St Century Research Articles

Translation and Transliteration of Plant names in Ḥunayn b. Iḥsāq´s and Iṣṭifān b. Bāsil´s Arabic version of Dioscorides, De materia medica

This paper deals with the Arabic translation of De materia medica by the Greek author Dioscorides (1 st century A.D.), particularly the rendering of plant names, which were sometimes properly translated and sometimes transliterated from the Greek. According to a traditional interpretation, the transliteration strategy was used by the translators when they did not know the exact Arabic equivalent of the plant names. I re-examine this interpretation here taking into account the role of plant names in the Greek text and the Andalusian works of botanical lexicography. As a result, I propose to interpret transliterations as a mean used by translators to keep visible the structure of the work, in which plant names played a certain role.

Whose Development? Framing of Ireland's Aid Communities by Institutional Sources and the Media During and After the Celtic Tiger

IN SEPTEMBER  THE GOVERNMENT’S newly published White Paper on Irish Aid was presented to the media and the public as a statement of Ireland’s new position in, and increased responsibilities to, the international community. The economic success of the Celtic Tiger era had endowed the State not only with the means but also with the obligation to strengthen its aid commitments to developing nations. The White Paper outlined an ambitious strategy: Irish Aid would administer the overseas aid budget (OAB) to direct development assistance to nine ‘programme’ countries, seven in Africa and two in Asia. Smaller amounts of aid would go to ‘other aid recipient countries’ in Europe, Africa, Latin America and Asia. In implementing the strategy, Irish Aid would develop partnerships with and allocate funding to non-governmental organisations (NGOs), multilateral organisations and the governments of developing countries. The White Paper committed the Government to raising the OAB to .% of Gross National Product (GNP) by . On reaching this level, Government projections anticipated an annual OAB of about €.bn. However, supporting developing nations was not central to how the White Paper and the OAB were framed by Government sources or in the subsequent media coverage. Rather, the central frames were Ireland’s growing ‘status’ and ‘wealth’ during the Celtic Tiger – economically, socially, and internationally. The OAB, in particular, was linked to ‘what it meant to be Irish in the st Century’. The assumptions underpinning the frames originated with Government sources and passed through the media largely unquestioned and unchallenged. Coverage of the White Paper highlighted the media’s dependency on the Government as a provider of information and authoritative sources. It also illustrated

Lidar in Space: From Apollo to the 21^st Century

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text Patricia Daukantas, "Lidar in Space: From Apollo to the 21st Century," Optics & Photonics News 20(6), 30-35 (2009) Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article

Is Relief from Diabetes Just a Breath Away … ?

Pulmonary insulin delivery is steadily emerging as a promising solution for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The large as well as thin absorptive area of the lungs has not been explored until now for the treatment of systemic disease like diabetes. With an understanding of the lung anatomy and physiology and the transport mechanism of insulin through lungs, diabetic treatment through the pulmonary route may well become the reality of the 21(st) century. Though the transport of insulin through the lungs itself appears quite encouraging, potential problems concerning the formulation of a peptide like insulin in the form of an aerosol seem to be the most challenging. Stability aspects, stringent control of Mass Median Aerodynamic Diameter, antigenicity, insulin losses due to the device and impaction, sedimentation and diffusion in the nonabsorptive areas of the airway system (especially in the oropharynx) emerge as major concerns. This is in addition to the problems of lack of reproducibility of dose delivery by an inhaler where individual variations due to inspiratory differences and method of use of device come into play. Lung diseases and smoking may alter lung mechanisms and dose alterations are to be studied in such cases. Though almost equally effective, if not more, than the subcutaneous insulin route, even with proved short-term efficacy, insulin delivery through lungs is a potential but not a wholly proven means for blood glucose control.

Cerebral Palsy in the 21stCentury: Is There Anything Left To Say?

In April 2009 I was honoured to be asked to present the Emil Becker Lecture at the 35 (th) annual meeting of the German-Swiss-Austrian Society for Neuropaediatrics (Gesellschaft für Neuropädiatrie). Focusing on my interest and involvement as a clinician and researcher in cerebral palsy, I took the opportunity to look both back at the past 35 years and forward to what I believe are some of the important clinical challenges that are still to be addressed and solved in the 21 (st) century. This paper is therefore a personal reflection rather than a comprehensive review of the literature in cerebral palsy. It is my hope that these reflections will be of interest to others.

Solving the Reading Crisis—Take 2: The Case for Differentiated Assessment

The responses to my initial article (A. G. Kamhi, 2007) have raised serious questions about whether embracing the narrow view of reading is the best way to reduce the persistently high levels of reading failure experienced in today's schools. This afterword provides another attempt to offer a solution to this problem without the distraction of the narrow view of reading. This second attempt to solve the reading crisis draws on the five responses in this clinical forum and other helpful comments from colleagues who responded to the initial article in The ASHA Leader. The way to eliminate high levels of reading failure is to differentiate word recognition from domain-general reading comprehension and specific subject knowledge in high-stakes assessments. This differentiation will focus attention on the true crisis in American education-knowledge deficiencies in the sciences, history, math, literature, and other subject areas that are important for success in the 21(st) century.

