research Articles

Implementing resilience in sustainable building design: Testing selected resilience criteria in a case study

Abstract Climate change is causing unprecedented changes in precipitation, extreme temperatures, and weather-related threats. Without effective intervention, these changes are expected to escalate in the coming years, potentially causing substantial damage to buildings. Paradoxically, the buildings themselves possess the potential to both exacerbate and alleviate climate change. To achieve a balance, the design of the building must adhere to minimal sustainability standards, taking into account resilience. Popular building rating systems, currently skewed towards sustainability, often neglect resilience principles. This paper aims to assess five selected resilience criteria from a new module incorporated into an existing building certification system, SBToolCZ. Validation occurs through a multi-residential building case study in Prague, evaluating the effectiveness of the criteria in terms of feasibility, accuracy, consistency, and time/data requirements. The results of this criteria test determine the clarity, achievability, and informativeness of the selected criteria. If gathering information and meeting benchmarks within a specific time frame proves challenging, adjustments to the criteria may be necessary for attainability and specificity. Integrating resilience features into sustainability rating systems, typically used in the early stages of design, can encourage designers to incorporate resilience into their projects. This proactive approach could lead to long-term reductions in environmental, social, and economic impacts, especially during weather-related hazards.

Evaluating Experiences in a Digital Nutrition Education Program for People With Multiple Sclerosis: A Qualitative Study.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex immune-mediated disease with no currently known cure. There is growing evidence to support the role of diet in reducing some of the symptoms and disease progression in MS, and we previously developed and tested the feasibility of a digital nutrition education program for people with MS. The aim of this study was to explore factors that influenced engagement in the digital nutrition education program, including features influencing capability, opportunity and motivation to change their dietary behaviours. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with people who had MS, and who completed some or all of the program until data saturation was reached. Interviews were analysed inductively using thematic analysis. Themes were deductively mapped against the COM-B (Capability, Opportunity, Motivation, Behaviour) behaviour change model. Sixteen interviews were conducted with participants who completed all (n = 10) or some of the program (n = 6). Four themes emerged: (1) acquiring and validating nutrition knowledge; (2) influence of time and social support; (3) getting in early to improve health and (4) accounting for food literacy experiences. This is the first online nutrition program with suitable behavioural supports for people with MS. It highlights the importance of disease-specific and evidence-based nutrition education to support people with MS to make dietary changes. Acquiring nutrition knowledge, coupled with practical support mechanisms, such as recipe booklets and goal setting, emerged as crucial for facilitating engagement with the program. When designing education programs for people with MS and other neurological conditions, healthcare professionals and program designers should consider flexible delivery and building peer support to address the needs and challenges faced by participants. Members of the MS Nutrition Research Program Stakeholder Reference Group, which includes people with MS and MS health professionals, provided input during the development of the nutrition education program and study design stages.

EXPEDITIOUS NUMERICAL CAPACITY ASSESSMENT IN PRECAST STRUCTURES VIA INELASTIC PERFORMANCE-BASED SPECTRA

The seismic design of precast structures hinges on unique characteristics intrinsic to precast technology. Emphasis is placed on lightweight structural elements for efficient on-site assembly and cost reduction. This leads to increased slenderness in beams and columns compared to traditional cast-in-situ constructions, accentuating the role of second-order effects. Dry pinned joints, favoured for connecting beams and columns, contribute to the overall efficiency in assemblage. Cast-in-situ concrete is typically reserved for connection to foundations and topping precast floor elements. Pinned joints transform the structure into an ideal isostatic system, with cantilevered columns anchored securely at the base, in designers' mind. However, this transformation reduces the energy dissipation capacity, preventing plastic hinge formation in beams and amplifying P-Delta effects in columns. The simplified approach proposed herein assesses dynamic instability in single and multi-storey precast hinged frames, providing a tool for expeditious numerical capacity assessment, useful at the initial design stage. The goal is to predict dynamic collapse and/or the attainment of specific seismic-oriented limit states based on fundamental structural parameters. Incremental nonlinear dynamic analysis, utilising far-field ground motion records, is employed to evaluate performance of a variety of precast structures modelled as equivalent single-degree-of-freedom systems. The outcomes yield inelastic spectra that provide insights into the structural capacity in terms of response modification factor and could help analysts/designers towards seismic performance-based design as well as the assessment problem. These spectra, which can themselves be taken as metrics for structural performance evaluation (in addition to as a reliable tool/means for design), are generated based on various structural parameters, including building height, column aspect ratios, and floor mass configurations, in relation to different limit states typically deemed crucial in the design of these structures for earthquake-induced actions. Regression analyses of median spectra show that polynomial expressions could fit them with good accuracy, as testified by a coefficient of determination in the 0.76-0.98 range for most of the cases.

