Stable Phrases Research Articles

Linguistic Representation of the Concept of Sun in the Linguoculture of the Peoples of the North (Based on the Yakut and Yukaghir Languages)

The object of the research is the concept of the sun: in the Yakut language - kyn, in the tundra Yukagir language - yerpeye and in the forest Yukaghir language - yeloodye. The article deals with lexical representatives and stable phrases; the motivating, conceptual, figurative features and derivational paradigms of the studied concept are established; applied etymological analysis of words, cognitive approach and conceptual methods of concept research. The concept of the sun is presented in different ways in the linguistic picture of the world of peoples. The description and explanation of the peculiarities of the concept of the sun in the national linguistic picture of the world of the Sakha and Yukaghir people in a comparative-comparative plan seems relevant for conceptual linguistics. As a result of the study, only positive signs of the concept of the sun were noted in both linguocultures. The scope of the linguistic representation of the concept of kyn in the Yakut language is diverse, while the content level is characterized by different options. A large number of derivative words with the lexeme kyn in the Yakut language indicate the cultural significance of this concept. Since ancient times, the Sakha people and the Yukaghirs had a cult of the main heavenly body of the sun, which continues to the present day. The Sakha and Yukaghir people celebrate the Ysyakh and Shahadyibe holidays on the summer solstice, marking the beginning of a new annual cycle. During the holiday, abundance, peace, harmony and love are demonstrated to the main deity, the sun, thereby asking the sun for well-being for the coming year. Thus, the sun is a key concept for these northern peoples. Keywords: linguoculture, concept sun, concept kyn, concept yerpeye/yeloodye, Yakut language, Yukaghir language, concept-forming lexeme

Слово жемчуг в русской поэзии и его китайские корни

The object of the analysis is the word pearl in the Russian language. The subject of the study is to consider the functioning of this lexeme in Russian poetry. The analysis uses descriptive, comparative, and stylistic methods. The word pearl was borrowed by the Russian language from Chinese through the Turkic mediation in the 12th century. The Chinese word 珍珠 [zhēnzhū] con-sists of two syllable morphemes 珍 ‘rare, expensive, valuable’ and 珠 ‘glob, bead’. We examine the appearance history of this lexeme in the Russian language, reveal the original and figurative meanings of the word and its word-forming and combinative activity. Lexeme pearl is entered the active vocabulary of the Russian language, became widely used in the speech of Russian people, acquired a large number of derivatives and stable phrases with them. We analyze the functioning of the word pearl, the lexemes formed from it, and the stable phrases containing these units in Russian poetry. Pearls have become a favorite means of expressing ideas about beauty, value, love, and emotions among Russian poets. The word pearl, its derivatives and phrases with it are found in the works of most Russian poets, they are noted in the poems of A.S. Pushkin, M.Y. Lermontov, M.I. Tsvetaeva, V.Y. Bryusov, K.D. Balmont and many others. We found that in the works of poets of the 18–19th centuries, the word pearl is regularly found in the singular with an oxytonic accent, and in the twentieth century, the accentuation becomes penultimative, transferred one syllable forward. The perspective of this research is to study the use of the pearl token in translations into Russian of works by foreign authors, including Chinese ones.

Specifiсity of the lexico-phraseological potential of the imaginery of the language of historical figures speeches of T. Livy’s work “History”

Modern linguistics is characterized by an increased interest in the study of the problems of rhetoric, which is most closely intertwined with poetics, stylistics, and logic. A valuable material in this regard is the work of the famous Roman historiographer Titus Livy “History”. The speeches of historical figures that the author introduces into this work are classic examples of oratory. There are many works devoted to the study of the linguistic features of speeches of other decades of the work. The speeches of the first decade remained outside the field of view of researchers. In this context, a comprehensive analysis of the lexical and phraseological means of the imagery of speeches of the first decade from the point of view of their argumentative role is of particular importance; this is the purpose of our study. The study shows that the most common type of phraseological units of speech are phraseological or stable phrases, which, in accordance with their lexical composition, were divided into the following groups: noun – verb; noun – adjective; noun – noun. A bright emotional and expressive coloring is characteristic of the maxims of speeches, phraseological units, as a rule, perform a nominative or expressive function. The article outlines that the sources of imagery formation are metaphorization, and the means of creating images are tropes, which the author skillfully uses for the purpose of argumentation. Metaphors based on the phenomenon of anthropomorphism prevail. T. Livy creates not too erased and not too refined metaphors, but those that would meet the aesthetic tastes of the readers. Metonymy and synecdoche in speeches emphasize the main thing, give the statement a generalized meaning. In the author’s usage there are exaggerated metaphors, epithets, comparisons. In the texts of speeches, we find litoty of two types: tapeynosis and meiosis. The article highlighted epithets and studied them in detail. Quantitatively, epithets that express the external sign of objects or phenomena, as well as those that determine the psychological characteristics of a person or phenomenon, prevail. This allows us to draw a conclusion about the author’s deeply psychological worldview. Research into these and permanent epithets allows a deeper understanding of the author’s intention. It was in the epithets that the idea of “History” and the individuality of the writer were reflected with special force.

