Stability In Nigeria Research Articles

POLITICS, INSECURITY AND INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS (IDPS) IN NORTH-EASTERN NIGERIA, 2009-2015: A CRITICAL REVIEW

This paper is an empirical treatise which examined the impact of social media usage on political participation of university undergraduates for political stability in Nigeria. It raises questions about the interplay of indispensable social media usage which also grants greater access to information that stimulates political participation for political stability in Nigeria. This study is a descriptive survey research. The population of this study consisted of all undergraduates in universities in Oyo State. The target population for this study was all 400 level undergraduates from two purposively sampled universities in Oyo State. The multi-stage sampling procedure was adopted for this study, as different sampling techniques were used at different stages of sampling in this study. Proportionate sampling technique was adopted in the selection of 387 respondents from the two sampled universities. A researchers’-designed questionnaire with psychometrics properties of content validity and 0.84 reliability index. Percentage, mean and standard deviation, and bar chart were used to illustrate the results. Results show, that social media is indispensable among university undergraduates and has a greater impact on their political participation in political stability. It shows that utilizing social media is an effective strategy for arousing the interest of university undergraduates in political participation. University undergraduates do not want social media to be regulated as it provides them with the tool to engage in governance and ensure the country remain politically stable. It also instituted the importance of a holistic approach to social media development, in terms of research and practice.

The effects of fiscal operations on economic growth and stability in Nigeria: empirical evidence based on time series data

This study examines the effects of fiscal operations on the economic growth and stability with the view to identifying its significance on real output growth and sustainable development. The study utilises an annual time series data covering the period of 1980 to 2015 and further adopts an ARDL model for estimation. The estimated model is sub-divided into two: the Baseline model and the Alternative model. While the former measures the effects of economic growth, the latter accounts for the effects of economic stability. The ARDL Bound testing show the existence of long-run relationship among the examined variables in both the two models, with corresponding F-statistic values of 7.62 and 6.67, respectively. The overall results indicate that fiscal operations lead to economic growth as shown by the Baseline model; and it also leads to economic stability as revealed by the Alternative model. It can therefore be concluded that any meaningful spending with corresponding taxation will improve the public sector performance and produce a desirable outcome on output growth and strengthen the capability of fiscal operations in terms of economic management. There is an urgent need to ensure that appropriate fiscal operations are conducted and do not result in excess liquidity beyond the absorptive capacity of the economy.

Challenge of ethnicity, politics by identity and prebendalism to security and social stability in Nigeria, 1999 to 2015

Nigeria is plagued by avalanche of challenges. Prominent among them are issues of ethnicity, politics by identity, security, religious cleavages, corruption and nepotism, and prebendalism to mention a few. These factors have continued to generate tensions that sap the country of its vitality. They have created unhealthy competition among different Nigerian elites mainly, those from the three largest ethnic groups centered on national economic control and political leadership. The continued dominance of the country’s national life by the Hausa-Fulani, the Igbo and Yoruba, and the ensuing conflict among political elites of the diverse groups, distort and threaten socio-economic development, national security and disturb peaceful co-existence among Nigerians. Ethnic and religious cleavages have assumed terrorist dimension that interrupt economic and social stability. Hence, government ineptitude, manipulations and growing Islamic and Christian assertion seem to heighten violence between adherents of the two religions in the country. This paper essays on the challenges of security and social stability. It argues that amongst the numerous challenges to security and social stability in Nigeria, ethnicity, politics by identity and prebendal politics are directly responsible. The persistence of these grim issues makes the country trade the tumbled pathway to disintegration heightened state of insecurity and social instability.Keywords: ethnicity, politics by identity, corruption, prebendalism, security and social stability

Human Resource Conservation and Organisational Stability in Nigeria: A Study of Selected Government Agencies in Abia State

This study investigated the relationship between human resource conservation and organisational stability using cross-sectional research survey. Accessible population consists of five (5) federal government agencies in Abia State. A total of two hundred and twenty (220) workers were randomly sampled. A sample size of one hundred and forty was ascertained using Krejcie and Morgan. Both primary and secondary sources of data were utilized. One hundred and forty copies of questionnaire were distributed but one hundred and sixteen (116) copies were correctly filled and returned. This study concluded that human resource conservation that is measured in terms of good working environment, provision of social security, stable payment of salary, availability of medical care enhance the stability of organisations in Nigeria. One of the recommendations is that Nigerian government should implement social security policy in order to have a stable economy.

