Oil Spray Research Articles

Efficiency for combinations of rimsulfuron with adhesives in maize crops

Topicality. Adhesives are an integral part of the weed control system in the maize crops, because they increase the efficiency of herbicide application. They significantly reduce the cost of plant protection products and increase their efficiency, as well as increase the adhesive properties of the herbicide solution to prevent its runoff and prolong its action. Development of new herbicides, constant weather and climate changes require to study further the effectiveness of the combined action of herbicides and adhesives. Among the adhesives for maize, it is generated interest such products as Synergent SOC, Eco Oil Spray, Esterlip, etc. Purpose. To reveal the effectiveness for combinations of herbicides with adhesives in the maize crops, as well as their impact on plant growth and development. Materials and Methods. The experimental scheme included the following combinations of rimsulfuron with adhesives: 1. Control (Rimsulfuron without adhesive); 2. Rimsulforon (40 g/ha) + Trend 90 (0.15 % working solution); 3. Rimsulforon (40 g/ha) + Synergent (0.15 % working solution); 4. Rimsulforon (40 g/ha) + Eco Oil Spray (0.15 % working solution); 5. Rimsulforon (40 g/ha) + Esterlip (0.15 % working solution); 6. Rimsulforon (35 g/ha) + Esterlip (0.15 % working solution); 7. Rimsulforon (25 g/ha) + Esterlip (0.15 % working solution). Results. The combination of rimsulfuron with adhesive Esterlip had the highest technical efficiency compared to other adhesives, in particular, on the redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) was 75–100% (complete destruction) and lamb’s quarters (Chenopodium album L.) – 85.7–92.9 %, slightly less on common ragweed (Ambrosia arte-misiifolia L.) – 83.3%. Common purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) was highly resistant to almost all combinations of rimsulfuron with adhesives. The highest maize yield of 8.99 t/ha was in the variant with Rimsulfuron (40 g/ha) + Esterlip. Reduced application rate of Esterlip to 25–35 g/ha decreased the maize yield to 7.34–7.65 t/ha, or by 1.34–1.65 t/ha (14.9–18.3 %) due to increased weed infestation of crops. The application of adhesives Trend 90, Synergen, Eco Oil Spray also decreased maize yields to 8.48 t/ha, 8.07 t/ha and 8.62 t/ha, respectively, which was less by 0.51 t/ha (5.6 %), 0.92 t/ha (10.2 %) and 0.37 t/ha (4.1 %). The lowest yield was in the control – 5.30 t/ha due to significant weed infestation of grain crops, which decreased by 3.69 t/ha (41.0 %) compared to the best variant (Rimsulfuron (40 g/ha) + Esterlip). Conclusions. Considering the ongoing development of new adhesives and herbicides for maize, as well as climate changes, it is necessary to continue research in this area to determine the most optimal ratio of herbicide rates with adhesives. Key words: maize, weeds, herbicides, adhesives, yield, technical efficiency

Efficacy of Oil and Photosensitizer against Frankliniella occidentalis in Greenhouse Sweet Pepper.

Many common insect pests have developed resistance against the pesticides currently available, to the point where pest and disease management has become extremely difficult and expensive, increasing pressure on agriculture and food production. There is an urgent need to explore and utilize alternatives. Due to their unique mode of action, photosensitizers may be able to control insect pests effectively, especially in combination with oil-based products, without the risk of resistance build-up. In this study, the efficacy of a mineral oil-based horticultural spray oil, PureSpray™ Green (PSG), and a sodium magnesium chlorophyllin photosensitizer formulation, SUN-D-06 PS, were evaluated and compared to a registered cyantraniliprole insecticide (as positive control) and a negative control against western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis. In detached leaf ingestion assays, PSG at high concentration was more effective than low concentration, causing >70% WFT mortality, whilst SUN-D-06 PS + PSG caused higher mortality than cyantraniliprole after five days of feeding. The same combination was as effective as cyantraniliprole in the contact assay. In greenhouse pepper, the photosensitizer decreased the WFT more than mineral oil applied alone, whilst a combination treatment of SUN-D-06 PS + PSG was most effective, decreasing the WFT population to fewer than four WFT per plant. SUN-D-06 PS + PSG shows promise as a sustainable, economical way of controlling WFT, with the potential to be incorporated into existing integrated pest (and disease) management (IPM) programs with ease.

