Stable Word Combinations Research Articles

Phraseological Picture of the World and Communication: Take “Carpe Diem” as an Example

Phraseological units are an integral part of the national linguistic culture. In the collective consciousness of native speakers, set phrases generate a phraseological picture of the world common to any language community. Individuals have their phraseological picture of the world integrated into the general one. The phraseological parameters of discourse and communication represent valuable material for innovative research in the field of communication aesthetics. Phraseological grammar and aesthetics correlate with the creative aspect of stable word combinations of national culture and worldview. The article considers some aspects of French phraseological communication and a picture of the world with due regard to ethnocultural and diachronic factors. A hypothesis is put forward that a specific phraseological unit (“carpe diem”) has a high degree of linguocultural activity in the modern French discourse and, accordingly, in the linguistic picture of the world. There are prospects for further cognitive-communicative research of the phraseological discourse.

THE CONCEPT OF EQUIVALENCE OF CLICHES AND STAMPS (BASED ON THE MATERIAL OF RUSSIAN AND KOREAN OFFICIAL BUSINESS LANGUAGE)

In this paper we are interested in translation at the level of a word combination. A word combination can represent a semantic unity both at the level of language. The most striking example of such a translation is the translation of idiomatic or stable (phraseological) word combinations. The process of translation of official business texts is closely connected with the use of stable constructions, clichés and stamps that belong to the differentiated special phraseology, without which the translation of a business text cannot be qualitative and will seem unnatural to the recipient.

AXIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LEFT AND RIGHT IN RUSSIAN AND CHINESE STABLE WORD COMBINATIONS AND PROVERBS

Summary. The purpose of the article is to reveal the cultural connotation and axiological characteristics of the concepts "left" and "right", which make up one of the universal binary oppositions, in Russian and Chinese stable word combinations and paremias in order to determine the differences between the Russian and Chinese language worldviews in the cognitive zone of the presence of these concepts. The object of the research is Russian and Chinese phraseological units with the key words left and right. The subject of the study is the determination of common and distinctive features in the perception of traditional views and habits by Chinese and Russians regarding the use of the above-mentioned concepts in their national language worldviews. The procedures of semantic, connotative, phraseological, linguocultural, conceptual, cognitive, comparative and quantitative analysis, as well as the descriptive method, were used in the research process. The results of the study were the identification of 74 Russian and 62 Chinese phraseological units with different structures, containing indicators of the concepts "left" and "right". They are classified according to their discursive meaning, sphere of functioning, and axiological characteristics. A comparative analysis of the linguocultural principles of their use in the Russian and Chinese languages was carried out. Conclusions are made regarding the asymmetry of the traditional perception and functioning of the conceptual meanings of left and right in the compared languages.

Effective methods for studying word combinations with regard to semantic parameters

The purpose of the article was to develop a methodological teaching approach that considers both lexical and grammatical parameters to enhance the understanding of word combinability. The study employs a multi-step analysis to identify combinational variants of lexemes, ranking their stability on a continuum from highly stable to less stable. It explores the interaction of meanings within word combinations and examines the dialectical connection between language and speech in learning lexical combinations. Existing literature and dictionaries are critically assessed to address limitations in documenting combining preferences of lexemes and stable word combinations. The research yields a methodological teaching tool that facilitates the study of word combinability. By analyzing combinatory patterns based on both lexical and grammatical parameters, the study identifies the most closely connected parameters within word sequences. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of word combinability in Kazakh, addressing both linguistic and extralinguistic aspects. It offers a valuable teaching approach to help learners correct common mistakes related to lexical form combinations. The research underscores the significance of considering both lexical and grammatical parameters when analyzing word combinability, highlighting their interconnectedness in the learning process.