Reconceptualising the Role of Law in Countering Terrorism: A Case Study of Boko Haram in Nigeria

Reconceptualising the Role of Law in Countering Terrorism: A Case Study of Boko Haram in Nigeria Tarela Juliet Ike Abstract Over the years, Boko Haram has raised international headlines due to its terrorist activities which caused significant security threat to the peace and stability of Nigeria. This raises concern on the role of law in curbing the menace. Such role appears questionable due to the presence of stringent laws such as the Terrorism (Prevention) (Amendment) Act, 2013 enacted to punish and dissuade terrorism. Based on an exploratory case study of empirical research and scholarly peer-reviewed articles, it appeared apparent that, while there is need to strengthen the criminal justice system such as the courts in the dispensation of justice, however, trust and effective collaboration with the police is important. In addition, such collaboration should also take into consideration, issues of public trust on the police as this plays a crucial role in receiving intelligence and reporting violent extremism imperative for countering terrorism. Thus, the paper argued that, without addressing the efficiency of the court in dispensing justice alongside effective collaboration with relevant stakeholders, chances are that the purpose of the law to curb and deter terrorism might not be achieved. Hence the need for reconceptualising the role of law in countering terrorism in order to further improves its efficacy. Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.15640/jlcj.v6n1a9

Fiscal Deficit, Financing Options and Macroeconomic Stability in Nigeria: A Disaggregated Approach

Fiscal Deficit, Financing Options and Macroeconomic Stability in Nigeria: A Disaggregated Approach

Citizenship Education as a Panacea for Political Stability in Nigeria

Nigeria today is grappling with political instability which is due to the socio-economic and political crisis which pushes the citizens to struggle to protect and promote their interests. This struggle by the citizens is a threat to the political stability of Nigeria. In order to address this prevailing condition, the paper believed that citizenship education is a veritable tool for solving the problem of political instability in Nigeria. The paper adopted descriptive and content analysis method. The paper opined that lack of political stability in Nigeria is due to lack of adequate attention to citizenship education in the country. The aim of this paper therefore, is to examine the role of citizenship education as a panacea for political stability in Nigeria and suggest how it could be realized. Key Words: citizenship education, political stability, governance

EXCHANGE RATE VOLATILITY AND TRADE FLOW TO NIGERIA: NEW EVIDENCE FROM AN AR-EGARCH AND LA-VAR MODELS

This study investigated the impact of exchange rate volatility on trade flow in Nigeria. Applying the AR(2)-EGARCH(1, 1) and LA-VAR(3) models on quarterly data for the period of 1986 – 2012, the study revealed that there is no instantaneous relationship between trade flows and exchange rate volatility in Nigeria but that exchange rate volatility explained more of the variability in trade flow and vise versa. Therefore it was recommended that policy measures be put in place to ensure exchange rate stability in Nigeria. Output expansion and export promotion should be given their pride of place.