Experimental Investigation of Oil Jet Cooling in Electrical Machines With Hairpin Windings

Oil jet cooling and hairpin windings have become popular in electrical machine design for modern electric vehicles. In recent years, these two technologies are often combined and can be found in many commercial products. The highly effective cooling capability of oil jets and the high thermal conductance of hairpin windings greatly benefit the machine performance metrics. However, published quantitative literature on this topic is relatively scarce. This article presents experimental results and practical insights of oil jet cooling on the end region of hairpin windings. Temperature distribution, heat transfer coefficient, and cooling efficiency are all investigated. Consistent temperature profiles are observed throughout the range of flow rates. Moreover, the effects of using different types of oil and inclination angles are researched as well. Analysis of variance indicates that these two factors affect various aspects of the oil jet cooling’s performance. Results are also compared against data obtained from previous studies on oil spray cooling. This study can help engineers implement oil jet cooling in machine designs with hairpin windings.

The Oil Spray Cooling System of Automotive Traction Motors: The State of the Art

With growing interest in green technologies and sustainable transport, hybrid and pure electric powertrains are attracting a lot of attention. According to demanded metrics, such as lightweight and high-power density motors, these offer clear motivation to develop advanced thermal management methods and integrate them with conventional cooling approaches. The oil spray cooling method is one of the latest cooling methodologies integrated with the conventional cooling approaches. Therefore, this article provides a comprehensive study on the oil spray cooling approach for electrical motors utilized in electric vehicle (EV) traction application drives. The objective is to provide the reader with a picture of the state of the art regarding the opportunities, challenges, and offered solutions for the cooling requirements in EV motors. In addition, this article presents the guidelines for selecting the appropriate spray nozzles and coolants as well as estimating their performance, spray characteristics, and heat transfer coefficient (HTC) during the design period. Besides, various closed-loop systems of spray cooling approach, including refrigerants as a coolant, low viscosity liquid coolant with high boiling temperature, and high viscosity lubricant oil as a coolant, are discussed with the pros and cons of each system being compared. Moreover, real-life examples of this method, applied in the latest automotive traction motor prototypes, have been described and evaluated. Finally, the performance of different schemes is addressed.

Linear vs nonlinear ultrasonic testing of kissing bonds in adhesive joints

Kissing bonds in adhesive joints are precursors to damage and failure in materials and components used in safety-critical industries. They are zero-volume, low-contrast contact defects widely regarded as “invisible“ in conventional ultrasonic testing. In this study, the recognition of the kissing bonds is examined in automotive industry-relevant aluminum lap-joints with standard bonding procedures using epoxy- and silicone-based adhesives. The protocol to simulate kissing bonds comprised customary surface contaminants PTFE oil and PTFE spray. Preliminary destructive tests revealed brittle fracture of the bonds with typical single-peak stress-strain curves indicating ultimate strength reduction due to adding contaminants. The curves are analyzed by using nonlinear stress-strain relation with the higher-order terms containing the higher-order nonlinearity parameters. It is shown that the lower-strength bonds manifest a high nonlinearity while the high-strength contacts are candidates for a low nonlinearity. Based on that, the nonlinear approach is set side by side with linear ultrasonic testing for experimental locating of the kissing bonds fabricated in the adhesive lap-joints. The sensitivity of the linear ultrasound is shown to be adequate to detect only a substantial bonding force reduction caused by the irregular interface defects in adhesives, while a minor contact softening due to kissing bonds remains undistinguishable. On the contrary, the probing of the kissing bonds vibration with nonlinear laser vibrometry reveals dramatic growth of the higher harmonic amplitudes and thus validates highly-sensitive detectabilty of these troublesome defects.

