Stable Personality Traits Research Articles

How do you feel during the COVID-19 pandemic? A survey using psychological and linguistic self-report measures, and machine learning to investigate mental health, subjective experience, personality, and behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic among university students

BackgroundThe WHO has raised concerns about the psychological consequences of the current COVID-19 pandemic, negatively affecting health across societies, cultures and age-groups.MethodsThis online survey study investigated mental health, subjective experience, and behaviour (health, learning/teaching) among university students studying in Egypt or Germany shortly after the first pandemic lockdown in May 2020. Psychological assessment included stable personality traits, self-concept and state-like psychological variables related to (a) mental health (depression, anxiety), (b) pandemic threat perception (feelings during the pandemic, perceived difficulties in describing, identifying, expressing emotions), (c) health (e.g., worries about health, bodily symptoms) and behaviour including perceived difficulties in learning. Assessment methods comprised self-report questions, standardized psychological scales, psychological questionnaires, and linguistic self-report measures. Data analysis comprised descriptive analysis of mental health, linguistic analysis of self-concept, personality and feelings, as well as correlational analysis and machine learning. N = 220 (107 women, 112 men, 1 = other) studying in Egypt or Germany provided answers to all psychological questionnaires and survey items.ResultsMean state and trait anxiety scores were significantly above the cut off scores that distinguish between high versus low anxious subjects. Depressive symptoms were reported by 51.82% of the student sample, the mean score was significantly above the screening cut off score for risk of depression. Worries about health (mental and physical health) and perceived difficulties in identifying feelings, and difficulties in learning behaviour relative to before the pandemic were also significant. No negative self-concept was found in the linguistic descriptions of the participants, whereas linguistic descriptions of feelings during the pandemic revealed a negativity bias in emotion perception. Machine learning (exploratory) predicted personality from the self-report data suggesting relations between personality and subjective experience that were not captured by descriptive or correlative data analytics alone.ConclusionDespite small sample sizes, this multimethod survey provides important insight into mental health of university students studying in Egypt or Germany and how they perceived the first COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in May 2020. The results should be continued with larger samples to help develop psychological interventions that support university students across countries and cultures to stay psychologically resilient during the pandemic.

English

Informed by the Big Five personality and General Aggression Model (GAD), this study sought to examine the relationship between the Big Five personality traits and socio-demographic determinants of aggression among adolescents in Kenya. The respondents were adolescent girls aged 12-17 (n=86) admitted to the rehabilitation institutions. An adapted Aggression Questionnaire (A.Q.), the Big Five Inventory (BFI), and Socio-Demographic Questionnaires were used to gather data. Results showed a significant weak negative correlation between extraversion personality traits and physical aggression (r= -0.051, p>0.05), as well as a weak, but significant, negative correlation between extraversion personality traits and verbal aggression (r= 0.282, p<0.05). In addition, the agreeableness was not significantly correlated to physical aggression (r=0.001, p >0.05), while the neuroticism/emotional stable personality traits had a weak, but significant, negative association with physical aggression (r= -0.257, p<0.05), verbal aggression (r=-0.241, p<0.05) and hostility (r=-0.369, p<0.05. The findings imply that various personality types will respond aggressively or non-aggressively to situations. In this study, the adolescent girls who were in neuroticism personality type were more likely to display various forms of aggression compared to those who were in agreeableness, conscientiousness and opens types. Further, this study concludes that not all extraverted types are likely to become physically aggressive, although they are more likely to become verbally aggressive.   Key words: Adolescent; aggression; aggressive behaviors; personality; socio-demographic; Kenya.

Three Pillars of Physical Distancing: Anxiety, Prosociality, and Rule Compliance During the COVID-19 Pandemic

The outbreak of a global pandemic such as COVID-19 poses a challenge for societies across the world. Lacking both vaccination and medical treatment, the only way to combat the spread of a virus in its early stages are behavioral measures, particularly physical distancing behavior. The present work proposes three pillars of individuals’ engagement in physical distancing: anxiety, prosociality, and rule compliance. In a large (N = 1,504), pre-registered study among German adults, we studied both situation-specific tendencies and stable personality traits that are theoretically associated with these pillars in relation to self-reported physical distancing behavior and underlying motives. Results supported the importance of each of the proposed pillars for physical distancing behavior. That is, for each pillar, we found (some) relations of the corresponding tendencies and personality traits with physical distancing (motives) as expected. Overall, the project provides a comprehensive picture of physical distancing behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Exploring the relationship between microdosing, personality and emotional insight: A prospective study