In Search of Financial Stability in Nigeria: From Legislation to Effective Regulation of Banks

The systemic importance of banks in any economy brings to the fore the inevitability of exploring ways of keeping banks not only strong but also within the safety level desired by depositors and financial managers. This is underscored by the invaluable and fundamental roles of these financial institutions in the maintenance of financial stability. The state of banking regulation in Nigeria, especially before the introduction of reforms in the sector, had given serious cause for concern. This observation is in light of serious illiquidity and systemic distress that was synonymous with the banking sector in Nigeria in the 1990s and even into the opening years of the twenty-first century. This article examines in detail the legal and institutional frameworks for banking regulation in Nigeria. It finds that the challenge of ineffective regulation of the banks in the country may not necessarily be associated with the dearth or non-comprehensiveness of statutes on the subject but rather borders on uncoordinated and ineffective enforcement mechanisms, coupled with policy inconsistency on the part of banking regulators. This situation engenders confusion, uncertainty and instability because prospective investors tend to be more hesitant, depositors shy away from saving with banks and banks tend to have to grapple with persistent illiquidity when the system is unpredictable. The article therefore advocates a policy shift from legislative review to effective enforcement of the existing laws regulating banks in Nigeria in order to grow these financial institutions into transparent, efficient, strong and globally competitive institutions.

Basel macro-prudential tools and financial system stability in Nigeria

This study aimed to determine the level of post-consolidation financial stability in Nigeria and the effect of the Basel I Accord implementation on this stability. Secondary data on post-consolidation aggregate bank profits and liquidity and post-consolidation aggregate capitalisation of banks (made in compliance with Basel I Accord) obtained from the Statistical Bulletin, 2014 were analysed using the GARCH model. Results show that there exists volatility in bank profits (indicating long-term financial instability), with the relationship between both variables positive; and there exists no volatility in aggregate bank liquidity indicating the existence of financial system stability (short-term/liquidity stability) with a significant relationship existing between Basel I Accord and the bank liquidity. These findings necessitate the immediate implementation of Basel II, II.5 and III with improved supervisory review process, disclosures and market disciplines, enhanced minimum capital and liquidity requirements to shield the system from external shocks and cross-border contagion.

Monetary Policy and its Implication for Balance of Payment Stability in Nigeria Between 1986-2015

An assessment of the impact of monetary policy on balance of payments in Nigeria from 1986-2015 was investigated. The data used for this study is mainly secondary data and was analyzed using ARDL co integration technique. The results showed the net trade (NT), money supply (M2) and bank credit to private sector (BCP) all have long run effect on the balance of payment while the differenced money supply (DM2), net trade and bank credit all showed the short run relationship with the balance of payment. From the overall analyses done on the variables, it was concluded that all variables exhibited relationships both in the long and short run respectively i.e are jointly significant. It?s therefore recommended that government through the monetary authority should ensure that the domestic money stock is consistent with macroeconomic objectives, put adequate policies in place that will stabilize money circulation in order to avoid excess liquidity in the economy which may lead to inflation. Export diversification and non-oil sector exports should be encouraged as this will enhance BOP position in Nigeria.

Basel macro-prudential tools and financial system stability in Nigeria

Basel macro-prudential tools and financial system stability in Nigeria

Good Governance and Political Stability in Nigeria: An Assessment of the Goodluck Jonathan Administration

Political stability has proved seemingly unachievable in Nigeria. Despite the governance efforts of various administrations conflicts, violence, ethno-religious crisis amongst others have continued to plague the country, though it is important to note that for governance to be considered good, it has to possess certain characteristics such as transparency, predictability, accountability, participation, and performance, but how much of these characteristics were present in the Goodluck Jonathan administration? This paper argues that the quality of governance in Nigeria has been below standard and this makes sustainable development seem so far away to be achieved making use of descriptive analysis and secondary sources of data collection. This paper further examines the relationship between good governance and political stability and the implications of this relationship to the experience of governance under the Goodluck Jonathan administration. This study concludes that the reason for political instability in Nigeria is due to the failure of certain key institutions that ensure good governance in the country and recommends strengthening of weak institutions as a remedy to further promote political stability. This implies that with good governance, political stability can be achieved and overall sustainable development.