Model test and analyses for a mixed-flow pumping system in the S-to-N Water Diversion Project of China

Abstract Baoying Pumping Station as the first station built in the East Route of the S-to-N Water Diversion Project in China, due to the importance of water source project and its 5000 hours yearly operating time, a serial of model tests and other measures were taken to secure its safety and high efficiency operation. Through the comparative model tests in the preliminary design stage, it was made clear that mixed-flow pump was the right direction of pump selection. The acceptance model test indicated that all performance requirements were satisfied and the head-weighted efficiency of the pumping system reached 80.5%, which was about 7 percentages higher than that obtained in the preliminary research and a good foundation for its efficient and economical operation was laid. The optimization design of inlet and outlet flow passages was not significant for improve the efficiency of pumping system. The verification test results were very close to the acceptance test results, and have been confirmed each other. The international bidding and mechanism of joint venture in purchasing main equipment for Baoying pumping station proved to be a success in introducing advanced foreign technology, and its construction experience can provide a useful reference for similar pumping stations.

Stability of supported Pd-based ethanol oxidation reaction electrocatalysts in alkaline media

This study evaluates the dissolution of the supported electrocatalysts Pd/C, PdSn/C, PdNb/C, and PdFe3O4/C during ethanol oxidation reaction for Alkaline Direct Liquid Fuel Cells (ADLFC) applications. A scanning flow cell (SFC) combined to an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (online ICP-MS) is used to assess the dissolution stability in a broad potential window. Accelerated stress tests with and without ethanol are developed using a rotating disk electrode (RDE) with dissolution products analysis by ex-situ ICP-MS. Potential profiles simulating those experienced by the catalyst during regular fuel cell operation were used. Sn and Fe catalysts demonstrate improved activity and stability compared with the material with Pd alone. For these reasons, PdSn/C and PdFe3O4/C are suitable for ADLFC applications. Severe Nb dissolution destabilizes Pd, increasing its leaching. This work demonstrates that while additional metals and oxides can improve the alcohol oxidation kinetics of Pd, these additives’ dissolution stability must already be considered at the catalyst design stage.

How does Building Information Modeling influence decision-making process in the project design? Input, decision and output analysis.

Decision-making is critical throughout the entire project cycle, particularly during the project design stage, where the detailed concept is developed based on stakeholders’ requirements and project constraints. To improve project design, various digital technologies are employed to provide stakeholders with comprehensive data for informed decision-making. The paper aims to understand how BIM influence the decision-making process – input, decision and output - during the project design. More specifically, we aim to answer the following question: which decision-making challenges could restrict BIM benefits during the project design stage? Utilizing two embedded case studies and a focus group, we explore the perceived benefits and challenges of BIM in decision-making among project actors. This research contributes to the field of digital technologies in project management by highlighting specific benefits and challenges, such as decision validation and the transformation of decision makers’ roles. Our findings illustrate the interconnected nature of these benefits and challenges through the Input-Process-Output model. We specifically emphasize that the advantages of BIM in the decision-making process can be significantly affected if project organizations do not adapt the roles and competencies of decision makers to effectively utilize BIM. The use of BIM therefore brings novel decision-making challenges, which are presented in the discussion.