Das Heiligtum in Baitokaike (Hössn Soleiman): Chronologie, Funktion und Bedeutung

The sanctuary at Baitokaike is not a specifically Phoenician cult site, but rather a local one whose tradition reaches from the Iron Age into late antiquity. Of decisive importance in the building of the entire complex were the storage, use and distribution of water. In the early Hellenistic period, the sanctuary was enlarged and endowed with monumental stone architecture by the Seleucids, before being granted to the priesthood of Baitokaike in the 1 st century B.C., when the Seleucid Empire was in decline. In its religious, mercantile and therapeutic function, the sanctuary tended to the various needs of the inhabitants and visitors, and functioned as the organic centre of the communities in the region.The local cult continued without interruption independently of the process of Hellenization, which is manifested in the architectural forms and the Greek votive inscriptions. By the 2 nd century A.D. the complex already served the Roman imperial cult, which probably provided the impetus for the construction of a new temple in the large precinct.

Las monedas con nombres de étnicos del s. II a.C. en el nordeste peninsular. ¿Reflejo de posibles circunscripciones? ¿<i>Civitates</i> con doble nombre?

In the 2nd century BC coins were being minted in the northeast of Hispania with ethnic names known by written sources. This raises the problem of whether they are dependent upon a territorial organisation in districts that, interestingly, would be the regiones and major populi mentioned by Pliny in the 1 st Century. On the other hand, these mints might correspond to places with their own city name.

Cyclostome Studies in the Context of Vertebrate Evolution

The proceedings in this volume follow from the 15(th) Center for Developmental Biology meeting on "Advances in Cyclostome Research" that we organized. The meeting was held at the CDB RIKEN Kobe Institute on 24 and 25 January 2008 with support from the CDB. Jawless vertebrates have been of interest to embryologists and comparative morphologists for more than a century. While the comparative morphology among lampreys, hagfishes, and gnathostomes has long been recognized in contributing to understanding the origin of jaws and other gnathostome traits, the availability of modern molecular methods has rekindled interest in these topics, and evolutionary developmental biology coupled with paleontology has opened new avenues into the study of gnathostome origins. Within the last decade, because of renewed interest in evolutionary developmental biology, the importance of lampreys and hagfishes to our understanding of vertebrate evolution has undergone resurgence in interest, as evidenced by the sea lamprey genome project currently underway at the National Human Genome Research Institute. As new molecular and imaging techniques become available, both paleontological and neontological questions are being readdressed and are providing new insights and speculation into vertebrate evolution. Thus, we determined the timing was optimal to bring together many of the researchers currently contributing to our understanding of the biology of agnathans. The diversity of speakers at the meeting included evolutionary developmental biologists, phylogenetics and genomics investigators, paleontologists, and endocrinology researchers, because as we move into the 21(st) century, integration among these disciplines has encouraged synergistic activities to develop. The goal of this meeting was to highlight in a single setting the most recent advances in this important basal group of vertebrates to facilitate interactions among the cyclostome community. Secondarily, we also hope that this gathering will enhance the visibility of jawless vertebrates as important models in the vertebrate "evo-devo" community. Several topics for further discussion emerged at this symposium, including: genomic data that have spurred renewed interest in gene duplications and their contribution to our understanding of cyclostome phylogeny and vertebrate evolution; the use of paleontology coupled with modern imaging techniques to clarify vertebrate phylogeny; and the evolution of the neuroendocrine and adaptive immune systems. These were among the topics that led to fruitful discussion. Here we summarize key research topics from the symposium that continue to advance as we move forward in the 21(st) century.

Airway Management for the Uninitiated

The 21(st) century has witnessed burgeoning interest in airway management. Pertinent basic sciences are covered in numerous texts and lectures. This article presents clinical information required to perform airway management. It serves as a primer for those interested in learning airway management skills. It does not replace extensive practice under the tutelage of expert airway managers.