Пріоритетні цінності французької аксіологічної парадигми на матеріалі найуживаніших французьких фразеологізмів

The article examines and analyzes 10 of the 1,500 most commonly used French idioms from the site "Les expressions françaises décortiquées". Phraseological picture of the world plays an important role in cognition of the world around us, because it not only captures its phenomena in the language, but also adds to them connotations, which are manifested in the choice of words of a particular language register. The study of hierarchies of values, recorded in idioms, and ways of their representation allow us to build a value hierarchy in the French mentality and understand the main features of the French national character. We have a broad understanding of phraseology and consider idioms not only idioms, but also phraseological units, proverbs, sayings, winged expressions, speech stamps, because they all name a concept, are reproduced unchanged, and are stable phrases. The phraseological units, taken into the analysis, are allocated on frequency of addresses that allows to define a hierarchy of values in the French phraseological picture of the world. Each of the permanent statements, taken into the analysis, nominates one concept, and the frequency of appeals to them allows not only to understand their priority in the French mentality, but also to outline the features of the French national character. French national values are fixed in the selected phraseological units, and the relation to them is distinguished on the basis of connotations, the register of speech, the present euphemism, and metaphorization. It is interesting to trace the history of the considered phraseological units and lexical units in their structure, ways of entering the French language, numerous hypotheses that explain their meaning. These areas of research and identification of social strata, in which the idioms arose, show where the phenomena denominated by them were the most common, and the hierarchy of values recorded in them, in the French mentality.

Somatic Phraseology that Shows Kyrgyz People Historical and Cultural Development

This article is exploring several somatic phraseological units in the Kyrgyz language. In investigating the origin of phraseological units, we focused our attention on the fact that stable phrases are an inexhaustible treasure in human thought. They are living testimonies of the past. In other words, we can see and restore the Kyrgyz people’s history and culture by studying the semantics and structure of somatic phraseological units. The human body and its parts have always been an important component of the vocabulary in any language since these are concepts that are relevant for all ethnic groups. Somatic concepts apply not only to the external, visible parts of the human body. Blood and internal organs are also an active component of phraseology in linguistics.

Approaches to the classification of English idioms: thematic aspect

The article identifies the need to systematize different approaches to the classification of idioms, which aims to improve the process of remembering and understanding the essence of idioms. An attempt to generalize different approaches to the classification of idioms expands the scope of standard learning of English, significantly expands the vocabulary and promotes the development of speech culture. The history of the origin of the term “idiom” has been clarified, and the sources of the origin of English idioms have been studied. Much of the oldest idioms were borrowed from the Bible and myths, as well as from Celtic, Latin, Scandinavian and other cultures. There are about 24,000 idioms in modern English. A high level of English proficiency requires knowledge and understanding of phraseology or idioms. Existing approaches to the classification of stable phrases have been also considered. The most common in the literature are the following ways of classifying idioms, in particular by meaning, by emotional saturation, by the parts of speech. There are also authentic idioms that arose in the process of historical development and those borrowed. According to the thematic orientation idioms are divided depending on the profession, the specificity of human activity. The article also analyzes the following classifications: depending on the size, the period and history of origin, the grammatical structure. In order to improve the level of English, it is appropriate to study and use idioms that characterize personal qualities, reflect the features of human life. In addition, the article suggests a thematic classification of idioms, according to which the most numerous are groups denoting emotions, work, character and preferences, money, success and entertainment. The selected thematic groups of idioms testify to the anthropocentric character of the analyzed language material

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПРОНИКНЕННЯ ІНФОТЕЙНМЕНТУ У НОВИННУ ЖУРНАЛІСТИКУ ТЕЛЕКАНАЛІВ: «1+1», «СТБ», «ICTV»