Sketching Versus Digital Design Tools in Architectural Design

Sketching is a design tool that can be assumed to be ill-structured, does not offer exact solutions, is intuitive, and is open-ended in the initial stages of architectural design. Sketching creates an opportunity for architects to release their creativity and intuition, giving rise to spontaneous ideas and concepts in an organic and natural way. During the initial design phases, like in the conceptual stage of the design, designers receive aid from conventional sketching as their concepts and ideas can easily transform into tangible, real-world forms. With the development of digital design methods like CAD (computer-aided design) in pursuit of AI (artificial intelligence), it has been accepted that manual sketches are no longer the only method used in the design process, and the trend toward using new methods has begun. The diversity and evolution of tools used in architectural design, together with the integration of CAD, AI, and traditional sketching techniques, have contributed to the development of architectural design and facilitated enhanced collaboration, visualization, and efficiency across the design process. As a result, it has evolved to embrace the use of CAD, which was the first method adopted from these developments, as a basic skill in the field of architectural design education. This shift places a strong emphasis on the professional field of architectural design while also encouraging students to explore the innovative potential of CAD for design purposes. CAD presents architects with a robust platform that facilitates the creation of intricate designs and precise measurements during the initial stages of the design process. Following CAD, the development of AI-driven design tools motivates architecture students and designers to transform their concepts into concrete designs. Although it is known that each method mentioned has its own positive or negative aspects, it is not possible to say that any of them is used alone in architectural design processes. At this point, combining the design process with CAD and AI-supported design tools, as well as traditional manual sketching in architecture, helps develop a diverse and adaptable skill set in design. Integrating digital design tools into the architectural field emphasizes the enduring importance of traditional sketches, especially in terms of inspiration and conceptualization in architectural design, while also updating the design process. This document aims to explore the progression of employing diverse design tools, namely manual sketching, CAD, and AI-driven design tools, throughout the architectural design process. This paper undertakes a comparative analysis of using computational design tools instead of traditional sketching with pen and pencil, aiming to juxtapose their respective benefits and drawbacks. In conclusion, although it is not yet possible to assert the superiority of one method over the other, it is evident that traditional sketching continues to hold significant relevance and effectiveness in the design process despite its long-term use.

Evaluate user satisfaction for urban design of railway station areas: An assessment framework using agent-based simulation

AimsRailway station areas can play a crucial role in promoting sustainable development if integrated with cities and be fluctuation-responsive through effective urban design. However, during the design stage, assessing the station areas' performance, of which user satisfaction is indicative, is challenging due to methodological limitations. Agent-based simulation (ABS) is promising as it can link spatial features with agents' behavior features. This research questions to what extent ABS can help assess the urban design of station areas. MethodsThis paper adopts the user pyramid as the theoretical framework, which outlines five types of user needs: safety, speed, ease, comfort, and experience. The paper selects indicators linking satisfaction and spatial features at the district and building levels. These indicators are measured in the simulation of the station system using digital tools, including MassMotion and Python scripts. The theory, indicators, and tools, in combination, serve as an assessment framework. Rotterdam Central Station is used as a case to demonstrate how the framework works. ResultsThe framework is capable of assessing design alternatives by identifying changes in user satisfaction. It can be applied on the district level (at a scale of 250 m) with substantial details to inform design decision-making, and it is useful during the design stage when only limited data is available. This paper strengthens the scientific knowledge of railway station areas through the multidisciplinary literature review that translates user needs for urban design use, and it advances the digital means to visualize user satisfaction affected by design.

ПРО ОБЧИСЛЕННЯ ІНСОЛЯЦІЇ ПРИМІЩЕНЬ

Solar radiation has a significant both positive and negative impact on all processes of human life. The construction and operation of both residential and industrial buildings requires an analysis of the sun's influence. Among the areas of scientific research related to solar radiation, the following are particularly relevant: solar energy, the impact of the sun on building envelopes, achieving solar comfort in residential and industrial buildings, and ensuring sanitary and hygienic standards. Insolation is defined as the amount of solar radiation inflow calculated in calories per unit area of a horizontal surface per unit time. Methods for calculating insolation can be divided into two types: geometric and energy-based. The insolation level of residential premises is regulated by state construction legislation. According to the current standards, the duration of insolation of residential premises should be at least 2,5 hours between 22 March and 22 September. These standards define and recommend calculation methods. They are mainly geometric. Energy-based methods for calculating insolation are more dynamic and subject to change, as they take into account the properties of materials. And building materials are constantly being modernizedф and have different reactions to solar radiation. On the other hand, energy-based methods of calculating insolation are more accurate and take into account more factors directly related to a particular building or room. Therefore, a comparative analysis of indoor insolation calculated by different methods is an urgent scientific problem. The development of computer research methods opens up wide opportunities for modelling the insolation state of a dwelling at the design stage. In this paper, an object-oriented method for calculating insolation for residential and industrial premises is developed. This makes it possible to build a spatial picture of the room's irradiation and demonstrate the impact of changes in input parameters on this process.

