Stable Personality Traits Research Articles

The impact of demoralization on the stability of personality traits in a clinical sample.

This study examined whether reductions in the severity of personality disorders (PD) mainly reflect changes in personality traits or rather an alleviation of a demoralized state involving nonspecific unpleasant affect. We used 4 years of longitudinal data from the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study, in which patients (N = 419) completed the Neuroticism-Extraversion-Openness Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO-PI-R) three times over 4 years (at baseline and at 6-month and 4-year follow-up assessments). We compared the NEO Demoralization scale with NEO-PI-R domain scales adjusted for demoralization-related items to determine whether changes in demoralization are more pronounced than changes in adjusted personality traits. Results showed that adjusted Neuroticism and Demoralization changed at similar rates and both changed more than other traits. These changes were most pronounced in the first 6 months and tapered thereafter. Rank-order correlations were somewhat lower for Demoralization than adjusted traits. Our findings suggest that decreases in PD symptoms over time have to do with reductions in negative affect and that Demoralization as assessed via a subset of NEO-PI-R items is limited in its ability to distinguish negative affect from trait Neuroticism. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Introducing the Narcissistic Antagonism Scale: A missing puzzle piece in the assessment of momentary narcissism.

Narcissism is a relatively stable personality trait, which is most accurately described by three facets: agentic, antagonistic, and neurotic. Existing studies support the central role of antagonistic narcissism and its role in explaining the process of fluctuation in narcissism. However, there is a lack of a suitable adjective-based measure of antagonistic narcissism, resulting in intensive longitudinal studies assessing only agentic and neurotic narcissism. To address this gap and to advance research on fluctuations in narcissism, this article introduces the Narcissistic Antagonism Scale (NAS). Across six studies (total N = 1,862; k = 14,927 observations), we establish the NAS's factorial, convergent, and divergent validity; reliability; and temporal stability. The three-factor model of narcissism, including antagonistic aspects, reproduces and proves to be invariant across daily and momentary perspectives. The NAS exhibits good psychometric properties at both between- and within-person levels. It is a valuable addition for intensive longitudinal studies and facilitates a nuanced examination of narcissistic states across diverse contexts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The relationship between college students' belief in a just world and online prosocial behavior.

Previous studies have highlighted the critical role that the belief in a just world (BJW) plays in maintaining and promoting prosocial behaviors within individuals. Considered a stable personality trait, the crux of BJW lies in the conviction that individuals receive what they deserve, and deserve what they receive. Simultaneously, the relationship between BJW and prosocial behavior is impacted by an individual's sense of fairness or unfairness. However, past research has primarily focused on real-life prosocial behavior, with limited exploration into the relationship between BJW and online prosocial behavior. This study, comprising a survey and an experiment, aimed to delve deeper into this relationship. The survey section randomly selected 4212 college students to examine how BJW correlates with online prosocial behavior. Findings predominantly revealed a significant positive correlation between online prosocial behavior and BJW. Additionally, the study explored how gender and place of origin influence these behaviors. Results showed that male students and those from urban areas exhibited significantly higher online prosocial behavior. The experimental research investigated the performance differences in online prosocial behaviors among college students under different fairness scenarios, revealing that the online prosocial behavior in an unfair situation was significantly higher than in fair or neutral situations. Furthermore, in unfair situations, a significant correlation was observed between BJW and online prosocial behavior. The findings from this study significantly advance our understanding of the dynamics between BJW and online prosocial behavior among college students, emphasizing that perceived injustices can markedly enhance prosocial behaviors in virtual settings. This study underscores the profound impact of fairness perceptions and highlights the modulating effects of gender and geographical background on online interactions.