A Vision of Wire Rod Rolling Technology for the Twenty First Century

During the last 60 years, tremendous developments have been in wire rod rolling. Finish rolling speeds in the order of 100 – 140 m/s are common and on line wire rod cooling practices, has made it possible to treat the wire rod directly in line in the mill instead of separate off line operations. New procedures for roll setting have been developed to cut the downtime in the mill, by presetting the stands in separate workshops an supply the entire rolling line with fast changing equipment. Much of the efforts have been directed to improve the productivity and the wire rod quality, but also to improve the working environment. In the 21:st century, the main challenge will be the global energy saving and environment protection, which in turn will require new trends in wire rod rolling and wire rod rolling research. The in line treatment will be applied for more steel grades, but the important savings must be solved at the interface between the steelmaking/continuous casting and the wire rod rolling. Hot charging as well as warm rolling will be employed in order to save energy. Their knowledge of the rolling processes will be improved by means of new methods for plastic analysis. New processes must be introduced, where the requirements from the rolling mills will direct the development. These are including casting of smaller billet sections, in order to minimize the mechanical work, and thus the consumption of electrical energy for conversion of the billets to wire rod. By the development of these technologies not only energy will be saved. Better wire rod surfaces can be obtained and the investment cost for new rolling mills will decrease. However the development of new knowledge and new processes requires funding on a level that is hard to expect, especially from the funding system which exists at present.

Information and Human Freedom: Nursing Implications and Ethical Decision-Making in the 21st Century

With globalization and the increasing volume of healthcare information available to people, questions surface as nurses contemplate and envision what role and how our nursing theory-guided discipline ought to be lived with colleagues of other disciplines, each other, and those we serve in the 21(st) century. This column begins a path of ethical exploration and possible implications for the opportunities and challenges associated with the information age in nursing research, practice, and education. Discussion focuses on the disciplinary responsibilities for information giving and receiving; coming to know, human freedom, and decision-making in the human-universe-health process.

Aquaculture in the 21st Century. Based on a symposium held in Phoenix, Arizona, 22 August 2001. American Fisheries Society Symposium, Volume 46. Edited by Anita M Kelly and , Jeffrey Silverstein. Bethesda (Maryland): American Fisheries Society. $69.00 (paper). xii + 643 p; ill.; no index. ISBN: 1‐888569‐71‐9. 2005.

Previous articleNext article No AccessAquatic SciencesAquaculture in the 21st Century. Based on a symposium held in Phoenix, Arizona, 22 August 2001. American Fisheries Society Symposium, Volume 46. Edited by Anita M Kelly and , Jeffrey Silverstein. Bethesda (Maryland): American Fisheries Society. $69.00 (paper). xii + 643 p; ill.; no index. ISBN: 1‐888569‐71‐9. 2005.Matthew LandauMatthew LandauMarine Science, Richard Stockton College, Pomona, New Jersey Search for more articles by this author Marine Science, Richard Stockton College, Pomona, New JerseyPDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Quarterly Review of Biology Volume 81, Number 3September 2006 Published in association with Stony Brook University Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/509457 Views: 2Total views on this site Permission to reprint a book review printed in this section may be obtained only from the author.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Pace, timing and rhythm in information architecture

Pace, timing and rhythm in information architecture

Current Status of HPV Vaccine Clinical Trials for Prevention of Human Cervical Cancer in Taiwan

HPV vaccination is one of the top 10 medical/health stories in the 21(superscript st) Century. It is a first step toward HPV infection control and cervical cancer prevention. This is a very promising area of clinical trial and we do hope HPV vaccines can be available soon for clinical use within the next five years. NTUH and Taiwan, at this moment, play an important partnership in this campaign against human cervical cancer.

The 26(superscript th) Convocation of Academia Sinica, July 5, 2004 NanKang, Taipei Opening Address

President Chen and all Distinguished Guests: Academia Sinica was founded at Nanjing in 1928. At that time the society was not quite stable because of world war II. After overcoming many difficulties, it moved to Taiwan only with Institute of History and Philology and Institute of Mathematics. President Chu Chia-Hua exerted his maximal effort in the management of Academia Sinica at that period of time and Academia Sinica finally settled down at Nankang Campus in 1954. This year (2004) is just on its 50(superscript th) aniversary. During this 50 years, it has grown up both in solid construction and academic achievement. I am really appreciative of the support of the Government, Society and all members working at this campus. Academia Sinica has great improvement in recent two year-research arena, budget, working member, administrative system and establishment of new units. Especially, Genome Research Center was established and new buildings were also constructed. Now we have 25 Institutes and 5 Research Centers, the budget is also increasing as follows: USD 180,000,000 (2001), USD 230,000,000 (2002), USD 290,000,000 (2004). There are four thousand and four hundreds working members. Academia Sinica also cooperate with Universities in our country. Now academic and administrative systems are nearly fixed, except for reorganization of life science research units. Then the most important goal is to level up the research and many administrative systems. In 1947, Dr Fu Shih, President of Peking University, announced “Ten Year Plan to Acquire Independence and Freedom of Academy” and “Concentrate the National Power to Cultivate Five to Ten Universities to be the First Class Academic Centers”. In 1958, he came to Taiwan and served as the President of Academia Sinica and his aims were completed with the cooperation of Dr Wu TY. In 1994 Dr Yuan T. Lee was appointed as the President and in this year (2004), ten years have elapsed and Academia Sinica has also developed dramatically. Academia Sinica may become the first class academic institution in the world and create academic atmosphare to elevate teaching and research level in our universities.. By two-former Presidents “Academic development plan” and “Specialist cultivation plan”, 50 years’ endeavor at Nankang Campas, Academia Sinica has already acquired remarkable achievement in natural science and other fields and built a prestigious position in the world. Reference storage in our libraly and equipments are also very considerable, Through. “International cooperative plans” and “International symposia” our academic position is now well recognized worldwide. In the long history of human being, space of the globe is regarded as limitless, At the time when Columbus discovered the New Continent, it was impossible to imagine going around the globe. But in 20th Century, everything is changing rapidly. Human population is increasing from 1,500,000,000 to 6,000,000,000. Telecommunication technique and airplane are also developing very quickly and the world becomes smaller and smaller. Now we can go around the world only within one day and a half. The globe is really a limited space, but human are not aware of this change. People living in 21(superscript st) Century should recognize how to realize “Living in the Limited Globe and Pursue Limitless Dream”. Facing this challenge, Academia Sinica not only developes academic carrier, but also uses these maneuvers to contribute to the extended survival and welfare of mankind!