영아교사의 부모교육역량 제고를 위한 교사교육 프로그램 개발 및 효과

The purpose of this study is to develop an educational program to enhance the parental education competency of infant teachers so that infant teachers can recognize their role as parental educators and implement parental education in the child care field. To this end, prior research analysis and a demand survey were conducted in the analysis and design stage and 288 teachers in charge of the 2-year-old infant class and 239 parents with 2-year-old children. In the implementation stage, a program (draft) was executed for 10 infant teachers, and in the evaluation stage, the final program was developed by revising and supplementing based on the data collected in the implementation stage. The educational program to enhance the parental education competency of infant teachers aims to enhance the knowledge, skills, and attitudes of teachers, which are the categories of parental education competency of infant teachers, and the educational content was organized by selecting eight topics in connection with the educational goal. Teaching and learning methods are conducted through lectures, field case-oriented discussions, temperament tests, field visits, and role-play activities through cases, and are operated offline for the 8th session (16th session). The results of this study suggest that programs to enhance parental education competency of infant teachers should be actively implemented, and programs that can comprehensively enhance parental education competency are needed.

Machine learning-based surrogate models for fast impact assessment of a new building on urban local microclimate at design stage

The rapid urbanization introduces changes in the local urban microclimate. Many efforts have been paid on the impact assessment of building design on local microclimate. However, there is still a lack of efficient and accurate prediction method for assessing the impacts on local microclimate when making the design of individual buildings. Two complementary machine learning-based surrogate models are proposed, including an SVR-based local air temperature model and a LightGBM-based local wind velocity model. They are identified by evaluating and comparing eight alternative machine learning models, four for each model development. 200 sets of CFD simulation data corresponding to different building designs are used for the model training and validation. The results show that the developed surrogate models can dramatically reduce computation time (from over 5 h to less than a second for a single prediction) while keeping the same order of accuracy of CFD simulations for local microclimate prediction of individual buildings. It therefore facilitates the fast, comprehensive and accurate prediction of the impacts on the local microclimate at the early design stage of new construction and renovation of individual buildings, for designers to deliver preferred local microclimate and/or avoid unacceptable microclimate changes.

How Artificial Intelligence Could Affect the Future of Architectural Design Education

There is currently a high level of uncertainty about the potential impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on architecture as a profession and consequently on architectural education. Some suggest that schools of architecture should prepare themselves for a dramatic reform that clearly integrates AI technologies into their study plans and pedagogical methods, while others argue that AI can’t fully replace the traditional methods and conventions in architectural education and that more time is needed to understand its potential impact in this regard. In all cases, AI is coming and will be soon or later an integral part of our work and teaching methods in architecture. This paper discusses this issue considering some AI applications in the different design stages from an educational perspective. The study concluded that there is an urgent need to explore and understand how AI could affect our educational systems and provoke changes in the architectural design process we currently follow. Quality assurance organizations should reflect this in their accreditation guidelines to offer the required guidance for the schools of architecture in this regard.

Designing a Service Provision Website Using the Design Thinking Method

Berkarya Abdi Sejahtera is a company that operates in the field of Outsourcing services such as Administration, Data Input, Operator, Warehouse, Labor, Security, Office Boy/Grill, Driver, Technician, Mechanic, and others. One way to increase company development is by using the website. Websites are increasing rapidly along with the number of websites that are used as a tool to promote companies to make them better known. Based on previous research conducted regarding Thrifdoor Business Website Design Using the Design Thinking Approach Method, it states that the creation process uses the Design Thinking method. The aim of this research is to create a website design by innovating using the Design Thinking method. and it is hoped that the design of this website will make it easier for companies to introduce their company. Observation is a process of observing and then recording systematically, logically, objectively and rationally regarding various phenomena in real situations, as well as artificial situations. The author collects and reviews data obtained by direct review and monitoring. Interviews are conducted to obtain data and information in the form of questions and answers from people who are directly involved with the system that is the object of research. Interviews will be conducted with members of PT Berkarya Abdi Sejahtera at the design stage. The 5 stages of design thinking: empathize, define, ideate, prototype, and test.