AbstractBackround and aimsHaving entered the recent public and research zeitgeist, microdosing involves consuming sub-perceptual doses of psychedelic drugs, allegedly to enhance performance, creativity, and wellbeing. The results of research to date have been mixed. Whereas most studies have reported positive impacts of microdosing, some microdosers have also reported adverse effects. In addition, research to date has revealed inconsistent patterns of change in personality traits. This prospective study explored the relationship between microdosing, personality change, and emotional awareness.MethodsMeasures of personality and alexithymia were collected at two time points. 76 microdosers participated at baseline. Invitations to a follow-up survey were sent out after 31 days, and 24 participants were retained.ResultsConscientiousness increased, while neuroticism decreased across these time points (n = 24). At baseline (N = 76), neuroticism was associated with alexithymia. In addition, neuroticism correlated negatively with duration of prior microdosing experience, and extraversion correlated positively with both duration of prior microdosing experience and lifetime number of microdoses.ConclusionThese results suggest that microdosing might have an impact on otherwise stable personality traits.

Personality-place transactions: Mapping the relationships between Big Five personality traits, states, and daily places.

People actively select their environments, and the environments they select can alter their psychological characteristics in the moment and over time. Such dynamic person-environment transactions are likely to play out in the context of daily life via the places people spend time in (e.g., home, work, or public places like cafes and restaurants). This article investigates personality-place transactions at 3 conceptual levels: stable personality traits, momentary personality states, and short-term personality trait expressions. Three 2-week experience sampling studies (2 exploratory and 1 confirmatory with a total N = 2,350 and more than 63,000 momentary assessments) were used to provide the first large-scale evidence showing that people's stable Big Five traits are associated with the frequency with which they visit different places on a daily basis. For example, extraverted people reported spending less time at home and more time at cafés, bars, and friends' houses. The findings also show that spending time in a particular place predicts people's momentary personality states and their short-term trait expression over time. For example, people reported feeling more extraverted in the moment when spending time at bars/parties, cafés/restaurants, or friends' houses, compared with when at home. People who showed preferences for spending more time in these places also showed higher levels of short-term trait extraversion over the course of 2 weeks. The findings make theoretical contributions to environmental psychology, personality dynamics, as well as the person-environment transactions literature, and highlight practical implications for a world in which the places people visit can be easily captured via GPS sensors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Motivational and value-based component of future teachers’ readiness for moral education: Concept clarification

Introduction. The article is devoted to future teachers’ professional values as a regulatory basis for enhancing their readiness for moral education provision which includes integrated personal and professional values, beliefs and attitudes, commitment to moral education and self-motivation. The article reviews and analyzes international and Russian studies on teacher education in order to clarify the content of the motivational and value-based component of future teachers readiness for moral education. Materials and Methods. The study adopts systematic, axiological, contextual, nuclear and person-centered approaches as well as S.L. Rubinstein’s structural approach to studying personality. The research methods include analysis and generalization of scholarly literature. Results. The main results consist in the analysis of contemporary international and Russian scholarly literature on the problem of future teachers’ readiness for moral education. In international sources, pre-service teachers’ readiness for moral education provision is associated with mastering new instructional strategies, general and internal regulations of teacher’s behavior, a flexible combination of theoretical and practical preparation for implementing moral education. Russian researchers consider readiness for moral education as: (1) a set of relevant knowledge, skills and competencies; (2) a focus on humanistic and ethical values; (3) personality traits including benevolence, humanistic outlook, sociability, and empathy. The authors clarify the content of motivational and value-based component of readiness for moral education provision, which includes: values of moral education (they regulate teaching activities and help to realize the importance of teaching profession for society); integration of personal and professional values and attitudes (serves as the basis for the formation of sustainable motivation for moral education); commitment to moral education provision (determined by personal interest in teaching and wider social contexts of teaching profession); self-motivation (enables to implement moral education interventions in challenging or stressful environments). Conclusions. The study concludes that values and motivation play a significant role in developing future teachers’ readiness for moral education provision. The content of this component incorporates stable and flexible personality traits of future teachers.