ЮРИДИЧНА ТЕРМІНОЛОГІЯ В ПАРАДИГМІ СУЧАСНИХ ПЕРЕКЛАДОЗНАВЧИХ АСПЕКТІВ

The article has a review character and is dedicated to modern research in the field of legal translation. The main tasks of the translator and the problems that arise during the translation of jurisprudence are considered. The analysis of the material suggests that legal translations are mainly performed by professionals who have obtained a legal education. Texts in the source and target languages are treated in completely different legal systems, which substantiates the use of different wording for each language. It has been determined that, at the same time, these references must be clear to both parties and have the same meaning. The authors accentuate the necessity for translator to possess the knowledge of the laws of their country as well as the ones of the country in which the source language is used. All these factors together determine the specifics of legal translation and indicate that the legal field requires special accuracy and deep knowledge from translators; the legal field is one of the most difficult one for them. During the analysis, we determined that the most common problems faced by legal translation specialists are as follows: the lack of deep knowledge in the researched field, differences in the legal systems and linguistic traditions of countries, and an insufficient number of widespread stable word combinations alongside their corresponding target word combinations.

Etymological Studies of Common Turkic Etymons «bad», «kob»

Many lexical units of the language and their meanings need etymological analysis in relation to the origin and history of certain words. Etymology as a branch of lexicology explores the theoretical foundations and methodological improvement of the analysis. In order to find out the purpose of determining the origin and history of a certain word or words, it is necessary to find out: the primary meaning of some words, and in other words secondary, i.e. derived meanings, in third lexemes, the meaning of lexical phraseological phrases, in winged expressions, sayings and proverbs, as a result of collecting and analyzing materials and draw certain conclusions. The setting of such goals and objectives has existed since the formation of the science of language. Because the origin and history of words and their meanings interested the population for practical purposes, and scientists for scientific purposes. The main object of the research is the history of the semantics of words, so the article uses such techniques and methods as diachrony-synchrony, analysis-synthesis, induction-deduction, component and complex analysis of the retrospective method. The article takes into account all lexical, stylistic and grammatical meanings, grammatical forms in the form of root and derived morphemes, as well as semantics in the composition of lexical and stable word combinations of the common Turkic root words «hob», «bad». The analyses werecarried out and covered the linguistic materials of the Turkic written monuments and modern Turkic languages. Etymological analyses of the etymons «hob», «bad» are theoretically based on the 5 principles of etymological theory developed by us: word semantics – semantic derivation – derivational process – types of reconstruction and semantic reconstruction – comparative bases of word etymology. Etymological analysis of the words «hob», «bad» is carried out at the phonemic, morphemic, lexemic and syntagmatic levels, i.e. it is subjected to a comprehensive analysis. As a result of comprehensive consideration of the Turkic etymon «ot» in aspects of the semantics of root words, derived words semantics and the semantics of the complex words we can conclude that archiseme of the etymon «hob» – value is «hollow, convex», that archisemes of the etymon «bad»: in the Turkic languages «face», in Arabic «desert, thirst», in persian «bad».

Сoncepts of the newest explanatory dictionaries of the Ukrainian language and problems of metalexicography

Powerful development of the latest explanatory lexicography contributes to the deepening of the theory of lexicography and to the development of its terminological apparatus. Compilation of new explanatory dictionaries (one-volume Dictionary of the Creative Personality Language of Ukraine of the Second Half of the 20th — Early 21th Century and multi-volume Dictionary of the Active Type Ukrainian Language) is conducted in conjunction with theoretical research of lexicographical set of instruments and modeling of the new linguistic and linguoculturological objects that appears on the basis of the modern lexicographic works. Lexicographers of the Institute for the Ukrainian Language of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine actively use macrostructural means of material systematizing and scientifically prove their importance for modeling of linguistic and conceptual pictures of the world. We approve a new method of integral linguistic modeling, on the basis of which the lexical core of the language, ideographic groups of vocabulary, conceptual dominants of the Ukrainian worldview, and systems of figurative means and stable word combinations appear. The typology of dictionaries is undergoing innovative changes. Each newest explanatory dictionary appears as an integral (complex, universal) because the new dictionaries contain significant amount of diverse information. We trace the strengthening of a new direction of integral linguistic research and the active development of metalexicography. The newest dictionaries emphasize the powerful spiritual development of Ukrainian society, its desire for independence and relentless understanding of the linguistic and cultural features of other nations in the world. Explanatory dictionaries of the Ukrainian language of the XXI century are axiologically oriented. They register values common to all mankind as well as national ones, strengthen the process of operating of the Ukrainian language as a state one in Ukraine. They also register understanding the fact that integral type explanatory dictionaries have the leading value in the development of the state of Ukraine. Keywords: metalexicography, explanatory dictionary, dictionary of the creative personality language, dictionary of active vocabulary, integral dictionary, lexical core of language, method of integral linguistic modeling