익산 제석사의 축조 공정 검토

In this paper, the process of building and transforming the large-scale authoritative buildings of Jeseoksa Temple Site was reviewed by tracing the construction process according to the stages of planning and designing, construction and completion, and reconstruction after disposal. In the planning and design stage, the location of the temple was selected, and the lay-out and size of the temple was determined. Through topographic analysis and survey data review, it was found that the Jeseoksa Temple Site was located in the most optimal location, considering environmental conditions such as flooding and future spatial expandability. In addition, it was estimated that the temple had been built as part of a large-scale urban planning project in Iksan, based on the accessibility and spatial arrangement of the remains of the Wanggung-ri Site. It was understood that the temple layout reflected the aspect of maintaining the ‘one pagoda and one golden hall’ tradition and changes accompanying the expansion of scale. At the beginning of construction, areas of high ground were cut down and soil was piled up at areas of low ground in order to flatten the land; this was likely done in order to secure a wide and solid land plot. Subsequently, in order to build solid foundations for the individual buildings, plate construction was carried out above ground or underground. Finally, roof tiles and walls were utilized to form a temple landscape. In this way, the stage at which the landscape of the entire temple was finalized can be seen as the point of com-pletion. It is estimated that the temple layout featured in a wooden pagoda, golden hall, and auditorium surrounded by a middle gate, corridors, east-west buildings, and monastic buildings. Jeseoksa Temple Site was destroyed by fire in 639, and the temple was subsequently abandoned. After the waste was removed to the Jeseoksa Temple Site waste site, the re-construction stage began. It is estimated that the landscape of the rebuilt temple was trans-formed, with the use of new styles such as convex roof-end tiles with lotus design, con-cave roof-end tiles with arabesque design, and dtamped roof-tiles.

Penerapan Web Service dalam Mengintegrasikan IoT dengan Platform Investasi Berbasis Website dan Mobile Android

The industrial revolution 4.0 which is occurring rapidly has resulted in changes in various fields, IoT is a technology that is currently widely used to automate processes in everyday life. In this research, IoT was used to monitor the development of goat livestock in Dermaji village. The problem with IoT development is that when you want to display data or results obtained, IoT does not work well if the information displayed is less interactive and difficult for end users to understand, so a solution needs to be created to display the results obtained by developing website and mobile-based applications. The aim of this research is to integrate an IoT platform with Android mobile-based websites and applications by implementing a RESTful web service API. Web and mobile application development uses the RAD method which consists of several stages, namely the design stage of system requirements, system design and implementation into a programming language. In integrating IoT with websites and mobile, RESTful web service technology is applied. The result of this research is an IoT platform that is integrated with website and Android mobile based applications.

AI 도구 활용에 관한 초등교사의 인식 분석

Objectives The purpose of this study is to understand the level of awareness of AI tools among elementary school teachers, their perceptions of the use of AI tools at different stages of lesson design, and their considerations when introducing AI tools into the classroom. Methods For this purpose, a survey was conducted among 130 teachers working in elementary schools. To analyze the survey results, the frequency, mean value, and standard deviation of each question were analyzed, and independent sample t-test and one-way analysis of variance were conducted to check the significance of differences by respondents' characteristics. In addition, a data visualization technique called ‘word cloud’ was used for open-ended descriptive questions, and a keyword-centered analysis method was used to summarize the main questions and categorize and code key words for analysis. Results The main findings of the study are as follows First, According to our survey, elementary school teachers use Entry, ChatGPT, and Autodraw the most among the AI tools they use in the classroom. Second, When analyzing elementary school teachers' perceptions of using AI tools in lesson design, we found that they expect the most help from AI tools in the assessment phase (M=4.07) and the most help in automating assignment and test grading (M=4.35). Third, elementary teachers were more likely to be positive about the need to utilize AI tools, but less likely to be optimistic about their readiness. Fourth, elementary school teachers cited difficulty in preparing education for AI tools (M=4.02) as a reason for the difficulty in utilizing AI tools, and the configuration of facilities and educational environment for utilizing AI tools (M=4.25) as an enabling factor for utilizing AI tools. Fifth, according to the word cloud analysis, diverse teaching and learning was cited as an expectation for the introduction of AI tools, over-reliance was cited as a concern, and continuous and gradual teacher training was cited as a way to increase the use of AI tools. Conclusions This study has several implications for the use of AI tools in education. First, teacher education is needed to ensure that elementary school teachers have expertise in AI tools and can actively utilize them. Second, AI-based educational platforms that can be used across the board in lesson design should be developed and utilized in the classroom. Third, we need to expand the infrastructure to support the use of AI tools in schools. Fourth, administrative and technical support is needed to ensure that the use of AI tools does not lead to additional work for teachers.

