Spring Cereals Research Articles

Forage and seed yield of winter turnip rape established as a mixed crop with cereals

SUMMARYCultivation of winter turnip rape (Brassica rapa L. ssp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg.) in Finland has been limited because of its reputation as an unreliable crop and its mid-season sowing time of July, when fields are already sown to other crops. An alternative management practice for winter turnip rape is proposed whereby it would be sown as a mixed crop simultaneously with spring cereals. The growth and yield formation of winter turnip rape grown in mixed stands with four different spring cereals was studied in two field experiments conducted in 2009–11. Pure and mixed stands of winter turnip rape and spring cereals were established in May at two different cereal and winter turnip rape stand densities. Subsequent to cereal harvest, one-third of each winter turnip rape plot was harvested for biomass in autumn, before cessation of growth. Three plant stand types, May- and July-sown monocrops and a mixed crop with oat (Avena sativa L.) were sampled for forage analysis. Plant stand densities were monitored from establishment until maturity. Winter turnip rape yield and its quality, including oil content, protein content and thousand seed weight, were determined. Following favourable overwintering conditions, winter turnip rape established with cereals yielded comparably to that of pure stands in terms of both quantity and quality. However, a pure stand of winter turnip rape out-yielded mixed crop stands after unfavourable overwintering conditions. Leaf removal decreased plant survival and seed yield. Establishing winter turnip rape with a cereal in May is an alternative to sowing it as a monocrop in July. A higher seeding rate is needed for under-sown winter turnip rape. Furthermore, autumn-harvested winter turnip rape monocrop forage potentially represents a high-protein supplement for ruminants.

Seed Safety Limits for Cereals and Canola Using Seed‐Placed ESN Urea Fertilizer

Environmentally Smart Nitrogen (ESN) (Agrium, Calgary, AB) is a polymer‐coated form of urea N that provides controlled‐release, allowing higher seed‐placed safe rates. Field studies were conducted from 2009 to 2012 near Lethbridge, AB, Canada, to determine how upper limits of seed safety using seed‐placed ESN in cereals and canola change with increased N rates and alterations to the coating integrity of ESN. Alterations to the coating integrity of ESN were created in the laboratory (consistent within an incremental range of 20 to 80% N release after 7 d immersion in 23°C water) and then arranged in a factorial combination with five rates (30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 kg N ha−1) of the seed‐placed ESN lots and urea (100% N release). Low N release rates (20–40%) were important for all three crops and increased the safe rate of seed‐placed ESN to the optimum range of 60 to 90 kg N ha−1 for spring cereals and 60 kg N ha−1 for canola. This confirms three times the safe rate of urea (observed at 30 kg N ha−1 for cereals) can be seed‐placed and achieve N sufficiency for spring wheat in one operation. Canola stand establishment was negatively affected by greater N release and rates. However, reductions to canola yield were modest (5%) unless ESN was replaced with urea, which reflects its greater compensatory response to stand thinning. Results from this study confirm the substitution of urea with ESN allows 3× rates of seed‐placed N provided N release was ≤40%, which is readily achieved through proper handling.

Segetal flora of the Middle Vistula River Valley

The objective of the study was to describe the segetal flora of the Middle Vistula River Valley. A total of 367 species were recorded in spring and winter cereals, tuber crops, and stubble fields. Such floristic abundance may be due to the fact that the study area is located in the proximity of a river where semi-natural communities interact directly with communities inhabiting cultivated fields and that fields are fragmented and characterised by different habitats. There were more apophytes (62%) than anthropophytes (38%) in the flora studied. Meadow apophytes were the dominant native species (35%) and archeophytes were the dominant anthropophytes (69%). The analysis of the life spectrum revealed that there were more therophytes (50%) than hemicryptophytes (39%). What is more, non-perennial species constituted 56% and perennials 44% of the segetal flora established in the Middle Vistula River Valley. The large proportion of archeophytes (26%) may indicate that traditional farming predominated in the study area.