New Normative Values for the German Short Version of the Resilience Scale (RS-13)

In a representative survey conducted in Germany, normative values for the German short version of the RS-13 resilience scale were updated and compared with the data from a previous representative survey conducted in 2001. In a representative study conducted by the social science research institute USUMA GmbH in 2021, people aged 16 to 95 years (N=2,505) were randomly selected and interviewed by telephone. Data were compared to representative data collected in 2001 (N=2,045), and the influence of demographic variables on resilience was examined. The internal consistency of the RS-13 was α=0.92. Current norm data of the RS-13, differentiated by gender and age, were generated. Access to these data is provided by an online tool, which can be used for the norm-oriented interpretation of individual resilience values (http://rs13.shinyapps.io/RS13). In the current 2021 sample, the mean resilience score was significantly higher than in 2001 (d=0.28, 95% CI [0.22-0.34]). Age was significantly negatively associated with resilience, education and net household income showed a significant negative correlation. The RS-13 has good psychometric properties. Providing updated normative values of the RS-13 is justified due to the significantly higher scores in 2021 compared to 2001. The updated normative values allow for the comparison of future data with those of the German general population. In addition, the online tool can be used for the norm-oriented interpretation of individual resilience scores as part of diagnostic procedures. The RS-13 is a reliable, valid and economical instrument for assessing resilience in its theoretical understanding of a stable personality trait. Future studies investigating resilience should consider age, education and income as relevant influencing variables.

From schizotypy to psychosis: is it a natural continuum?

IntroductionSchizotypal personality is a condition suffered by 4% of the population. It is defined by presenting interpersonal, behavioral and perceptual features similar to the clinical features of psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia, in less intensity and dysfunctionality, but at risk of reaching psychosis.ObjectivesPresentation of a clinical case about a patient with premorbid schizotypal personality traits presenting with an acute psychotic episode.MethodsLiterature review on association between schizotypal personality and psychosis.ResultsA 57-year-old woman with a history of adaptive disorder due to work problems 13 years ago, currently without psychopharmacological treatment, goes to the emergency room brought by the emergency services due to behavioral alteration. She reports that “her husband and son wanted to sexually abuse her”, so she had to run away from home and has been running through the streets of the town without clothes and barefoot.Her husband relates attitude alterations and extravagant behaviors of years of evolution, such as going on diets of eating only bread for 40 days or talking about exoteric and religious subjects, as believing that the devil got inside her husband through a dental implant. He reports that these behaviors have been accentuated during the last month. She has also created a tarot website, and has even had discussions with several users. She is increasingly suspicious of him, has stopped talking to him and stays in his room all day long, with unmotivated laughter and soliloquies.It was decided to admit him to Psychiatry and risperidone 4 mg was started. At the beginning, she was suspicious and reticent in the interview. As the days went by, communication improved, she showed a relaxed gesture and distanced herself from the delirious ideation, criticizing the episode.Conclusions In recent years, there has been increasing interest in understanding the association between schizotypy and serious mental disorder. Several theories understand schizotypy as a natural continuum of personality that reveals genetic vulnerability and that can lead to psychotic disorder when added to precipitating factors. Other theories define schizotypy as a “latent schizophrenia” where symptoms are contained and expressed in less intensity. Around 20% evolves to paranoid schizophrenia or other serious mental disorders. It is complex to distinguish between those individuals in whom schizotypy is a prodrome and those in whom it is a stable personality trait. To date, studies applying early psychotherapeutic or pharmacological interventions have had insufficient and contradictory results, and the follow-up and treatment of these individuals could be a stress factor and a stigma. Some studies are looking for reliable markers of evolution to schizophrenia in order to establish adequate protocols for detention, follow-up and treatment.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Examining negative urgency as a predictor of eating disorder maintenance in purging syndromes.

Negative urgency is associated with short-term maintenance of binge eating and purging in unselected samples. The current study used an eating disorder sample to test the hypothesis that negative urgency maintains bulimia nervosa (BN) and purging disorder (PD) at long-term follow-up. It was also hypothesized that baseline differences in negative urgency between BN and PD would remain at follow-up. Secondary analyses were conducted on a sample of women who engaged in recurrent self-induced vomiting (n = 68; 52.9% BN; 47.1% PD). Women completed diagnostic interviews and questionnaires at baseline and at a mean (SD) of 5.95 (1.58) years follow-up (range = 2.51-9.62; retention rate = 75%). Negative urgency did not predict eating disorder diagnostic status, recovery status, or global eating pathology at follow-up (p's = .06-.83). There were no significant differences in negative urgency across women with BN and PD at follow-up (p = .16). However, post hoc analyses indicated that negative urgency was not stable across time (ICC = .102). Increases in negative urgency from baseline to follow-up were associated with greater global eating pathology at follow-up (p = .002). Results suggest negative urgency does not predict long-term eating disorder maintenance. Negative urgency may not be a stable personality trait but rather an indicator of overall poor emotion regulation. Future research should confirm that changes in negative urgency predict chronic eating pathology over long durations of follow-up in women who have increasing negative urgency across time.