Реалізація змістової лінії «Досліджуємо мовні явища» у процесі роботи з фразеологізмами в початковій школі

The article highlights the essence and implementation of the content line «Exploring language phenomena» in the terms of working with phrasal expressions in the lessons of Ukrainian language and reading and defines its place in modern linguistic and methodological research. The relevance of its implementation in the educational process of primary school is substantiated. In particular, emphasis was placed on shifting the priorities from the passive acquisition of knowledge by students to mastering it in the process of research activity. This activity is provided by the semantic line «Exploring language phenomena» in the elementary course of language and literature education. The authors of the article analyze the current educational programs and textbooks on the Ukrainian language and reading for elementary school, compiled in accordance with the typical educational program developed under the guidance of A. Y. Savchenko. They demonstrate the exercises that are the basis for phraseological work and illustrate the implementation of the content line «Exploring language phenomena», aimed at practical mastery of phraseology during observation, analysis, comparison, generalization, etc. A survey of teachers-practitioners on the implementation of this content line and a questionnaire of the 4th grade students allowed the authors to discover the skills and abilities needed to explore phraseological expressions. It was found that the methodology of teaching the Ukrainian language covers the aspects for implementation the content line «Exploring language phenomena» insufficiently. Primary school teachers need methodological recommendations for the implementation of this content line in the process of teaching primary school students. It is noted that the development of studentsʼ skills and abilities to study phraseology requires consistent, systematic, and purposeful lesson work, which will expand students' knowledge of the language, enrich their vocabulary, activate logical thinking, increase cognitive activity and arouse students’ interest in phraseological material. It is important to combine the study of stable word combinations of the Ukrainian language with the history and culture of the Ukrainian people, their everyday life and work activities. Keywords: linguistic and literary branch, semantic lines, phraseology, phraseological knowledge, skills, cognitive activity, mental operations.

PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS WITH A HEAD WORD ‘KRAST’ IN BULGARIAN AND RUSSIAN

The concept of ‘cross’ is polysemantic. It is one of the three fundamental world emblems, a sacred Christian symbol in the religious, cultural-historical and linguistic continuum of the Slavic peoples. Therefore, it motivates the emergence of many various stable word combinations. The article discusses mostly real (full) phrasemеs and partly nonreal (non-full) phraseological units with component ‘cross’ (which forms 17 microsemantic cores with the first lexeme ‘a symbol of Christianity; a written mark, formed by two lines going across each other’ and 7 microsemantic cores with the Bulgarian homonym ‘krаst’ meaning lower back ‘the lower part of the back’), excerpted from Bulgarian and Russian phraseological dictionaries and media texts. A comparison is made between the phrases in both languages, highlighting the common Slavic uses and differences, the specific expressions (direct, metaphorical and metonymic use of ‘cross’), which are the linguistic picture of each ethnic phenotype. Phraseologisms are analyzed and categorized on several grounds: degree of desemantization of the constituent components – phraseological combinations, phraseological units, phraseological adhesions (fusions); grammatical structure (mono-element: only S; bi-element: only V + S, A + S, A + Adv; three-element: V+ A+ S, V + S + Pron, S + pr + S, S+ Adv + S , S + pr + Pron; poly-element: V+ S+ pr+ Pron, V+ Pron+ pr+ S, pr+ Pron+ V+ S, etc.).