Application of shape analysis to the assessment of geometrical properties of grains in the selected species of spring cereals

The competition in many branches of industry including agriculture has grown as a result of Polish access to the European Union. It resulted in the intense research development in order to intensify production processes and improve the quality of the final product. One of the methods which might be helpful in this process is the shape analysis. This method makes it possible to measure selected properties of materials in a very precise way. The paper presents the possibilities of computer analysis in the research of grain geometrical features of 128 species of cereals. The program ImageJ was used. It enabled us to define surface, perimeter, width, height and circular projection of every caryopsis. Shape analysis also helps to define basic values of the tested features of caryopsis species. Significant differences between the shape of tested cereals species were indicated. However, significant differences between varieties of the same species were not found. Barley grain had the largest average surface while rye grain had the smallest one. Winter barley grain had the largest perimeter and spring wheat had the smallest one. Oat was characterized by the longest average length while spring wheat had the smallest one. Winter barley had the largest grain width and rye had the smallest one. Spring wheat grain is the most circular while oat grain is the less circular one. Taking into consideration the data mentioned above, one can use them in the production of equipment and machines used for seed planting, selection, segregation of cereal seeds both in agriculture as well as in agricultural and food processing industry.

Do farmers rapidly adapt to past growing conditions by sowing different proportions of early and late maturing cereals and cultivars?

In the short growing season of the northernmost European growing conditions, farmers are increasingly interested in expanding cultivation of later maturing crops at the expense of early maturing ones with lower yields. In this study we aimed to assess how the switching between spring cereals that differ in earliness was associated with different external factors. This was tested using unique datasets for regional cropping areas and cultivar use for the last 15 years. Early maturing barley was favored at the expense of later maturing wheat when a high number of days to crop maturity was required in the preceding year. In contrast, farmers reduced the barley area when a high number of cumulated degree days was required for a crop to mature in the previous year. A shift was recorded from early to late maturing cultivars. This study indicated that despite limited opportunities for farmers to alter land use, they readily responded to past conditions and used the knowledge gained for decision-making to reduce risk. This is a valuable operative model for studying adaptation to opportunities and constraints induced by climate change.

CEREAL MIXTURES – AN EFFECTIVE WEED MANAGEMENT TOOL

Abstract Field experiments carried out in the 2005-2007 time period were aimed at assessing the use of competitive potential against weeds of spring cereals cultivated in mixtures, for the purpose of reducing the herbicide application selected for the research. In the experiments, a mixture of the active substances, florasulam + 2,4 D (Mustang 306 SE), was applied at a recommended dose (0.5 l/ha) and then at a reduced dose (0.3 l/ha). The research objects were the spring wheat cultivar Bryza, spring barley cultivar Antek, and oat cultivar Cwał. The cereals were grown in two-species mixtures, and in pure sowing. The effect of a decreased herbicide dose was compared to the effect of the recommended dose, and the control. The research included two-time analysis of crop weed infestation (weed species composition, number, and fresh weight of weeds), determination of the number of productive culms, number of grains per ear (panicle), the thousand grain weight, and grain yield of spring cereals. The obtained results confirmed that spring cereals cultivated in mixtures had a higher competitive potential against weeds in comparison with individual species which were pure sowed. The use of the reduced herbicide dose proved to be effective in weed control and ensured a significant increase in grain yields of spring cereals. The applied herbicide doses did not affect grain number per ear and the thousand grain weight.

Influence of different long-term mineral–organic fertilization on yield, nutrient balance and soil C and N contents of a sandy loess (Haplic Phaeozem) in middle Germany

In a long-term field trial (Halle, Germany, founded in 1949 by K. Schmalfuß, soil type Haplic Phaeozem), the effects of different mineral and organic fertilization on dry matter yields, soil C and N contents and N balances were investigated. Over a period of 60 years, yields increased on average in all cultivated crops (winter and spring cereals, potatoes, sugar beets, silage maize), even without any fertilization. Nitrogen deficiency in unfertilized and PK treatments caused strong decreases in yield (up to 48%) in comparison with the N2PK standard treatment. The effect of omitting K or P supply was smaller (up to 18% and 7% yield reduction, respectively). The highest yields were obtained with high mineral N + PK application and (except winter wheat) with farmyard manure in combination with mineral fertilization. The N balances were negative in all treatments. However, if N immission from the air (40 kg ha−1 a−1) was included in the calculation, N balances were negative only in low N treatments. The soil C and N contents increased up to 1975. A considerable decrease has been seen since about 1985. The highest soil C and N contents were observed in the farmyard manure treatments. In addition to fertilization effects, this development of soil properties reflects changes in environmental pollution, climatic changes, as well as shifts in cultivation methods like tillage depths, over recent decades.