Personality characteristics, music-listening, and well-being: a systematic and scoping review.

When researchers and clinicians try to identify appropriate and effective ways to improve well-being among different populations, music is often included in interventions or research projects. The existing literature has consistently reported interactions between the effects of personality traits and music listening. However, the interrelations between individual traits and well-being after music listening are still partially unclear. This systematic review, registered on PROSPERO, investigates the relationship between everyday music listening, individual characteristics - operationalized as stable and transient personality traits - and well-being. Articles were searched on PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, with a final result of 115 records. After eligibility screening, eight studies were included in the review. The results showed that both stable and transient personality traits influence music's effect on well-being. As a result of the scoping review, a theoretical perspective combining the emotional dimension, the principle of emotional congruence, and the dimension of music immersion and well-being was identified. Based on this knowledge, music listening could be systematically introduced into daily routines to improve everyday well-being and prevent or reduce stressful states.

The influence of experience and modality of presentation (online vs. offline) on hypnotizability.

Hypnotizability is conceptualized as a stable personality trait describing the ability to respond to suggestions given under hypnosis. Hypnotizability is a key factor in explaining variance in the effects of hypnotic suggestions on behavior and neural correlates, revealing robust changes mostly in high hypnotizable participants. However, repeated experience and training have been discussed as possible ways to increase willingness, motivation, and ability to follow hypnotic suggestions, although their direct influence on hypnotizability are still unclear. Additionally, it is important whether hypnotizability can be assessed reliably online. We investigated the influence of the degree of experience with hypnosis and the presentation mode (online versus live) on the stability of hypnotizability in two groups of 77 and 102 young, healthy students, respectively. The first group was tested twice with the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility (HGSHS) after two weeks. During this period, participants either repeatedly listened to a hypnosis or trained on a progressive muscle relaxation or served as waitlist control group. In the secondgroup, participants performed both an online or offline version of the HGSHS, with varying time intervals (1-6 weeks). Contrary to our expectations, hypnotizability declined from the first to second assessment in the first group. The reductionwas most prominent in initially highly hypnotizable subjects and independent of the experience intervention. We observed a similar reduction of hypnotizability in the second group, independent of presentation modality. The reduction was again driven by initially highly hypnotizable subjects, while the scores of low hypnotizable subjects remained stable. The presentation modality (online vs. offline) did not influence HGSHS scores, but the test-retest reliability was low to moderate (rtt = 0.44). Our results favor the conclusion that generally, hypnotizability is a relatively stable personality trait which shows no major influence of preexperience or modality of assessment. However, particularly highly hypnotizable subjects are likely to experience a decline in hypnotizability in a retest. The role of the concrete assessment tool, psychological factors, and interval length are discussed. Future studies should replicate the experiments in a clinical sample which might have higher intrinsic motivation of increasing responsiveness toward hypnotic interventions or be more sensitive to presentation mode.

Why Do Humble Individuals Act More Altruistically toward Foreigners: A Moderated Mediation Model

According to the humility-helping hypothesis, the question of whether humility affects altruistic behavior has received extensive attention. However, researchers have not established many links between humility and international altruism. The study explored humility as a stable personality trait and assessed whether it encouraged international altruism. It also examined the underlying mechanism between the foregoing relationship. We recruited 940 college students aged 18–23 to participate in an anonymous online survey and obtained 929 data points. The results showed that humility has a direct impact on international altruism. They largely supported the theoretical framework of the humility-helping hypothesis on the inter-group level. We also addressed the mediating effect that identification with all humanity had in the relationship between humility and international altruism. The findings showed that two forms of empathy (empathy and group empathy) have a moderating effect, indicating that different forms of empathy should be more emphasized in different social situations. Taken together, the results show that developing people’s humility and helping them to identify with all humanity are key to promoting inter-group altruism, especially for those who can empathize with other people or groups.