The article describes the peculiarities of infotainment penetration into news journalism of TV channels: «1+1», «STB», «ICTV» (on the example of programs: «TSN», «Vikna-nowyny», «Facty. Informaciynyi vypusk»). Infotainment as a multifaceted means of filling the television air, a multifunctional aspect of mass and interpersonal communication is considered. Efficiency is achieved by working on certain schemes, as shown in this paper. The author draws attention to the fact that in Ukraine the active introduction of the infotainment method on television began after the collapse of the Soviet Union. During the economic crisis, the media faced financial difficulties and needed large advertisers, so to attract audiences, TV editors began to provide political and social information through the entertainment aspect, following the example of Western colleagues. The reasons and peculiarities of the infotainment genre in Ukrainian TV news are determined, the ways of presenting information on specific TV channels are analyzed, the role of a journalist and presenter in news broadcasting is revealed. In the process of analyzing issues of programs «TSN», «Vikna-nowyny», «Facty. Informaciynyi vypusk» it was found out that in their work correspondents from all creative «tools «of infotainment most often use structural and compositional techniques: visual design, elements of artistic montage, lives. Common techniques in news broadcasting are also: «journalist as an actor» and «topic as the core of content», meaningful components. Correspondents and presenters often use language play, emotionality and irony in the stories, thanks to which it is easy to present information, a person understands well what the presenter is talking about. One way to achieve the availability and attractiveness of information is a language game. Its essence is the transformation of stable phrases, proverbs, aphorisms etc. Currently, Ukrainian infotainment in news and information programs on domestic television is in its infancy. Its distribution in the TV content of all-Ukrainian channels promotes the development of the media themselves, because interesting news attracts advertisers, so, in our opinion, this genre is the future.

О словаре чебоксарского региолекта русского языка

This work is devoted to the discussion of the problems associated with the compilation of the the Russian language dictionary of the Cheboksary region speech. The purpose of the work is to consider the macro- and microstructure of the dictionary of speech of the residents of Cheboksary and the agglomeration. The authors use traditional methods of linguistics: descriptive, comparative, contrastive. The article is based on the materials of the designed dictionary, which, in turn, were collected in the course of many years of observation of the speech of the Cheboksary residents in natural conditions. The reaserchers come to a conclusion that he Cheboksary regiolect is an example of a self-sufficient collective idiolect, possessing stable specific uses of literary units of the Russian language. These units can exist not only in the form of published systematized lists or databases, they can also be lexicographic. Presenting the material as a separate vocabulary gives it more weight than publications in the form of small genres. Lexicography offers non-traditional urbanonyms, specific stable phrases and sentences, chuvashisms, which in general can be called cheboksarisms. In a dictionary entry, the required elements are the lemma and its interpretation. At the same time, such elements as transcription of the headword and chuvashism, etymological information, illustrative material can be activated in its composition as needed. By and large, the dictionary is intended not only to provide a scientific understanding of the Cheboksary region, but also to serve as an assertion of the region's self.

Symbol of Mouse in Slavonic and Chinese Linguocultures

The article describes in comparative aspect the main symbolic meanings of the zoononym mouse in Slavic and Chinese linguocultures. The study of animal symbolism in Russian (wider - Slavic) and Chinese cultural traditions is one of the current trends in modern linguistics, which, on the one hand, has a pronounced anthropocentric orientation, and on the other, is characterized by a noticeable increase in interest in the Chinese language and culture of China in different countries of the world. Turning to the study of complex and ambiguous symbolism of the mouse is quite timely and taking into account the confinement of 2020 to the year of the White Rat / Mouse. The purpose of the study is to identify similar and specific for each culture features of perception and characteristics of the mouse as an animal, which has a significant impact on everyday life. The tasks of the work include identifying the sources of the appearance of a negatively connotated mouse image in culture, determining the ambivalent nature of rituals, customs and ritual actions, the object of which are mice, as well as revealing the contents of the “Mouse Wedding” custom in Chinese and South Slavic traditions. The analysis of the actual material (stable phrases, folklore texts, ethnocultural records, traditional drawings) showed, on the one hand, the mostly negative symbolism of the mouse in the Slavic spiritual culture, and on the other, the perception of the mouse as an animal, bringing material wealth and prosperity, in the traditional picture of the world the Chinese. At the same time, it was established that both the Slavs and the Chinese use a number of magic tricks aimed at fighting mice that cause considerable damage to the peasant economy. Significant for the linguoculturological analysis of the mouse image is the appeal to oriental folklore texts, as well as to traditional popular prints of Chinese and Russians, reflecting differently the symbolism of mice and their relation to the main enemy - the cat.