Grain quality and N uptake of spring cereals as affected by nitrogen fertilization in northern conditions: a meta-analysis

We reviewed quantitatively 40 Finnish field experiments related to the effect of nitrogen (N) fertilizer on the main parameters of grain quality and N uptake of spring cereals. The experiments were conducted on a wide range of mineral soils under varying growth conditions from the 1950s to the 1990s. Overall there was no statistically significant effect on 1000 grain weight and a slightly negative effect on grain test weight. Nitrogen fertilizer increased N uptake much more steeply in slightly acidic soils (SA, pH 5.8–6.9), located mostly in South Finland, than in moderately acidic soils (MA, pH 5.0–5.7), located in Central Finland. With increasing N rates, protein content increased to a larger extent in spring barley and oats than in spring wheat. In the light of the current trend to reduce N fertilizerapplication, the obtained regressions between N rates and the parameters of grain quality may be used to maintain yield quality at a desirable level, while optimizing N management.

Effects of Crop Rotations and Tillage on Pratylenchus spp. in the Semiarid Pacific Northwest United States.

There is interest in converting rainfed cropping systems in the Pacific Northwest from a 2-year rotation of winter wheat and cultivated fallow to direct-seed (no-till) systems that include chemical fallow, spring cereals, and food legume and brassica crops. Little information is available regarding effects of these changes on plant-parasitic nematodes. Eight cropping systems in a low-precipitation region (<330 mm) were compared over 9 years. Each phase of each rotation occurred each year. The density of Pratylenchus spp. was greater in cultivated than chemical fallow, became greater with increasing frequency of host crops, and was inversely associated with precipitation (R2 = 0.92, α < 0.01). Densities after harvesting mustard, spring wheat, winter wheat, and winter pea were greater (α < 0.01) than after harvesting spring barley or spring pea. Camelina also produced low densities. Winter wheat led to a greater density of Pratylenchus neglectus and spring wheat led to a greater density of P. thornei. Density of Pratylenchus spp. was correlated (R2 = 0.88, α < 0.01) but generally higher when detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction on DNA extracts from soil than when detected by a traditional method. Selection of different Pratylenchus spp. by different wheat cultivars or growth habit must be addressed to minimize the level of nematode risk to future plantings of intolerant crops.

Influence of Semiarid Cropping Systems on Root Diseases and Inoculum Density of Soilborne Pathogens

There is interest in converting the 2-year rotation of rainfed winter wheat with cultivated fallow in the Pacific Northwest of the United States into direct-seed (no-till) systems that include chemical fallow, spring cereals, and food-legume and brassica crops. Eight cropping systems in a low-precipitation region (<330 mm) were compared over 9 years to determine effects of changes on diseases. Fusarium crown rot was more prevalent in wheat following cultivated than chemical fallow, and Rhizoctonia root rot was more severe when winter wheat was rotated with chemical fallow than with no-till winter pea. Take-all occurred even during the driest years and was more severe on annual spring wheat than on annual spring barley. Inoculum density (picograms of DNA per gram of soil) differed (α < 0.05) among cropping systems for Fusarium culmorum, F. pseudograminearum, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, and Pythium spp. but not for Rhizoctonia solani AG-8. Phoma medicaginis var. pinodella was detected only where winter pea was planted frequently. This is the first report of P. medicaginis as a component of the dryland stem rot complex of pea in north-central Oregon. Results of this investigation will provide guidance for developing crop species with resistance to Fusarium crown rot and black stem of pea.