The diversity advantage: An explanatory framework for personality traits

Why do human beings exhibit enduring personality differences, and to what extent are these differences shaped by biological and cultural evolution? Despite ongoing efforts, a consensus framework remains elusive. This paper introduces the Diversity Advantage Theory, partially shifting the focus from how personality impacts individuals to its influence within groups. Through an evolutionary lens, connections among personality, collective cognition, and group dynamics are explored, revealing that diversity in personality traits would tend to enhance collective intelligence and foster deliberation, mitigating group biases. The framework proposes that biologically evolved psychological mechanisms underlying personality, including individual niche-finding, adapt and conform to culturally evolving heuristic personality traits. This co-evolution stabilized the Big Few personality traits in western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) societies, addressing recurring group challenges related to engagement, closure, task, risk, and change. The Diversity Advantage Theory offers a novel explanatory framework for stable personality traits, aligning with biology and testable in contemporary group contexts. At least three novel perspectives are introduced: (1) personality trait dimensions have emerged, in part, to establish normative behavior for functional group processes; (2) normative diversity along trait dimensions enhances collective intelligence; and (3) such diversity should also promote deliberation, mitigate group biases, and improve group decision-making.

Взаимосвязь детского опыта домашнего насилия и тревожности у молодежи

The article is devoted to the problem of identifying the relationship between childhood experience of domestic violence and anxiety in young people. Relevance. The study of the relationship between childhood experience of domestic violence and anxiety among young people is of particular interest due to the specific age characteristics of youth on the one hand, and the significance of the childhood period on the other. In childhood, the foundations of personality are laid, stable personality traits are formed, and youth is characterized by a desire for self-realization, professional self-determination, the development of a system of moral and cultural values, in the formation and manifestation of which the experience of child domestic violence can have a significant negative impact. Based on the analysis of literary sources, it was revealed that the experience of child domestic violence can subsequently cause situational and personal anxiety. This was the basis for studying the relationship between children's experience of domestic violence and anxiety in youth (in retrospect) to develop a diagnostic technique. The aim of the study is to identify the relationship between childhood experiences of domestic violence and anxiety at the age of youth. In this work, the following research methods were used: analysis of theoretical sources on the research problem, study of the resources of educational Internet portals, survey, testing, mathematical and statistical methods. Calculations were performed using the Statistica 10 statistical package. The Student's t-criterion was used to compare unrelated samples, and Pearson's r-criterion was the linear correlation coefficient. The Pubmed search engine in the Scopus electronic database, as well as the scientific electronic library (e-Library) were used to review the literature. In the course of the study, publications and web data were searched by keywords and phrases: "violence of children in the family", "physical violence", "mental violence", "sexual violence", "detection of domestic violence". Research results and discussion. The article offers the results of a correlation analysis between the personal and situational anxiety of respondents and their childhood experience of domestic violence experienced at the age of 14, a description of the author's questionnaire for studying physical, psycho-emotional and sexual violence of young people aged 15 to 24 years (in retrospect). Conclusions. The results of the study indicate that the experience of child domestic violence can cause and actualize situational and personal anxiety later. In this regard, the study of the relationship between children's experience of domestic violence and anxiety among young people is an important task designed to provide an understanding of how human development occurs in ontogenesis. It is also associated with the study of the factors of the formation of a person as a full-fledged personality.

Social behaviour and personality profiles of breeding does housed part-time in group.