Development of Combinatorial Thinking Ability Questions for Students

This study aims to develop a question instrument that can measure combinatorial thinking skills in students. The method used is the 4-D development model, which consists of Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate stages. The questions developed were tested on 20 students of Mathematics Education at PGRI Argopuro University Jember. The validation results by two validators showed that the question had a validity level with an average value of 3.71, which was included in the valid category. Reliability testing using Alpha Cronbach yielded a value of 0.931, indicating high reliability. Field test data showed that 65% of students were in the medium combinatorial thinking ability category and 35% in the high category. The highest indicator of combinatorial thinking ability is identifying several problems (96%), while the lowest is considering several combinations of other issues (34.16%). The developed instrument is expected to help analyze students’ combinatorial thinking ability and can be used in similar research or teaching in the future.

Выдавливание замкового блока при строительстве транспортных тоннелей большого диаметра

Purpose: to consider the problem of the key-segment extrusion that occurs during the construction of subway tunnels in St. Petersburg using prefabricated high-precision reinforced concrete linings with increased water resistance with a diameter of 10.3 m. To analyze the possible processes leading to this phenomenon and methods of solving the problem in construction conditions. To determine the consequences of the currently used solutions to the problem. To develop an analytical methodology for determining the magnitude of the friction force acting on the radial joints planes of contacting segments based on classical structural mechanics methods (displacement method). To carry out mathematical modeling of the extrusion process by the finite element method and compare its results with those obtained analytically. To develop recommendations for the elimination of block extrusion, which can be both applied in construction conditions and taken into account when designing lining structures. To analyze the effectiveness of the proposed recommendations. Methods: full-scale data from constructed objects, analytical calculations and mathematical modeling by the finite element method were used. Results: an analytical method is proposed for determining the magnitude of the pushing force of the key-segment and the friction force in the radial segment joints. The results of mathematical modeling showed high convergence of the results obtained by the two methods. Recommendations have been developed to eliminate the phenomenon of extrusion, and their effectiveness has been evaluated. Practical importance: the results of the study can be used at the design stage of prefabricated reinforced concrete linings with increased water resistance for large-diameter tunnels, as well as in construction conditions at the time of installation of the key segment.

Development of a 3D Ethnomathematics Model for the Dayak Tribe of Central Kalimantan with the Assistance of Virtual Reality Media

This research aims to test the feasibility of the 3D Ethnomathematics model for the Dayak Tribe of Central Kalimantan as well as provide alternative learning media for students using Virtual Reality technology and create a 3D Ethnomathematics model based on Virtual Reality so that students get an in-depth and interesting learning experience to strengthen numeracy literacy. This research uses the Research and Development (RnD) method with the ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation) development model. This research was conducted using qualitative and quantitative solving approaches. A qualitative approach is used at the analysis stage, model development design stage, and assessment stage of product feasibility obtained from an open questionnaire in the form of input, responses, criticism, and suggestions. A quantitative approach is used in product feasibility assessment tests from media experts and material experts as well as testing the effectiveness of 3D models from students. Feasibility assessments by media experts and material experts were obtained from closed questionnaires. The effectiveness test was carried out through a pretest-posttest design in small groups, namely 5 elementary school students. Based on the research results, the results of the feasibility test by media experts and material experts showed that the 3D Ethnomathematics model of the Dayak Tribe of Central Kalimantan was in the feasible category with a percentage of 92% and 90%. The results of the effectiveness test carried out in small groups through pretest-posttest increased from the pre-test average with a score of 64 to 84 during the post-test after using the 3D Ethnomathematics model. So, it can be concluded that the 3D Ethnomathematics model of the Dayak Tribe of Central Kalimantan is feasible and effective to use.

Cost and Benefit Analysis of Different Buildings Through Reuse of Treated Greywater

The fact that the impacts of climate change cannot be prevented in the short term has increased the importance of climate change adaptation activities, and many national and international studies have been initiated in this regard. Greywater reuse (GWR) activities have become important methods recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for adaptation to climate change. This study selects GWR from 3 different real typologies, a hotel, a residential building, and an industrial plant planned in Izmir Province of Türkiye, to design greywater systems followed by cost-benefit analyses. The applicability of GWR systems in these typologies has been analyzed, and comparisons have been made. GWR systems at the project design stage eliminate the need for installation modifications. Therefore, it is concluded that new buildings should be designed to integrate these alternative water resource systems. Recovered water through the installation of GWR systems is recommended to be used as flushing water, and the excess for garden irrigation, car washing and cleaning. The payback periods were calculated as 12 years for the hotel and industrial plant and 6 years for the residential building. The water savings were calculated as 46% for the hotel, 44% for the residential building, and 29% for the industrial plant. The results put forth the feasibility of this alternative water resource.