Yield variation of spring cereals in relation to selected soil physical properties on three clay soil fields

The crop growth is highly dependent on growth conditions which vary from year to year making precision farming challenging. In the present paper was first investigated whether varying soil physical properties reflect the within-field yield variation of small grain cereals and how do the variations in weather conditions between growing seasons affect the within-field yield variation. Secondly, the potential biomass accumulation of the crop in existing soil and weather conditions was simulated. The simulated and experimentally based site-specific total biomasses were compared in order to find out whether the soil data explains the observed variations in yield.Three experimental fields size of 3–4ha were established to examine the spatio-temporal yield variation during three years. The clay content of soils was high (> 46%) and soils were classified as Stagni-Vertic Cambisols. Correlations between soil water retention properties and crop yield were studied. Top and subsoil saturated (SWC), field capacity (FC) and permanent wilting point (PWP) water content, and saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil (Ksat), were determined from 19 to 24 places on each field once during the three years experimental period. During growing seasons, soil moisture content and leaf area index (LAI) were determined at same places biweekly, and yield was harvested. Spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) was grown on two fields, and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum, 2 years) and spring oilseed rape (Brassica napus L., one year) were grown on the third field.The measured grain yields correlated with selected soil physical properties only in few cases. The observed spatial variation in the biomass was in most cases found to be higher than the simulated. Therefore, the above mentioned parameters were not enough to predict the yield correctly in case of high variations. There were other factors decreasing the observed yield e.g. lodging, cold summer, extremely high precipitation and slopes in field. According to our results it is evident that it is very difficult to predict site-specific biomass accumulation solely by soil properties in order, for instance, to fertilize in a site-specific manner. Therefore one needs to measure the crop during the growing season in order to simulate the biomass accumulation for precision farming purposes.

Stubble options for winter wheat in the Black soil zone of western Canada

Irvine, B. R., Lafond, G. P., May, W., Kutcher, H. R., Clayton, G. W., Harker, K. N., Turkington, T. K. and Beres, B. L. 2013. Stubble options for winter wheat in the Black soil zone of western Canada. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 261–270. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production has yet to reach its full potential in the Canadian prairies. Alternative stubble types are needed to help overcome the challenge of timely planting of winter wheat in late-maturing canola (Brassica napus L.) fields. A study was conducted in the prairie provinces of Canada to determine ideal stubble types for winter wheat and select spring cereals grown in the Black soil zone. Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), canola, pea (Pisum sativum L.), barley grain or silage (Hordeum vulgare L.), and oat (Avena sativa L.) stubbles were established at four locations in western Canada. A new study area was established at each location for 3 yr. In the year following establishment, winter wheat, hard red spring wheat, barley, and oats were grown on each stubble type at each study area. Winter wheat and spring cereal crops often yielded best and had greater grain protein concentration on barley silage, pea, and canola stubbles relative to other stubble types. The yield and grain protein concentration of spring cereals was best when grown on pea stubble. Winter wheat production attributes varied most among site by crop combinations, and further investigation indicated the source of this variability may be from winter wheat plantings on canola and pea stubble. Among the optimal stubbles, less variable results were observed when winter wheat was grown on barley silage stubble, suggesting proper crop residue management would reduce the variability observed in canola and pea stubble. Our results suggest stubble alternatives to canola are available for winter wheat plantings in western Canada.

Weed infestation of crops in different soils in the protective zone of Roztocze National Park. Part I. Winter and spring cereals

The study on weed infestation of crops in different soils in the protective zone of RPN was conducted in the years 1991-1995. The characterization of weed infestation of winter and spring cereals was based on 306 phytosociological records. made with the use of Braun-Blanquet method. The degree of weed infestation in the fields in the protective zone of RPN depended on environment conditions. Both winter and spring cereals in majority of soils were most infested by: &lt;i&gt;Cenaturea cyanus, Apera spica-venti&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Vicia hirsta&lt;/i&gt;. In the lightest podsolic soils, made of loose sand and slightly loamy sand. winter and spring cereals were additionally infested by &lt;i&gt;Equisetum arvense&lt;/i&gt; and two acidophylic species: &lt;i&gt;Seleranthus annuus&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Spergula arvensis&lt;/i&gt;. The crops in brown loess soil were infested by &lt;i&gt;Matricaria maritima&lt;/i&gt; subsp. &lt;i&gt;inodora&lt;/i&gt;. The most difficult weed species in brown soil formed from gaizes and limestone soil were: &lt;i&gt;Convolvulus arvensis, Papaver rhoeas&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Galium aparine&lt;/i&gt;. Moreover winter cercals in limestone soil showed high or medium infestation with &lt;i&gt;Consolida regalis, Aethusa cynapium, Lathyrus tuberosus&lt;/i&gt; and low infestation with &lt;i&gt;Apera spica-venti&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Centaurea cyanus&lt;/i&gt;. Spring cereals were less infested than winter cereals. &lt;i&gt;Apera spica-venti&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Centaurea cyanus&lt;/i&gt; were less common with spring cereals than with winter cereals. Also, spring cereals showed high or medium infestation with &lt;i&gt;Convolvulus arvensis&lt;/i&gt;. Spring cereals in some soil units were infested by &lt;i&gt;Chenopodium album&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Stellaria media&lt;/i&gt;. There was also higher infestation of spring cereals in limestone soils with &lt;i&gt;Avena fatua, Veronica persica, Sinapis arvensis&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Sonchus arvensis&lt;/i&gt;, compared to winter cereals in limestone soils.