The Role of Personality Functioning on Early Drop out in Outpatient Substance Misuse Treatment

Background Treatment initiation is a major factor contributing to positive outcomes, but the supporting literature remains limited. It is difficult to draw conclusions regarding predictors of dropout, and there is a need to target clients’ major early attrition vulnerabilities. Despite empirically validated models for assessing personality, little is known about its role in the treatment process. Studies that have been conducted in this area have focused mainly on stable personality traits and provide conflicting evidence. Aims: The aim of this study is to examine to what extent service users’ personality functioning are potential determinants of early drop out. Methodology: A cross-sectional multi-site design examined the therapy process in a naturalistic setting in 5 outpatient preparation treatment centers with 210 service users. The current study adopts a contemporary dimensional-based framework, similar to the Alternative Model of Personality Disorder of the DSM-V and examines the role of characteristic adaptations (SIPP-118) on early drop out (CEST-Intake). Findings: From the broad spectrum of personality traits, only Depression remained significant predictor of drop out. Higher dysfunctional levels in Social Concordance [OR] = 1.85, Wald =19.87, p =.002, 95% CI [1.1, 1.9] as well as the facets Aggression Regulation, Respect and Purposefulness were also predictors of early drop out, while Treatment Readiness and Desire for Help accounted for a significant amount of variance. Conclusions: These findings extend our knowledge of the predictive role of characteristic adaptations in treatment and suggest it may be important to assess these individual differences early on and to design personalized-informed interventions.

Thirteen year follow up of long term treated psychotic disorder: Personality aspects

IntroductionPsychotic disorders often cause a drastic change in the life situation of the affected individual. Personality is an aspect that can affect the symptoms and social function in psychotic disorders.ObjectivesNo study has examined stability of personality traits exceeding five years in patients with schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to investigate the stability of personality traits over a 13-year period among patients with psychotic disorder and healthy individuals and to evaluate case-control differences.MethodsAt three occasions during a 13-year period patients with psychotic disorders (n=28) and non-psychotic individuals (n=57) completed Swedish universities Scales of Personality (SSP). For all the individuals within- and between-subject analyses were performed at three occasions for all 13 subscales and the three overall factors of SSP. Correlations, means and SDs were calculated.ResultsTests of within-subject correlations showed differences in two subscales: Lack of Assertiveness, which were influenced by age and Physical Trait Aggression, where patients ratings were stable, whereas controls rated themselves less aggressive at higher age. Between-subjects correlations showed differences regarding any of the parameters diagnosis, time, age, gender or age x gender in nine of the 13 subscales as well as in factor Neuroticism.ConclusionsLong term follow-up showed a generally high stability of personality traits measured with SSP, especially among patients. Between-subject analyses over the 13 years showed that patients differed compared to controls for the SSP factor Neuroticism as well as the subscale Detachment, which is in accordance with previous studies.

Evaluation of a Blended Career Education Course during the COVID-19 Pandemic on Students’ Career Awareness

Higher education has increasingly emphasized the importance of employability traits in order to personalize students’ learning needs and meet dynamic workplace demands. Previous research addressing the personalized learning on career education in blended learning model is limited. The present study aims to examine whether students with distinctive stable personality traits would improve their career adaptability and adaptation results after attending a synchronous career course during the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 162 participants completed the questionnaires at both the first and last sessions of the course in spring 2020. Findings revealed that the course positively improved students’ identity formation. Personality traits demonstrated significant main effects on the middle identity formation stage and career adaptability. This study highlights traits such as emotional stability and possible cultural effects on the career development course in the young Chinese sample population. The implication of specific attributes and cultural backgrounds in career development courses is discussed.

Feeling Touched: Empathy Is Associated With Performance in a Tactile Acuity Task.

The concept of empathy describes our capacity to understand the emotions and intentions of others and to relate to our conspecifics. Numerous studies investigated empathy as a state as well as a stable personality trait. For example, recent studies in neuroscience suggest, among other brain areas such as the insula or the ACC, a role of the somatosensory cortices for empathy (e.g., when observing someone else being touched). Since the classic understanding of the primary somatosensory cortex is to represent touch on the body surface, we here aimed to test whether tactile performance is linked to the personality trait empathy. To test this, we examined the tactile acuity of 95 healthy participants (mean age 31 years) by using a two-point discrimination threshold task at the index fingers. Trait empathy was assessed by employing the interpersonal reactivity index (IRI), which measures self-reported empathy with four scales (empathic concern, perspective taking, fantasy, and personal distress). Results of regression analyses suggested the subscale empathic concern to be positively associated with performance in the tactile acuity task. We discuss this finding in the light of recent studies on empathy and consider possible implications of tactile training to enhance empathy.