NEOLOGISMS FORMATION AND USE IN THE NOVEL «1984» BY G. ORWELL

Objective of the article is to analyze the peculiarities of the formation and use of neologisms in Orwell’s novel «1984». Methods. The main scientific results are obtained using a set of general scientific and special research methods, namely: analysis, generalization and systematization of scientific and educational literature on literary studies, psychology, and linguistics; theoretical generalization, analysis and synthesis, as well as comparative, descriptive and analytical Results. Enrichment of language with new lexical units of any type and structure is a positive moment in the process of development and improvement of the language and language tools. It is the emergence of neologisms that indicates the development of society and humanity as a whole. Neologisms, on the one hand, are defined as words, meanings, or combinations of words that have appeared in a particular language over a period. On the other hand, neologisms are terms that are a new meaning of an existing word, or a word borrowed from another language, the novelty of which is still felt. According to linguists, neologisms are words of any period that are new to the previous period; not only new words, but also new meanings of words, as well as new phraseological or stable word combinations; units arising from the elements of the language existing in the language. Based on the study, we concluded that on the pages of his novel, J. Orwell manages to portray and recreate a world in which all generally accepted humane principles are reversed, universally recognized human values are absent, but still not defeated human nature itself, which inevitably seeks to break out, discovering ways to overcome unbearable shackles. In addition, the shackles that society as a whole and each individual are trying to envelop, the representatives of this inhuman regime with an unconditional dictatorship of power. It should be emphasized that there is no one correct way to translate neologisms, especially authorial ones. At the same time, the socio-political conditions in which the translator finds himself may limit the choice of a suitable translator for reasons of censorship or political expediency. To ensure the adequacy of the translation of works with a pronounced linguistic and cultural component, the translator must be aware of the realities of both cultures: the culture of the source text and the culture of the target one.

Сопоставительный анализ компаративных ФЕ даргинского и английского языков

The article is devoted to the comparative analysis of comparative phraseological units of the Dargin and English languages. It is noted that one of the main features is the feature that distinguishes a comparative stable phrase as a special group of phraseological units. In the Darginian literary language, the most active way of forming comparative relations between the elements of stable word combinations is the comparative particles-wang, - tsad, - guna. The same meanings are expressed by the English comparative elements of the adjective as, the verb like.

New trends in collocability based on the English collocations in fiction

The language of fiction is probably not the most dynamically but still changing. These new trends in collacability are of a great interest to us. The definition of collocation is present in the text; the authors also distinguish the concepts of collocation and lexical function. This article will discuss the trends considered in synchrony and diachrony, which were highlighted on the material of John Grisham “Gray Mountain”, which is relatively new English-language material (2014), and a bit dated J. D. Salinger “Nine Stories” (1953 ) to track trends and their development in the language. 150 examples were reviewed and analyzed. 5 trends were highlighted on a given case. The authors use dictionaries, linguistic search on the Internet, the COCA (Grisham and Salinger are both from the USA). The authors conclude that the trends that have been considered are the most frequent for the language of fiction and deserve the attention of the researchers due to their productivity. The reasons why stable word combinations change: the emergence of new realities and the need for a new nomination and (which is more typical for the prose) the search for the new forms of self-expression of the writers.

Сталі словосполучення з дієслівним компонентом як виразники суб’єктивної модальності у німецькій публіцистиці: прагматичний аспект

The paper is devoted to the study of stable word-combinations with a verbal component, which are seen in the context as the expressive means of subjective modality. German online texts on political, social and sports topics were analyzed in this research. In this paper the functional approach is applied to the study of the above-mentioned linguistic phenomenon. It was proved that stable word-combinations with a verbal component indicate features of phraseological unities and phraseological combinations and are quite common in German publicistic texts. The word-combinations are identified differently: the expression of subjective modality as subjective modality has different markers, splitting into deontic (markers: necessary, possibly, accidently), epistemic (markers: proved, disproved, not resolved), aletic (markers: obligatory, prohibited, allowed), axiological (markers: good, bad, neutral). In the texts under consideration, stable word-combinations with a verbal component can be seen as lexical-syntactic units that enhance the expression of axiological modality as all analyzed examples have good, bad, and neutral markers in the context. Stable word-combinations with a verbal component are linguistic expressions of the force of figurative thinking (German Bildkraft), which has two components: visibility (German Bildhaftigkeit) and imagery / colourfulness (German Bildlichkeit). Visibility, to which stable word-combinations with a verbal component apply, is related to the direct meaning of all semantically relevant words and collocations. Therefore, the wider the semantic space of such words and collocations is, the higher degree of visibility and depth of meaning of such lexical and lexical-stylistic units can be observed, because each individual meaning element defines our understanding of the topic that is described, makes this description more detailed and complements our imagination. Stable word-combinations with a verbal component constitute a complementary element expressing subjective modality that reinforces the influence on the addressee. As the means of expressing subjective modality, these lexical-syntactic units can only be considered together with other lexical units in a context.