Species diversity of segetal communities in tuber crops and in winter and spring cereals

The work presents the results of studies on the diversity of weed communities in tuber crops as well as in winter and spring cereals under similar climatic and soil conditions. We examined overall species abundance in the groups analysed, the average species number per relevé, as well as weed cover of the study area. Additionally, species composition, number of individual species and their biomass were determined. Dominant species in each crop group were distinguished. Species diversity was determined based on the following ecological indices: the Shannon-Wiener index of biodiversity &lt;em&gt;H’&lt;/em&gt; and Simpson’s index of dominance &lt;em&gt;C&lt;/em&gt;. The indices were computed on the biomass and number-of-species basis. The objective of the work was to compare the structure and diversity of weed communities in the crops studied. The communities analysed differed in all the characteristics examined. Differences were found between biodiversity and dominance indices calculated for individual crop groups, but their significance depended on the method applied to calculate the indices.

Soil weed seed bank at ploughingl layer on the Nałęczów Plateau in relation to cereal crops and sculpture elements

The weed seed bank in the ploughing layer (0-25) cm deep) of loess soils, located at top, slope and slope foot, is presented in the papaer. Soil samples, taken just affer the harvest of winter and spring cereals, in the Nal9cz6w surroundings (east-middle Poland) were the investigative material. It was proved that the most of weed seeds and fruits were the winter cereals bocated at the slopes and slopes foot. The diaspors of short-lived weeds were dominant III-V degree of stability in the soil covered all sculpture elements.

Kernel mass of winter triticale depending on placing position in a spikelet and a spike, with regard to its productiveness

The investigations were carried outin 1996-1997 on degraded chernozem developed from loess. The winter triticale cv. 'Presto' cultivated after 4 forecrops (spring cereals with red clover undersown and triticale in pure stand). Studied were correlation between the number of spikeIets and kernels and their placing position in a spike and spikelet, and the grain weight from three spike size groups. The number of productive spikelets per spike and fertility of inflorescence per spikelet, measured as a number of kernels, were the biggest in big spikes group. Kernels placed in positions 1 and 2 in a kernel had the biggest mass, whereas the kernels developed from the inflorescence in positions 3 and 4 were conspicuous for their smaller mass, particularly in the small and medium-size spike groups. The analysis of correlation coefficient values revealed that grain weight per spike was strongly correlated with the number of kernels per spike in all determined size classes. Also a significant effect of single kemel weight on yield per spike was noticed, but the coefficient value was lower (r=0.30). Spikelets in positions from 3 to 7 level (on both sides of spike) had the greatest share in grain weight per spike for the smallest spike group, whereas for medium- size and big spikes respectively spikelets in positions 3 through 9 and 2 through 10.

Present and potential weed infestation of spring cereals in different cropping system

This paper presents the results of investigations on the weed infestation and vertical distribution of weed seed bank in rendzina under spring cereals cultivation in crop rotations and monoculture. Used herbicides (MCPA and &lt;i&gt;fenoxaprop-P-etylu&lt;/i&gt;) decreased the number of weeds and species composition in comparison with harrowing. In the soil layer of 0-25 cm used in the monoculture there was found about 22,9% weed seeds more than in crop rotation. In the canopy of spring cereals the following weeds dominated: in crop rotation - &lt;i&gt;Chenopodium album, Echinochloa crus-galli and Veronica persica; and in monoculture - Stellaria media, Galium aparine&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Chenopodium album&lt;/i&gt;. In the soil layer of 0-25 cm used in crop rotation and monoculture the following weed seeds dominated : &lt;i&gt;Amaranthus retroflexus, Chenopodium album&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Stellaria media&lt;/i&gt;.