Women Employment and Family Stability in Nigeria

Women Employment and Family Stability in Nigeria

Pragmatic Analyses of President Goodluck Jonathan’s Concession Speech and General Muhammadu Buhari’s Acceptance Speech: A Comparative Appraisal

Drawing on Austin’s (1962) Speech Act Theory, this paper investigates President Goodluck Jonathan’s Concession Speech and General Muhammadu Buhari’s Acceptance Speech for the purpose of examining the impacts of context and evaluating their effects on Nigerians. The application of Speech Act Theory to these political discourses has revealed valuable findings. To mention but a few, this study has shown a high proportion of claiming assertive speech acts in Jonathan’s speech indicating thus how unity, stability and progress of Nigeria depends on Jonathan who has excellently proved this by conceding victory to his opponent Buhari. This has been confirmed by the very low proportion of these acts in Buhari’s speech. Furthermore, Jonathan’s acts of thanking, congratulating and praising indicate not only his high degree of recognition, attachment to peace and democracy but also his magnanimity whereas those of Buhari indicate his degree of recognition. Through the use of directive speech acts both Jonathan and Buhari have proved to be law abiding and peaceful. Through the use of commissive speech acts Jonathan has proved to be democratic and patriotic whereas Buhari has proved to be open, cooperative and democratic. The thoughtful performance of the different speech acts has enabled both speakers especially Jonathan to maintain peace and stability in Nigeria.

THE IMPACT OF MONETARY POLICY ON PRICE STABILITY IN NIGERIA

This study examines the impact of monetary policy on price stability in Nigeria from 1970 to 2014. The data obtained for the purpose of the study through Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin were analysed using ordinary least square regression (OLS) model, unit root test and Johansen co-integration test. Consumer Price Index (CPI) is used as a proxy for general price level, which is the explained variable. Exchange rate and money supply were used as explanatory variables. The research also addressed various problems associated with monetary policies such as budget deficits, change in policy formulation, lack of enabling environment in the financial market and political instability. The result of the findings reveals that exchange rate and money supply actually influenced price stability in Nigeria both in the short-run and long-run. This is evidenced by 90% coefficient of determination and F-Statistics of 168.30 which is higher than the tabulated F-Statistics

Monetary Policy and Balance of Payments Stability in Nigeria

This study examines the monetary policy phenomenon to Balance of Payment (BOP) in Nigeria. The study uses time-series data which spanned between 1986 and 2013.The effects of stochastic shocks of each of the endogenous variables are explored using Error Correction Model (ECM). The study shows that Long run relationship exists among the monetary policy variables and BOP. The core finding of this study shows that monetary policy variables of Exchange rate, Broad money supply and credit to the private sectors are the major monetary factors that determine BOP in Nigeria. The study concluded that monetary policies and implementation capacity is important in the Nigerian economy, because it is very special for determining the provision of interest rate to private sector which produce for export which will have a spill over effect on BOP and economic growth. Also, Balance of Payment is a monetary phenomenon and monetary policy can be used by monetary authority to improve and stabilised the foreign sector performance in Nigeria. Key Word: Monetary Policy, Exchange Rate, Broad Money Supply, Balance of Payment,

The Implementation of Peace and Security Programme initiative in Nigeria: The Role of NEPAD

The New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) as an Agency of the African Union was established in 2001 by the African leaders with the view of eradicating poverty in Africa. The NEPAD programme initiatives encompasses the political, economic and social-cultural development of the African states through partnership with the private and public sectors, the international community and countries in and outside Africa. Through thematic areas of NEPAD such as, democracy and political governance has encompassed the peace and security programme initiative of NEPAD as a priority to be achieved. This then forms the objective of this paper to be studied considering the insecurity challenges that faced the Nigerian state as a member of the African Union and co-initiator of the NEPAD programme initiative. Since 2009, the Nigerian state is faced with the activities of the Boko Haram militant group whose engagement has led to activities such as burning and bombing of people’s houses, churches, Mosques and public buildings, killing of innocent lives including but not limited to both Christians and Muslims, attack on security operatives and schools which include bombing of structures. This paper therefore, is to study the strategic plan of NEPAD in implementing the peace and security objective for the purpose of promoting peace and political stability in Nigeria. The methodology adopted in this research is the review of previous literature, the use of descriptive, historical, and interpretative methods of analysis, with the available research materials. The findings thus reveal that, issues such as zoning of political and elective positions should be addressed in the Nigerian constitution in order to accommodate the six geopolitical zones so as to promote unity, political stability, peace and security within the Nigerian state. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n3p54