Stable word combinations сomprehensive dictionary as a source base for translation lexicographical works

In Russian, Ukrainian, and Polish lexicographical work, all the preconditions for organizing a comprehensive stable word combinations dictionary have been formed. The these works registers in each Slavic linguistic school will have to be formed by various units of different types, which are characterized by the semantic integrity. First of all, it is planned to include word equivalents, phraseological units, terminological combinations, proverbs, sayings. The formed dictionaries will reflect the language processes dynamics because a significant part of their register units have a transitional status of existence, as a result of which this work will be useful for theoretical linguistics. However, first of all, the need of compiling this dictionary is caused by practical activities. In Russian, Ukrainian, and Polish basic monolingual dictionaries stable word combinations are presented quite fully, but the approaches to their organization are mostly understandable only to specialists. Users of these works have significant difficulties in finding any stable combination. This activity is somewhat facilitated by specialized dictionaries of various units, but even in this case, the user requires some linguistic training. Being organized according to a certain concept, a stable combinations comprehensive dictionary will greatly facilitate the user's search, especially translation activities, which are greatly complicated by the lack of dictionary registers for differently formed units. This is true for the translation from one Slavic language to another, as well as similar actions in the field of Slavic-Germanic and, of course, Slavic-Romance languages etc. In the proposed work it is proved that the compiled complex stable word combinations dictionaries in each separate Slavic language will become an important source for improvement of already created paper and on-line translation dictionaries.

СИНТАКСИЧЕСКАЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА КАТЕГОРИИ НЕОПРЕДЕЛЕННОСТИ В ХУДОЖЕСТВЕННОМ ДИСКУРСЕ СЕРГЕЯ ДОВЛАТОВА

The article analyses the syntactic aspect of the uncertainty category in S. Dovlatov’s cycle “The Suitcase”. Syntactic arsenal of the uncertainty category is represented by nouns in stable word-combinations, metaphors, perfective verbs, existential sentences, some types of subordinate clauses, inversion, etc. The author aims to prove that indefinite nouns in S. Dovlatov’s discourse have their own specificity, high level of frequency, perform the intriguing function and the function of “implicit” evaluation.

Towards a Linguistic Stylometric Model for the Authorship Detection in Cybercrime Investigations

This study proposes an integrated framework that considers letter-pair frequencies/combinations along with the lexical features of documents as a means to identifying the authorship of short texts posted anonymously on social media. Taking a quantitative morpho-lexical approach, this study tests the hypothesis that letter information, or mapping, can identify unique stylistic features. As such, stable word combinations and morphological patterns can be used successfully for authorship detection in relation to very short texts. This method offers significant potential in the fight against online hate speech, which is often posted anonymously and where authorship is difficult to identify. The data analyzed is from a corpus of 12,240 tweets derived from 87 Twitter accounts. A self-organizing map (SOM) model was used to classify input patterns in the tweets that shared common features. Tweets grouped in a particular class displayed features that suggested they were written by a particular author. The results indicate that the accuracy of classification according to the proposed system was around 76%. Up to 22% of this accuracy was lost, however, when only distinctive words were used and 26% was lost when the classification procedure was based solely on letter combinations and morphological patterns. The integration of letter-pairs and morphological patterns had the advantage of improving accuracy when determining the author of a given tweet. This indicates that the integration of different linguistic variables into an integrated system leads to better performance in classifying very short texts. It is also clear that the use of a self-organizing map (SOM) led to better clustering performance because of its capacity to integrate two different linguistic levels for each author profile.