Gender issue in the Runet blogosphere language

Due to the active changes in the social structure and position of women over the past hundred years, and also due to the gradual increase in the influence of the feminist movement on everyday culture, the gender aspect of sociolinguistic research is of particular interest. This work relates to gender linguistics, its purpose is to study speech behavior in Runet, demonstrating the potential of the language in solving the problem of gender asymmetry. The study was conducted on the material of the Russian-speaking blogosphere, as the most open field for language experiments, which has a significant impact on the language practices of the younger generations and the formation of modern culture. The article studies, describes and analyzes the syntactic, morphological, lexical and word-formation processes observed in Runet: syntactic violations that serve to give constructions gender marking, transformation of stable phrases, new and newly updated word-formation models, the use of neologisms-feminists. In addition, the article for the first time describes the gender gap - a new graphic phenomenon observed exclusively in the oral-written Internet discourse.

Linguocultural analysis of phraseological units with the meaning «hospitality» in the Russian and Persian languages

Phraseologisms as a part of cultural heritage contain the experiences, thoughts and traditions passed from one generation to another over millennia both orally and in writing. The object of this research work is a phraseological unit in the Russian and Persian languages. The subject of this study is a phraseological unit related to the concept of “hospitality” in these languages. The analysis is based on a corpus consisting of 120 phraseological units that carry meaning of the word “hospitality” in Russian and Persian. The work consists of three main parts: The first part is devoted to the analysis of stable phrases with the meaning of “hospitality” and the situations in which they are used. In the second part of the work, proverbs and sayings that are used in the guest label situation in the Russian and Persian languages are analyzed; cultural features of “hospitality” and reception of guests among the Russian and Iranian people are revealed. In the last part, the equivalence the Russian and Persian phraseological units with the meaning of “hospitality” is analyzed. The results of the analysis mainly demonstrate the similarity of linguistic and cultural features in the guest etiquette situation of the Russian and Iranian people.

TRANSLATION OF SUSTAINABLE WORD COMBINATIONS IN THE BOOK OF WORDS BY ABAI KUNANBAEV INTO CHINESE LANGUAGE

This article describes the translation into Chinese of phraseological units in «The book of words», which are the treasury of moral, philosophical, socio-political and intellectual-satirical thoughts of the greatest figure of Kazakh enlighteners, a brilliant poet and thinker, AbayKunanbaev. There are many mistakes when translating phraseological units in Abay's words of wisdom into foreign languages. There are several types. Firstly, when the translator perceives phraseological units as a lexical unit in the literal sense, and not as stable phrases, and translates them literally. Secondly, he is faced with the problem of selecting an equivalent in the target language. Thirdly, linguistic units used in a figurative sense are perceived as phraseological and are translated as so. In such cases, it we cannot say that the translation correctly conveys the content, meaning and artistic features of the original. The basic requirement is that the translator should strive to translate the phraseological units of the original text using the phraseological units of the target language.

У ПОШУКАХ САКРАЛЬНИХ МОВНИХ КОДІВ ЗАГАЛЬНОЛЮДСЬКИХ ЦІННОСТЕЙ (НА МАТЕРІАЛАХ ЗАПОЗИЧЕНЬ РОСІЙСЬКОЇ, УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ТА РУСИНСЬКОЇ ЛЕКСИКИ)

The article emphasizes that borrowed lexis can both enrich the language, expanding and deepening the consciousness, and clog it, narrowing the conscious reflection of the world. The authors specify the criteria for attributing the loanwords as littering or enriching the language and analyze the functioning of certain Ukrainian, Russian and Rusinian lexemes in the Russian and Ukrainian languages. It is noted that the senses of the word are determined not by separate words, but their clusters (families of words, stable phrases, etc.), with individual lexemes being able to indirectly affect the senses of other words without changing their meanings. Different languages and dialects have individual lexemes or loanwords, which, when lost, can affect the dynamics of formation of general concepts in closely related languages. The authors investage the linguistic codes in different languages that function in different ways and can exist for long without people realizing their senses. Having determined the specificity of evoking images (lexical meanings) and emotional connections (senses) in closely related languages, the authors find out that the same universal human values rely on unconscious speech codes and can be transmitted to descendants by various means in different languages: through the etymology of word families in one languages or through set-expressions in others. The researchers substantiate the possibility and necessity of borrowing individual lexemes as elements of sacral language codes of universal human values that could enrich literary languages both in quantity and quality.