Housing breeding female rabbits in multi-litter instead of single-litter cages allows for more natural behaviour and social contact with conspecifics. Hierarchy fights among does, however, inhibit uptake on farms. Past focus on high reproductive performances in single-litter cages may have yielded rabbit breeds that are less suited to living in groups. For (part-time) multi-litter systems, it may prove beneficial to identify does with personality traits that are desirable for group-living and that promote the rapid formation and maintenance of a stable social hierarchy without grave injuries and prolonged stress. In this trial, we aimed to profile the personality of does by investigating the consistency of their social behavioural strategy when mixed in different groups. We further tested if strategy and personality of does were linked with skin injuries in the groups and if skin injuries could serve as a proxy to identify doe strategies and profiles. During three consecutive reproduction cycles, three or four does and their 22-day-old kits were housed in multi-litter cages for a period of 13 days (N = 51 does in total). Doe agonistic behaviour was recorded during the first 24 h (cycle 1 and 2) and the first 8 h (cycle 3) after grouping. Cluster analysis revealed two social behavioural strategies does adopted when a new group was formed: ‘offensive’ (36.8%) versus ‘submissive/avoider’ (63.2%). From all does that participated in the study for all three reproduction cycles (N = 32), 46.9% changed strategy at least once between cycles and were identified as an ‘all-rounder’ personality profile. Two other profiles were identified for does that did not change between cycles: ‘consistently submissive’ (40.6%) and ‘consistently offensive’ (12.5%). The presence of both ‘stable’ and ‘unstable’ does suggests that some does adjust their behaviour in response to their social environment. No significant correlations were found between injuries at both individual and group level and doe strategy or profile. Likewise, results could not confirm if skin injuries were a good proxy to identify doe strategy or profile. Future investigations could explore alternatives to identify ‘sociable’ does without relying on intensive behavioural studies (e.g. ano-genital distance of female kits at birth). Additionally, it needs to be ascertained whether removing offensive behaving does would indeed lead to reduced aggression and stress in group housing systems. ImplicationsBreeding female rabbits may benefit from group housing but aggressive behaviour compromises animal welfare and commercial uptake. To gain knowledge on the social dynamics between does, we investigated whether problematic agonistic behaviour could be a stable personality trait. This could facilitate selection towards ‘sociable’ on-farm doe groups. Results showed that social behaviour strategies (offensive or submissive/avoider) were stable across three successive production rounds in half of the does. Other does showed more flexibility, possibly depending on group composition. Links between doe behaviour and skin injuries (including those of group mates), however, are missing which makes identification and practical uptake challenging.

Možnosti uplatnenia teórie regulačného súladu pri predikcii dosahovania cieľov

The main aim of the article is to point out the possibilities of researching the process of achieving goals from the perspective of regulatory fit theory. As part of the justification of this approach, the article presents the historically main theories of achieving goals – learning and performance goals (Elliot & Dweck, 1988), ego-involved and task-involved goals (Nicholls,1984), mastery and performance goals (Ames & Archer, 1988), which both may be in the dimension of approach or avoidance (Elliot & McGregor, 2001). Then attention is also focus to the motivational construct of regulatory focus (Higgins, 1997), which we connect with achieving goals. In the introduction, the achieved goals and types of regulatory focuses are presented in relation to their consequences. Mastery goals are focused on the development of one‘s own competence, and performance goals are characterized by the effort to overcome others, so they use social comparison. The approach dimension represents an effort to outperform others (performance goals) or one‘s previous performance (mastery goals), while the avoidance dimension represents an effort not to be worse than others (performance goals) or not to be worse compared to one‘s previous performance (mastery goals). For persons using the regulatory focus promotion, the occurrence of positive consequences is motivating, and for persons using the regulatory focus prevention, the fact that negative consequences do not occur is motivating. The article discusses the results of research dealing with which types of achievement goal (mastery and performance approach and avoidance goals) or regulatory focus (promotion and prevention regulatory focus) can be associated with more positive consequences in terms of achieving goals, while pointing out the inconsistency of these results. From this point of view, the hypothesis of regulatory fit appears to be a more unambiguous predictor of the success of achieving goals. Its principle is that the achieved performance goal is in accordance with an appropriate regulatory focus. For approach goals it is promotion regulatory strategy and for avoidance goals it is prevention regulatory strategy. In this case, regulatory fit is a better predictor of the success of achieving goals than the type of goal or regulatory focus itself. Even though the regulatory focus and achieved goals certainly have common features such as their definition through gains (promotion focus and approach goals) or losses (prevention focus and avoidance goals), they are different psychological constructs, because the goal rather represents the reasons for which behavior is realized and the regulatory focus is a concrete strategy for achieving goals. Thus, the fit between the focus and the type of goal may not always occur. At the end of the article we propose arrangements from the perspective of the regulatory fit hypothesis, which could improve the prediction of the success of the achieved goal. For example, studies conducted so far investigating regulatory fit did not take into account the possibility of changing the type of goal and the type of regulatory focus over time. Also, all studies are focused either on situational (which is relevant for the situation and is variable) or dispositional regulatory focus (a stable personality trait that refers to how a person typically strives to achieve a goal) independently and did not take into account that the fit between situational and dispositional regulatory focus equally positively predicts success in achieving the appropriate type of goal.

The Relationship between Trait Impulsivity and Everyday Executive Functions among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The Mediating Effect of Negative Emotions.