Protein crop production at the northern margin of farming: to boost or not to boost

Global changes in food demand resulting from population growth and more meat-intensive diets require an increase in global protein crop production, not least as climate change and increasing scarcity of fresh water could restrict future production. In contrast to many other regions, in Finland climate change could open new opportunities through enabling more diverse cropping systems. It is justified to re-enquire whether the extent and intensity of protein crop production are optimized, resources are used efficiently and sustainably, cropping systems are built to be resilient and whether ecological services that protein crops provide are utilized appropriately. This paper aims to analyze in a descriptive manner the biological grounds for sustainable intensification of protein crop production in Finland. Production security is considered by evaluating the effects of and likelihood for constraints typical for northern conditions, examining historical and recent crop failures and estimating ecosystem services that more extensive introduction of protein crops potentially provide for northern cropping systems now and in a changing climate. There is an evident potential to expand protein crop production sustainably to a couple of times its current area. In general, variability in protein yields tends to be higher for protein crops than spring cereals. Nevertheless, protein yield variability was not necessarily systematically higher for Finland, when compared with other European regions, as it was for cereals. Protein crops provide significant ecological services that further support their expanded production. By this means protein self-sufficiency remains unrealistic, but increased production of protein crops can be achieved. The expansion of rapeseed and legumes areas also seems to be economically feasible. From the economic viewpoint, an increase in domestic protein supply requires that farmers have economic incentives to a) cultivate protein-rich crops instead of cereals, and b) use them as animal feed instead of imported sources of protein. Environmental sustainability is an argument to justify economic support for protein-rich crops and thus increase their cultivation.

CHANGES OF SOME FORAGE INDICATORS DEPENDING ON SOWING PERIOD OF ANNUAL LATE–SPRING CEREAL AND LEGUME CROP

During the 2010–2012 period in the Research Institute of Mountain Stockbreeding and Agriculture (RIMSA) in Troyan (Bulgaria) the effect of sowing time on some bio–productive indicators (green mass and dry matter yields, weed infestation) of the forage from annual late– spring cereal and legume mixture from maize and white lupine was performed. As variants the following periods of sowing (during 10 days) were studied: 1. 10–20 April (Standard); 2. 21–30 April; 3. 1–10 May; 4. 11–20 May. The most optimal sowing time of annual late–spring mixed crop from maize and white lupine grown under foothill conditions of the Central Balkan Mountains (Troyan region) is the period from 10 to 20 April. The received forage amounted to 2.53 t.ha green mass and 0.39 t.ha dry matter; while in the others later periods the yields were relatively low. A less weed infestation of the mixed crop was reported at the earlier periods of sowing.

FORAGE PRODUCTIVITY AND WEED INFESTATION OF ANNUAL EARLY–SPRING MIXTURE UNDER DIFFERENT SOWING DATES

During the 2011–2012 periods in the Research Institute of Mountain Stockbreeding and Agriculture (RIMSA) in Troyan (Bulgaria) the effect of sowing time on some bio– productive indicators (green mass and dry matter yields, weed infestation) of the forage from annual early–spring cereal–legume mixture from oats and field pea was performed. As variants the following periods of sowing were studied: 1. 10–20 March (Standard); 2. 21–30 March; 3. 1– 10 April; 4. 11–20 April. It was established that the optimum time for sowing of annual early spring pea and spring oats mixed crop was the period from 10 to 20 March. Then was received most plant production (1.84 t.ha green mass and 0.41 t.ha dry matter), which exceeded the other sowing periods from 7.07% (21–30 March) to 27.72% (11–20 April) and from 1.6 to 8.13%, respectively. In the different sowing times the weed infestation of crops varied and was a highest in early spring sowing (10–20 March)–from 8.40 to 9.26%.