Адыгэбзэм и макъыцlэ псалъафэхэм яlэ щхьэхуэныгъэ нэхъыщхьэхэр

In our article, we highlight the main functions of interjection phraseological units. In addition to what different experiences mean, they, like interjections, have certain distinctive features; As well as in stable phrases, in interjection phraseological units there is a single figurative meaning aimed at expressing the emotional component of the statement. The conclusions reached by the analysis: interjection phraseological units have the same functional and semantic features as interjections; in phraseological units, the linguistic, cultural, historical characteristics of the people are clearly manifested, they determine the way of thinking, way of life, character, character of a certain nation; their emotional component is demonstrated most expressively. For the first time in the article the system of the Adyghe language linguistic terms, developed by the doctor of philological sciences Bizhoev B.Ch.

Особенности художественных переводов саамских поэтов на русский язык

Introduction: the article is devoted to the topical issue of cross-cultural relations of Kola Saami literature. The subject of the analysis is the interlinear translations of the Saami poets’ works into the Russian language. Objective: to identify the equivalence of translations of the Saami authors into the Russian language in the transmission of cultural meanings, values, and ethnic psychology. Research materials: the poetic works of the Saami authors and variants of their translations. Results and novelty of the research: the article analyzes Russian-Saami literary contacts for the first time. The focus of the work is on the accuracy and peculiarities of translations of the Saami poets into the Russian language. The analysis of the material allowed us to conclude that poetic translations of the Saami authors into the Russian language do not always accurately recreate the meanings and images of the interlinear translations, which is due to the complexity of the task in translating national literature. The Russian translators saturate the text with poetic liberties; adorn it with visual and expressive means that reflect the Russian national color; include Russian proverbs, sayings and stable phrases, religious and Christian notions; use translations as an excuse to create their own poem, which, in turn, distorts the general meaning of the original, deprives it of ethnicity, and makes poetic translations of Saami interlinear translations culturally adapted, authorized, and ethnocentric.

Фразеологизмы признака-номинан-ты эмоционального отрицательного состояния лица с присоединением второго смысла – психического отрицательного состояния

Phraseological units of a sign as differentiating semantics signs are able to realize the semantics of a state of varying emotionality degrees. We describe such stable phrases. A person’s assessment of objects, events that cause emotions, as well as the experiences perception, a qualitative assessment of the situation is not only in their nomination, but this assessment also implements a multi-layer semantic volume. There is no doubt that any emotion is evaluative in nature, intellectual processes, social status and origin, age, etc influence on emotional processes of the subject. The content of these phraseological signs demonstrates the actualization of the negative and positive characteristics of the state of a person. The material of the author's file has shown that phraseological feature signs are necessary means of conveying an emotional state, since the expression of an assessment differentiating reality is the strongest nomination in a feature; we analyze the features of the semantics formation in the process of complication and complexity of emotional characteristics, since emotions differentiate and form various types, which differ in some of their development features and patterns. We describe the content and functioning of phraseological units in texts of different genres.

ПРОСТРАНСТВО В БАШКИРСКОЙ ЯЗЫКОВОЙ КАРТИНЕ МИРА

This article analyzes the words and idiomatic phrases of the Bashkir language, expressing space and landscape. In the archaic Bashkir linguistic picture of the world, space is associated with the Universe and infinity. The infinity of space is directed both vertically and horizontally. The vertical worldview of the Bashkirs is associated with atmospheric and cosmic phenomena such as clouds, rain, thunderstorms and heavenly bodies, which gave rise to many mythological plots. Such a worldview arose with the desire to explain the existence of underground waters, caves, pits and cracks on the surface of the earth. The horizontal worldview includes four main sides, where the person himself is in the center of the events taking place, and his movements radiate from himself to all sides and are associated with the concepts of «range» and «reach.» Based on stable phrases representing distance from oneself, 4 types of range have been established: yaqyn ‘close’, ergәlә ‘very close’, alïθ, jyraq ‘distant’, bik alïθ ‘very distant’. In addition, it is noted that the types of range can be expressed by somatic vocabulary such as bash osonda ’overhead’, qul osonda ‘at hand’, kut töböndә ‘near the fifth point’, küð aldynda ‘before the eyes’, tanau (athtynda) osonda ‘under the nose, on the tip of the nose’, ajaq athynda ‘under the feet’ etc. Real and surreal space is found in folklore texts. The article also discusses the nomadic space associated with the concepts of pasture, yurt, watering place, etc. According to the author, the ethnic space is formed on the basis of the universal semantic category friend or foe, which divides society into two groups. According to the principle of religious views, two spaces can be distinguished in the Bashkir language: betheŋ donya ‘our world’ and tege donya ‘the afterlife’.