Stability of personality traits in bipolar disorder: Findings from a longitudinal cohort

BackgroundIndividuals with bipolar disorder (BD) show different personality profiles compared to non-psychiatric populations, but little is known about the temporal stability of personality traits over time, and if changes in mood state drive changes in personality. MethodsParticipants were 533 BD and 185 healthy controls (HC) who completed the NEO-Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO-PI-R) and clinician-administered measures of mood at baseline. One-hundred-eighty BD and 79 HC completed the measures at 5-year follow-up and 60 BD and 16 HC completed the measures at 10-year follow-up. The above measures and demographic information, but not other clinical status indicators the BD illness, were used in analyses. ResultsThe BD group has higher Neuroticism (N)/N facets and lower Extraversion (E)/E facets and Consciousness (C)/C facets compared to HC. Significant mean-level changes existed within groups but were small in magnitude, and groups showed similar moderate-to-high rank-order stability. Change in (N)/N facets shows an association with change in depression, but changes in all other NEO-PI-R scores are not associated with changes in mood. Personality traits are clinically stable in part of our bipolar sample using clinically relevant interpretation of changes in T scores; however, some BD subjects did show more reliable changes in personality traits than the healthy controls. LimitationsReliance on self-report measurement and not all our participants completed the 5- and 10-year follow-up personality assessment who were eligible to do so. ConclusionsMean-level and rank-order personality scores show only modest changes, so most personality changes over time are not systematic. Observed changes in personality traits are not explained by changes in mood with the exception of Neuroticism, suggesting other factors influence changes in personality.

A Picture of Trait Anxiety and Aggressiveness among Adolescents from Different Types of Educational Institutions.

This study is an attempt to identify psychological markers for pupils' maladaptive states. Agggression is seen as behavior while aggressiveness is seen as the state of being ready for such behavior. Anxiety is considered a stable personality trait. Two hundred and sixty pupils of the 8th grade from five different schools took part in the research. Schools that have a selection principle for admission are called prestige schools. The purpose of this study was to discover correlations between trait anxiety and aggressiveness among adolescents in different types of educational institutions. At the same time, we were interested in manifestations of maladaptive perfectionism and destructive personality tendencies as revealed by quantitative and qualitative research methods. The first stage of the study was a survey to define risk groups for hostility and anxiety among the adolescents. All tests except the one for sociometry were done on an individual basis. The second stage included methods for qualitative analysis of personality. The pupils from identified risk groups were paid special attention. We were interested in the recurrence of destructive personality tendencies as they appeared in each method. About one third of all the participants from four out of the five schools formed the hostility risk group. In the prestige and non-prestige schools alike, hostile adolescents were more likely to find themselves at least somewhat isolated in their social group (class). Hostile teenagers have more self-esteem problems and issues with forming a Self-concept in general, as well as pronounced destructive personality tendencies in some cases. However, the pictures of trait anxiety in prestige and non-prestige schools were different. Hostile teenagers from non-prestige schools were more likely to greatly underestimate their intelligence and communication skills. In this case, according to the teachers' expert opinion and the results of participant observation, that assessment reflected the reality.The hostile teenagers at the prestige educational institutions presented a different picture of trait anxiety. Objectively, the achievements of these pupils were great, but they constantly procrastinated, didn't believe in success, and had communication problems. This study has shown that the markers of a pupil's maladaptive state are trait anxiety (school, interpersonal, self-esteem), hostility, and maladaptive perfectionism.

How Consumers' Personality Traits Affect Their Buying Intensity in Sale Promotion Activities: The Mediatory Role of Buying Behavior