Yeni Ekonomide E-ticaretin Yükselişi: Kayıp Halkayı Nijerya’da Bütünlemek

This paper analyses threats, vulnerabilities and insecurities attendant to E-commerce in the late modernity. There is a consistent global concern about emerging risks affecting commerce in general and the field of E-business in particular. Primarily, governments, organizations and other institutions pursue reductionist strategies mostly exemplified in risks prevention and contingency planning in managing the myriad of its events but most of these neglect the social welfare issues affecting sizeable portion of the population. This subset are hitherto believed to be capable of expropriating the benefits of E-commerce and driving its successful outcome. Regrettably, the reverse is the case in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It is therefore argued that these neglected imperatives carry consequences for economic stability in Nigeria. Consequently, this discourse is situated in the risk model propounded by Ulrich Beck under modernization paradigm. Finally, a pungent advocacy on the need to impress it upon the political leaders to address these basic issues becomes important for economic growth and sustainability in Nigeria and in its global context.

Applicable Laws in Engaging Non-State Actors in Counter-Insurgency Operations: With Particular Reference to Nigeria

Non-state actors, such as insurgents, rebel groups or dissident forces, militias, organizations led by warlords and criminal gangs, often bear the potential to disturb, undermine, or completely truncate processes of peace and State building, leading violence to flare up again. Such non-State actors often shape the situation during and after armed conflict in manifold ways. On the one hand, they are often perceived as responsible for violence against unarmed civilians in breach of human rights and humanitarian laws, as well as for the establishment of criminal and informal economies. On the other hand, they are often the expression of social problems because they see themselves as representatives of distinct interests and may build on broad support within communities. Modern military operations take place in complex environments characterized by challenges that affect the civilian population and host communities. Prominent among these challenges are displacement of civilian population, economic and infrastructure collapse with its attendant human suffering. Consequently, the military and other security agencies are confronted with non-combat tasks as a social responsibility to underscore the importance of managing the civil-military interface, along with humanitarian organizations, while working towards the restoration of peace and security in the area of operation. Nigeria, like most other nations stand the risk of external threats and aggression due to her vast economic resources and global political influence. However, her experience since independence in 1960 has shown a potent internal threat situation. The 1967-1970 Civil war was largely caused by internal political and ethnic antagonisms amongst the nation’s political class and disparate nationalities. After more than five decades as an independent nation these political and ethnic antagonisms rather than abate are exacerbated by various threats. These threats include ethnic militancy, religious fanaticism, electoral violence, rising poverty, youth unemployment, proliferation of small arms and light weapons, insurgency and various acts of terrorism. These challenges have often over stretched the capacity of Nigeria Police whose primary statutory duty it is to contain any internal crisis. However, the Armed Forces and other law enforcement agencies have the additional responsibility to assist civil authority in times of complex emergencies and violent conflicts. They also conduct domestic counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism operations for the stability of Nigeria. This is in addition to Nigeria’s involvement in peace support operations (PSO) and their attendant complex exigencies, including humanitarian assistance as may be requested by the ECOWAS, AU and UN. It is against this background that this paper seeks to achieve the following objectives: 1. To underscore the importance of understanding non-state actors, why and how they should be engaged;2. To clarify insurgency as a crime and a human rights violation;3. To examine the rationale and legal basis of Nigeria’s counter-insurgency/counter-terrorism measures;4. To explain the applicable rules relating to the legality for combating non-state actors; and 5. To conclude with viable options for Nigeria.