Tuscan black glosses: A mineralogical characterization by high resolution techniques

Tuscan black glosses on ancient pottery have been characterized using high resolution techniques. Ancient (4 th -1 st century B.C.) pottery from southern and northern Tuscany is coated with black glosses which show different visual appearance. Misfired red-black, matt, shining, metallic, and bluish black glosses have been studied with X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopes to establish their mineralogical, textural and chemical characteristics. The glosses are chemically homogeneous and they are all comprised of a Si-Al rich, amorphous matrix where nanometer-sized crystals of different nature are embedded. Crystals occur both as euhedral grains and as grains with a high aspect ratio. The misfired gloss contains hematite as the only mineral phase, both in the red and black portion of the coating. The matt black gloss contains mainly homogeneous hercynite crystals. In a small portion of the gloss, few magnetite crystals have been detected. However, no gradual variations either along or perpendicular to the gloss layer have been observed. Magnetite is the only mineral phase occurring in the shining metallic black gloss. The bluish-black gloss shows spinel grains with variable characteristics. Most grains are comprised of homogeneous hercynite with magnetite in solid solution. Other crystals are zoned: the core has hercynitic composition with relatively high content in magnetite, ulvospinel, and spinel s.s. in solid solution; Al and Mg increases towards the rim. These results clearly indicate that microanalytical techniques provide accurate mineralogical and microtextural characterizations at the nanometer scale. It has been shown that visually different glosses have different mineralogy which are mainly caused by different oxygen fugacities (f O2 ) during firing.

Immigrant youth mental health promotion in transnationalizing societies.

st Century, the nursing profession must respond rapidly through research and practice in addressing the needs of transnationalizing societies. The changing demographic mosaic of multicultural and multiracial cities provides unique opportunities for nurses in the North and South to learn from each other. This paper is an attempt to contribute to the field of international nursing scholarship and partnership in mental health promotion. Through sharing lessons learned in mental health promotion research with youth in multicultural and immigrant-receiving settings in Canada, it is hoped that cross-learning between nursing scholars and practitioners in Brazil and Canada can be fostered. 2 Immigration patterns in Brazil and Canada Due to their different migration histories, Brazil’s ethnoracial pluralistic societies have a longer-standing history compared to Canada. Although the migration histories and trends of newcomers to Brazil and Canada are distinct, immigration trends have resulted in societies with increasing diversities of peoples from different nations, races, and cultures. Immigration into Brazil occurred mainly during the 19 th

Sur quelques carmina epigraphica de Narbonnaise

This papers presents three carmina epigraphica from Narbonne and one from Aries and a study about the epitaph of Sextus Iulius Felicissimus from Aix-en-Provence. These epigraphic texts were chosen on behalf of their chronology (lsl century B.C. -1st century A.D.) and the social belonging of the dead ones, a Caesar's veteran at Narbonne and a slave at Arles. This study concerns the onomastic , the formulas and the more or less usual expressions used in the carmina.

Perspectives of chronic renal failure

SUMMARY: End‐stage renal disease (ESRD) is a major source of morbidity and the increasing number of chronic dialysis patients is a significant health‐care issue in many developed as well as developing countries. In the present brief review the current status of chronic dialysis is discussed; and Japan and the USA, two major countries in which chronic dialysis programmes are well developed, are compared. Also discussed is the economic impact, the status of renal transplantation and its future possibilities, recent efforts to halt progression of chronic renal disease, in particular, diabetic nephropathy (which has become the major cause of ESRD in many developed countries), and future perspectives in renal research. It is hoped that, in the future, perhaps by the mid‐21 st century, chronic dialysis may become the exception in therapy through our efforts.