In recent years, the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has dramatically increased, imposing a heavy financial burden on society and individuals. The most cost-effective way to control diabetes is diabetes self-management, which depends on patients' executive functions (EFs). However, the level of EFs among patients with T2DM varies greatly. In addition to diabetes-related factors contributing to a decline in EFs, trait impulsivity as a relatively stable personality trait may explicate individual differences in EFs. The objective of this study was to verify the mediating effect of negative emotions on the relationship between trait impulsivity and EFs among patients with T2DM in China. A total of 305 patients with T2DM were enrolled consecutively from the endocrinology departments of three tertiary hospitals in China using convenience sampling. The participants completed the Sociodemographic Questionnaire, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-Brief (BIS-Brief), Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales with 21 items (DASS-21), and Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult (BRIEF-A) version. A structural equation modeling was used to verify the mediating effect of negative emotions on the relationship between trait impulsivity and EFs. A total of 32.46% of the participants experienced at least one aspect of daily EF decline. The mediating effect of trait impulsivity on the Behavioral Regulation Index (BRI) of EFs through negative emotions was significant, accounting for 29.57% of the total effect. The mediating effect of trait impulsivity on the Metacognitive Index (MI) of EFs through negative emotions was significant, accounting for 31.67% of the total effect. Trait impulsivity can positively predict EF decline, which can be alleviated by improving the negative emotions of patients with T2DM. Future research exploring interventions to improve the EFs of patients with T2DM should therefore consider their trait impulsivity and negative emotions.

The moderating and mediating effects of personality on the association between morningness and well-being.

Morningness (morning-eveningness preference or chronotypes) and personality can be both associated with well-being, but few studies have directly compared these two constructs as correlates of well-being. Thus, the first purpose of this study was to test the effects of interactions between stable personality traits (temperaments) and morningness on well-being. Furthermore, personality factors are often composed of both stable biological factors (temperament) and socio-cultural factors (character), and little is known about personality interplay of temperament and character factors with respect to morningness and well-being. The second purpose of this study was therefore to examine the sequential mediating effects of temperament and character factors on the relationship between morningness and well-being. The Composite Scale of Morningness, the Korean version of the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised Short Version (TCI-RS), and the Satisfaction with Life Scale were used to measure morningness, personality dimensions, and well-being, respectively, in 287 Korean university students. Moderating and sequentially mediating effects of temperament and character traits were determined using Hayes' PROCESS macro in SPSS after controlling for sex and age. First, novelty-seeking (NS) and persistence (PS) temperaments have demonstrated the moderating effect in the association between morningness and well-being. The positive effects of morningness on life satisfaction increased with lower NS and PS, respectively. However, other temperaments such as harm avoidance (HA) and reward dependence (RD) have not shown the moderation in the relationship between morningness on well-being. Second, HA temperament and self-directedness (SD) character sequentially mediated the relationship between morningness and well-being. The combination of low scores of HA and high scores of SD have shown the positive effect on the relationship between morningness and well-being. This study demonstrated that both the interactions between temperaments and morningness, and combination of specific TCI-RS temperament and character traits play important roles in influencing the association between morningness and well-being. The significance of the mature SD character and its implications for well-being are discussed with limitation of the present study.

Time Matters: Time Perspectives Predict Intertemporal Prosocial Preferences.

The study utilizes the Chinese version of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI-C) and a novelty intertemporal prosocial discounting paradigm to explore the preferences of individuals with the Present Impulsive Time Perspective (PITP) and the Future Time Perspective (FTP) in intertemporal prosocial choices, and uncovers the cognitive mechanisms underpinning intertemporal altruism from the personality traits. The findings revealed: (1) The donation behaviors of both groups decreased as time delay rose, aligning with the hyperbolic model. (2) PITP individuals had significantly higher discount rates than those with FTP, and the scores of FTP individuals on the "Future" dimension of the ZTPI-C were positively correlated with the amount of money they were willing to forgo. These results suggest that time perspective, as a stable personality trait, can predict individuals' intertemporal prosocial preferences. Our research enriches the theory of intertemporal choices and extends the Perceived-time-based model (PTBM) to the domain of intertemporal social preferences.