Purpose – Personal factors may be the exciting indicators of business uniqueness and their attraction may influence the buying behavior of consumers, but to know how these buying behaviors interact with personality traits to affect buying intensity is a big challenge. This is more pertinent in sales promotion as its success depends upon these factors. This study aims to investigate the influence of different personality traits on the buying behavior of consumers, and further on sales promotion in the Clothing and apparel industry of Pakistan. For this, we proposed a theoretical framework modifying ur Rehman et. al. (2017) model to include various buying behaviors and sales promotion factors. We propose that Different personality traits like 1. Market Maven, 2. Stability, 3. Open-minded, 4. Agreeable, affect consumers buying behavior. These include behavior influenced by 1. Hedonistic, 2. Social, and 3. Physical Factors. These influences would in turn affect sales promotion activities. These activities included 1. Price Discounts, 2. Coupon Discount, and 3. Buy One Get One Free (BOGOF). Sales promotions would in turn affect buying intensity complemented by the social class. This means the higher the social class, the lower the effect of these sales promotions on buying intensity. Design – The Research Design includes Quantitative Research and data is collected via digitized Questionnaires among a sample of 300+ Respondents. Based on a literature review of Personality type, Factor affecting variables, sales promotion activities, and Buying intensity. The study has analyzed the collected data using confirmatory factor analysis and structured equation modeling. Findings – The result suggested that Open-minded and Agreeable seems to have a positive effect on all three-buying behavior. Market Maven seems to affect hedonistic and social buying, whereas stable personality traits seem to affect social and physical influences. Moreover, all three buying influences i.e. hedonistic, social, and physical seem to positively affect all types of sales promotions that included prices, and coupon discounts as well as BOGOF. All these promotions would in turn seems to increase the buying intensity. Research limitations – This study is only limited to the Clothing and apparel industry of Pakistan and future research may be conducted in other services and manufacturing industries. Future research may assess the role of moderating variables like gender. Practical implications – This study clarifies the influence of personal characteristics on consumers buying behavior in sales promotion activities in Clothing and apparel to achieve business objectives. Originality/value – By integrating personal factors and sales promotion literature, the main contribution of this paper is the analysis of personal characteristics and promotional practices in the fashion industry of Pakistan, specifically during holidays, to enhance the consumers buying behavior. Precisely, this study has assessed the effect of some unique characteristics of consumers like market maven, stable, open-minded, and agreeable on their buying behavior in sales promotion activities. This study has apprised marketing professionals to apply the conception of personal characteristics in sales promotion activities to boost up the buying behavior of consumers in an enthusiastic way.

BİREYSEL REKABETÇİLİK ÖLÇEĞİ: TÜRKÇE UYARLAMA, GEÇERLİK VE GÜVENİRLİK ÇALIŞMASI

Rekabetçilik, bireylerin kişisel ve mesleki yaşamlarında nasıl davranacaklarını etkileyebilen bir kişilik faktörü olarak değerlendirilmektedir. İstikrarlı bir kişilik özelliği olarak görülen rekabetçiliği ölçmek için geliştirilen 14 maddelik revize edilmiş Rekabet İndeksi, yaygın kullanılan bir araçtır. Bu çalışma, Revize Edilmiş Rekabet Ölçeğinin Türkçe uyarlamasını amaçlamaktadır. Öncelikle uzmanlar tarafından Türkçe’ye çevirisi yapılan Rekabet Ölçeği, çevirinin uygunluğunun tespiti için tekrar kaynak dile çevrilmiş ve Türkçe formun son hali verilmiştir. 430 üniversite öğrencisine uygulanan bu Türkçe ölçeğin yapı geçerliliği, iç tutarlılığı ve düzeltilmiş madde korelasyonları incelenmiştir. Faktör ve güvenilirlik analizi neticesinde ölçekten 3 ifade çıkarılmıştır. Böylece ölçeğin aslına uygun olarak Rekabetten Hoşlanma ve Yarışmadan Kaçınma (cronbach alpha: 0,936 ve 0,807) şeklindeki iki boyutlu yapıya ulaşılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucunda, Bireysel Rekabetçilik Ölçeğinin, Türk kültürüne uygun, geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

A Meta-Analysis of Emotion and Cognition in Information System

The current research on the information systems (IS) shows that emotion and cognition can affect behavior, but their interaction with each other is not clear. This paper attempts to clarify the interaction between emotion and cognition and explain their antecedents and consequences. This research includes a meta-analysis composed of 33 papers related to emotion and cognition in high-quality IS journals. Results reveal cognition affects emotion when emotion can be changed or manipulated by an external stimulus, and emotion can be attributed to a combination of multiple cognitive appraisals. By contrast, emotion affects cognition when it involves the use of information technology and focuses on intuitive interface design features and stable personality traits. The authors contribute to the literature with a more comprehensive summary of antecedents and consequences of emotion and cognition and provide practical implications for enterprises to understand consumer behavior from the perspective of the interaction between emotion and cognition.

Conscientiousness is associated with less amyloid deposition in cognitively normal aging.