Cybercrime and Authorship Detection in Very Short Texts A Quantitative Morpho-lexical Approach

Abstract The present study proposes an integrated framework that considers letter-pair frequencies/combinations along with the lexical features of documents. Drawing on a quantitative morpho-lexical approach, the study tests the hypothesis that letter information or mapping carries unique stylistic features; and therefore detecting stable word combinations and morphological patterns can be used to enhance the authorship performance in relation to very short texts. The data used for analysis is a corpus of 12240 tweets derived from 87 Twitter accounts. Self-organizing maps (SOMs) model is used for classifying the input patterns that share common features together as a clue that tweets grouped under one class membership are written by the same author. Results indicate that the classification accuracy based on the proposed system is around 76%. Up to 22% of this accuracy was lost, however, when only distinctive words were used, and 26% was lost when the classification performance was based on letter combinations and morphological patterns only. The integration of letter-pairs and morphological patterns had the advantage of improving the accuracy of determining the author of a given tweet. This indicates that the integration of different linguistic variables into an integrated system leads to a better classification performance of very short texts. It is also clear that the use of the self-organizing map (SOM) led to better clustering performance for its capacity to integrate two different linguistic levels of each author profile together. .

ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ ЛЕКСИКОГРАФИЧЕСКИХ ПРИНЦИПОВ ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЯ ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЗМОВ И УСТОЙЧИВЫХ СОЧЕТАНИЙ СЛОВ В «СЛОВАРЕ СОВРЕМЕННОГО РУССКОГО ЛИТЕРАТУРНОГО ЯЗЫКА» И В «БОЛЬШОМ АКАДЕМИЧЕСКОМ СЛОВАРЕ РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКА»

ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ ЛЕКСИКОГРАФИЧЕСКИХ ПРИНЦИПОВ ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЯ ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЗМОВ И УСТОЙЧИВЫХ СОЧЕТАНИЙ СЛОВ В «СЛОВАРЕ СОВРЕМЕННОГО РУССКОГО ЛИТЕРАТУРНОГО ЯЗЫКА» И В «БОЛЬШОМ АКАДЕМИЧЕСКОМ СЛОВАРЕ РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКА»

Фразеологія твору Пантелеймона Куліша "Чорна рада”

The article systematizes information about phraseological units of Panteleimon Kulish’s novel „The Black Council”, studied them in ethno-linguistic aspect, implemented temporal and spatial consideration of stable word combinations as a cultural phenomenon of artistic creation. The author proves that the ideological and aesthetic plan of the novel is represented by more than 260 phraseologisms. The writer used about 35 paremias, most of which glorify Cossack whirlwind, actualizing the values characterized for Cossacks at the end of the eighteenth century. With the help of paremias, the writer expresses his belief in a better future; demonstrates the complexity of life situations; explains the essence of Cossack preferences; condemns the behavior of Cossacks who conspire against the community, as well as those who take a passive position; figuratively characterizes the behavior of the actors. With the help of individual paremias, the writer formulates the regularities observed by mankind for a long time, which still fulfill the didactic function laid down in them. The emotionality of the actors' speech is indicated by the use of the curse. The central part in the phrasemicon of the work take place the units of somatic cultural code that help convey the psychological state of the heroes of the work, the complexity of human feelings, verbalize causes and signs of action. Phrases of anthropic cultural code are intended to characterize the actors, describe the social situation, demonstrate the veracity of the actors' speech. Persistent combinations of words of religious and demonologically-anthropomorphic ethnosubcode serve mainly the function of expressivization, they are actualized in references, quotations of religious subjects, traditional wishes, curses, etc. In general, the writer has used the encyclopedia-cognitive, linguistic and didactic potential of phraseological units used in the novel to create a folklore-genetic version of national writing, folklore speech of actors, and authorial digression.

Терминологические коллокации как объект изучения

The article is devoted to terminological collocations as one of the types of stable word combinations. The main approaches to defining terminological (specialized) collocations based on the works of a number of domestic and foreign authors are considered. The properties of collocations of this type in comparison with the main characteristics of natural language collocations are described. An attempt is made to determine the status of terminological collocations in linguistics. It is shown that distinguishing the terminological collocations in a separate group of lexical units is possible only within a broad approach to the concept of “collocation,” as these word combinations are characterized by varying degree of semantic cohesion of their components. A typology of terminological collocations with their division into term-forming and term-containing is proposed. The main focus is on collocations that are part of the political terminology of the English and Turkish languages with examples from lexicographical sources, as well as national corpora of these languages and special corpora created in the Sketch Engine system.