Microcomponents of the pragmatic meaning in the word of the business text

The article is dedicated to the study of pragmatic meaning and its interpretation in business documents. It is considered issues that are related to the pragmatic interpretation of vocabulary in the business style and the peculiarities of the interaction of the semantic and pragmatic meaning in the linguistic units. The meaning of the word is presented as a three-component structure which includes: conceptual, emotional - appraisal (connotation) and pragmatic part. The connotation is interpreted as additional information about the relation of the speaker to the subject and the surrounding reality. It is recognized the role of the connotation in the formation of the expressive color of the language. The properties of the pragmatic meaning of the word are revealed: peripherality of means of expression of pragmatic information, distribution of pragmatic meaning in several units of expression and interweaving of pragmatic and semantic information. Four microcomponents included in the pragmatic meaning are analyzed: reflexive; estimated, emotional and stylistic. The decisive role in mutual understanding of the general set of presuppositions in the addressee and the addresser and their ability to reflect. It is noted that the estimated microcomponent includes not only the actual assessment of the addressee, but also the correlation of the word use with the corresponding functional style. It is defined the most common types of emotions in business documents – confidence and approval. It is analyzed the stylistic microcomponent. It is confirmed the use of the marked lexicon with connotations of high style, stable phrases, which are clearly fixed exclusively by the written business sphere of communication and connotations of the terminology vocabulary.

SYNONYMY OF STABLE PHRASES IN THE DICTIONARY OF SMOLENSK DIALECTS: THE ANALYSIS EXPERIENCE

The attention of modern linguistics to the study of verbal representatives of the mental essence (both individual and collective one) of the native speakers involves an appeal to all subsystems of the national language where territorial dialects take a significant part. The analysis of dialect linguistic units possessing linguistic and cultural value is considered as a necessary way for the study of people’s worldview and perception of the world, national mentality as a whole. The ability of stable phrases (phraseological units) to preserve and express a native speaker’s attitude to the world around them is the basis for the use of the analysis of folk phraseology as a way of penetration into a speaker’s spiritual world. Volumetric representation of the external and internal peculiarities of stable phrases allows the author to get their systematization in the form of phraseosemantic field consisting of different kinds singled out in phraseosemantic groups. The article deals with stable phrases of synonymic value recorded in the Dictionary of Smolensk dialects and stable phrases forming a phraseosemantic group. These phrases are analyzed taking into account the semantic structure of the key word, the characteristics of the dependent word, and the method of forming phraseological semantics. On the example of the analysis of phrases with the key word «bit’» and a synonymic series with the semantic dominant «bezdel’nichat’», the article discusses the peculiarities of phraseological nomination in Smolensk dialects and confirms a high level of connotativity and evaluation in the folk phraseology.

Verbalization of the conceptual paradigm of life / death in Ukrainian folk ballads

The features of verbalization of an antonymic conceptual life / death paradigm are analyzed in the article, attention is paid to vocabulary and phraseology, which are actively involved in linguistic registration of the dynamics of the conflict between the characters and their subsequent resolution. According to the authors, the storyline of the ballads is built on opposition, such as «marriage – funeral», «daughter-in-law – mother», «wife – husband». Notable is the fact that the ballads are saturated with phraseologisms that represent the semantic field of «die», as well as attributes as contextual expressors of the light and dark aspects of reality. The authors of the analyzed material prove the contextual essence of synonymy and antonymy (most often attributes and substances come into synonyms and antonyms). One of the defining features is the replacement of the direct nominator of death – death tokens – by single and multiple verbatim euphemisms. The use of attributes is indicated by a stylistic purpose. In the poetic context, by specifying the denotation of blood, fire (heat) produces stable phrases red as blood, red as fire, bearing considerable psychological load. A great semantic-stylistic load is borne by florronomenos, dominant among which is viburnum, which in the course of folk traditions is used not only as a symbol of sadness and sorrow, but also as an object of comparison, while symbolizing beauty, attractiveness and splendor. In some ballads, viburnum provides a positive intonation of the story when the object of the process associated with the plant becomes human-friendly; in other works there is a negative connotation, when, in contrast to the viburnum, the floristry of maples and violets function.