From reading style to cognitive style and its possible application: an eye-tracking and CFT approach

Reading strategies and cognitive styles have been the objective of many researchers. However, the relation between these two concepts remains unclear. This paper is focusing on three goals. Firstly, we verify the reliability of the eye-tracking indicators of risky and conservative reading style. Secondly, we aim to explore an additional eye-tracking pattern that may reflect the reading style on the global level. Thirdly, we explore the relationship between reading style and the holistic/analytic cognitive style. The study is based on a combination of Compound Figure Test (CFT) as a main tool for analyzing cognitive style and eye-tracking study consisting of several text stimuli related to verify reading style patterns. Results showed stability across the reading tasks, which validates for the usefulness and reliability of original Rayner’s as well as the new additional eye-tracking metrics. The stability of the eye-tracking metrics allows us to treat them as a behavioral profile in information processing that may be viewed as a stable personality trait known as reading style. However, the eye-tracking results and the CFT global preference score did not show a detectably close relation between cognitive style and reading style. In conclusion, we also discuss the possibility of applying these eye-tracking patterns to foreign language material design.

Body Image Perception and Mental Well-being among University Students

ABSTRACT Background: The increasing concern regarding body image perception has prompted research attention, particularly among individuals pursuing business management degrees. This study is set within a multi-disciplinary university in Tamil Nadu and focuses on examining the body image perception of business management majors. Aim and Objective: The aim of this cross-sectional study is to investigate the relationship between body image perception, personality traits, and resilience among business management majors. The study seeks to understand whether certain factors such as body needs, feelings of inferiority, positive body attitude, and personality traits are linked to resilience levels. MATERIALS AND Methods: The study included 114 participants (N=114) who were enrolled as business management majors in the university. Data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire that was adapted from established scales. The Body Image Appreciation Scale and Overall Appearance Evaluation from the Body Self Image Questionnaire-Short Form were utilized to assess body image perception. Resilience was measured using the Brief Resilience Scale, and personality traits were evaluated using Eysenck’s Personality Questionnaire. Results: The findings revealed significant associations among various factors. Positive body attitude, feelings of inferiority, and body needs were found to be linked with levels of resilience. Additionally, personality traits demonstrated a connection with resilience levels. A majority of business majors exhibited a positive body image perception, along with average resilience levels. The study indicated that those with extroverted, stable, or neurotic personality traits had similar resilience levels. However, a notable proportion of participants displayed negative body image perceptions, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study underscores the importance of investigating body image perception among business management majors. The results suggest a correlation between body image perception, personality traits, and resilience levels. While most participants displayed a positive body image and normal resilience, the presence of negative body image perceptions among a considerable subset highlights the necessity for interventions aimed at addressing this concern. Such interventions could contribute to the overall well-being and success of individuals pursuing business management degrees.

グリットは安定したパーソナリティ特性か？――Big Fiveとの比較を通じた縦断的検討

Grit is a positive noncognitive ability that has been associated with positive social outcomes and improved mental health. To address the research gap in Japan regarding the temporal stability of grit, a three-year longitudinal survey (T1: N=1,087–T3: N=546) was conducted among caregivers. The study aimed to determine whether grit is a stable personality trait. The study also compared the change in scale scores and longitudinal correlations of grit with those of the Big Five personality traits. The results revealed that the average score changes were minimal for grit and the BIF Five personality traits. However, the longitudinal correlations of individuals for grit were lower, indicating that grit characteristics may change through various experiences.

No(cebo) Vax: COVID-19 Vaccine Beliefs Are Important Determinants of Both Occurrence and Perceived Severity of Common Vaccines’ Adverse Effects

This study highlights the role of psychological influences in triggering and amplifying the adverse effects of the COVID-19 vaccine (i.e., nocebo effects). Fear, beliefs, and expectations about the COVID-19 vaccine, trust in health and scientific institutions, and stable personality traits were measured in 315 adult Italian citizens (145 men) during the 15-min waiting time after vaccination. The occurrence and severity of 10 potential adverse effects were assessed 24 hr later. Nonpharmacological variables predicted nearly 30% of the severity of the vaccine’s adverse effects. Expectations are important determinants of adverse effects from vaccines, and the results of the path analyses show that these expectations stem primarily from people’s vaccine beliefs and attitudes, which can be changed. Implications for increasing vaccine acceptability and limiting the nocebo effect are discussed.