Little is known about the association between personality and Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers, and existing results are inconsistent. We aimed to determine whether personality was associated with β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation in cognitively normal aging. One hundred twenty-nine participants were included in this cross-sectional study. Personality was measured with the Big Five Inventory (BFI) and brain Aβ deposition was assessed with [11C] Pittsburgh compound B (PiB)-positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Conscientiousness scores had a negative association with global PiB distribution volume ratio (DVR) in all participants after adjusting for age, sex, education, and vascular risk factors (β[SE] = -0.19[0.09], 95% confidence interval [CI: -0.35, -0.02], p = .031), while agreeableness, extraversion, neuroticism, and openness had no association with global PiB DVR. Assuming the relative stability of personality traits, these findings suggest that conscientiousness may protect against Aβ accumulation in cognitively normal aging through mechanisms that are as yet unknown. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Nostalgia Proneness and the Collective Self.

In two studies, we examined the association between nostalgia proneness (i.e., trait-level nostalgia) and importance of the collective self. In Study 1, we tested and supported the hypothesis that nostalgia proneness is positively correlated with relational collectivism, which entails an emphasis on one’s connections with close others and small social networks. In Study 2, we demonstrated that nostalgia proneness is also positively correlated with group collectivism, which emphasizes one’s membership in more abstract, larger social groups or categories, and was reflected in increased identification with a national ingroup. These findings offer insight into the nature of nostalgia proneness—a consequential and stable personality trait.

Stability in Personality After Physical Trauma.

Personality trait stability may be influenced by several factors, there among different life events such as psychological trauma. However, little is known regarding trait stability after physical trauma. Therefore, our primary aim was to assess the extent of stability in personality in burn patients during the first year after injury. Eighty-four burn patients, admitted to a national burn center, were assessed with the Swedish universities Scales of Personality during acute care and 12 months postburn. Personality domain scores remained stable between acute care and 12 months postburn. On the trait level, the only change was seen in personality trait Stress Susceptibility, where burn patients' scores were lower compared with norm scores during acute care but then increased, and normalized, at 12 months postburn. To conclude, personality scores remained relatively stable during the first year after burn trauma.

Semantic priming and schizotypal personality: reassessing the link between thought disorder and enhanced spreading of semantic activation.

The term schizotypy refers to a group of stable personality traits with attributes similar to symptoms of schizophrenia, usually classified in terms of positive, negative or cognitive disorganization symptoms. The observation of increased spreading of semantic activation in individuals with schizotypal traits has led to the hypothesis that thought disorder, one of the characteristics of cognitive disorganization, stems from semantic disturbances. Nevertheless, it is still not clear under which specific circumstances (i.e., automatic or controlled processing, direct or indirect semantic relation) schizotypy affects semantic priming or whether it does affect it at all. We conducted two semantic priming studies with volunteers varying in schizotypy, one with directly related prime-target pairs and another with indirectly related pairs. Our participants completed a lexical decision task with related and unrelated pairs presented at short (250 ms) and long (750 ms) stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). Then, they responded to the brief versions of the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire and the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences, both of which include measures of cognitive disorganization. Bayesian mixed-effects models indicated expected effects of SOA and semantic relatedness, as well as an interaction between relatedness and directness (greater priming effects for directly related pairs). Even though our analyses demonstrated good sensitivity, we observed no influence of cognitive disorganization over semantic priming. Our study provides no compelling evidence that schizotypal symptoms, specifically those associated with the cognitive disorganization dimension, are rooted in an increased spreading of semantic activation in priming tasks.

Effects of Envy on Depression: The Mediating Roles of Psychological Resilience and Social Support.

ObjectiveEnvy, as a stable personality trait, can affect individuals’ mental health. Specifically, previous studies have found that envy can lead to depression; however, the mechanism by which envy affects depression is still unclear. Therefore, based on the resilience framework, we used structural equation modeling to explore the mediating roles that social support and psychological resilience play between envy and depression. MethodsChinese college students (n=680) were recruited to complete four scales: the Dispositional Envy Scale (DES), the Symptom Checklist 90-Depression Subscale (SCL-90-DS), the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), and the Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS). ResultsThe results confirmed that both social support and psychological resilience are significant mediators between envy and depression. Furthermore, social support plays a significant mediating role between envy and psychological resilience, and psychological resilience plays a significant mediating role between social support and depression. Specifically, the results indicated that envy not only directly increases the likelihood of developing depression, but also indirectly increases the likelihood of developing depression by affecting psychological resilience through negatively influencing social support. ConclusionThis study provides a theoretical basis for enhancing psychological resilience and social support in order to ameliorate adverse effects of envy on depression.