Development and validation of lumped parameter thermal network model on rotational oil spray cooled motor for electric vehicles

The rotational oil-spray-cooling method with motor has recently attracted attention because of its compact design and cooling performance. Rotational oil-spray-cooled motors require high computational resources and manufacturing costs; therefore, a precise simulation model is required. In this study, an asymmetric lumped parameter thermal network (LPTN) model of a rotational oil-spray-cooling motor is developed. The heat loss is calculated using correlation equations and electro-magnetic analysis, and the internal temperature distribution of the motor is predicted using conjugate heat transfer and multiphase flow computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. The temperature of the coil inside the motor is measured using experiments. The developed LPTN model determined that the temperature prediction errors of coil parts were 0.15% and 4.42% at the nominal and maximum speeds, respectively.

Eco-Friendly Management of Potato Tuber Moth (Phthorima operculella Zeller) Under Storage and Field Condition in Dailekh, Nepal

Potato tuber moth, (Phthorima operculella Zeller) is one of the most destructive pests of potato damaging the potato tuber in the field and storage conditions leading to a huge loss of potato tubers. An experiment was conducted to access the effect of different treatments for eco-friendly management of potato tuber moth in field and storage conditions in Dailekh, Nepal. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and Completely Randomized Design (CRD) in field and storage condition respectively with 10 different treatments and 3 replications. The treatments were T1(Control), T2(Bacillus thuringiensis), T3(Artemisia vulgaris), T4(Malathion) as check, T5(Lantana camara), T6(Coriandrum sativum), T7(Curcuma longa), T8(Azadirachta indica oil 5%EC), T9(Justicia adhatoda) and T10(Yucca sp.). Among the different treatments, Azadirachta indica oil 5%EC showed the least foliage damage and severity which was statistically at par with Malathion and Curcuma longa. Similarly, the Pre-sowing treatment of tuber with Malathion had the least infection caused by PTM at tuber harvest which was at par with pre-sowing treatment with Curcuma longa, Yucca sp. and Bacillus thuringiensis. Tubers treated with Malathion before storage showed the least infection percentage and severity caused by PTM followed by Coriandrum sativum, Curcuma longa, and Lantana camara. Tuber rot caused by PTM in the storage condition was found least in the tuber treated with Malathion, Coriandrum sativum, Curcuma longa, and Yucca sp. Analyzing all the parameters, eco-friendly management of PTM can be done by a successive spray of Azadirachta indica oil 5%EC and Curcuma longa. Likewise, pre-sowing treatment with Curcuma longa, Yucca sp., and Bacillus thuringiensis reduces the tuber infection at tuber harvest. Seed tuber when treated with different botanicals could protect tuber from PTM infestation during storage. The most potent powders were Lantana camera, Coriandrum sativum, and Curcuma longa.

Impact of botanicals, mycopathogens and insecticides for the management of thrips on roses under poly house condition

Roses are unexcelled in their popularity as a garden flower and constitute an extremely Important floriculture crop. Investigation was therefore undertaken for the management of rose thrips under polyhouse condition. The one day after spraying of Spinosad and Dichlorvos recorded the lowest population which was significantly superior and followed by Neem oil and NSKE recorded the lowest population was observed for the study. Three days after spraying highest mortality of thrips population on three days after spraying of neem oil (59.61%), NSKE (59.79 %), Spinosad (66.35%) and Dichlorvos (65.75%) when compared all other treatments. Five days after spraying the treatment of neem oil (74.99%), NSKE (70.58), Spinosad (79.45%) and Dichlorvos (82.45%) was high mortality on thrips population was recorded, respectively.The chemical treatment of Dichlorvos and Spinosad were found superior which recorded on 44.72 per cent and 38.13 per cent of thrips mortality on one day after spraying followed by Neem oil (34.61%) and NSKE (31.63%), respectively in un opened rose buds.Population of thrips was significantly declining on chemical treatments such as Dichlorvos (52. 60 %) and Spinosad (50.00 %) followed by botanicals like neem oil (44.96%) and neem seed kernel extract (40.58%) was recorded on one day after spraying in partially opened rose flower.The impact of treatment neem oil, neem seed kernel extract, Spinosad and Dichlorvos found effective in reducing thrips population upto the extent of 41.01, 43.14, 48.71 and 50.66 per cent in one day after spraying in fully opened rose flower.

Effect of forging sequence and heat treatment on microstructure of high-duty power-plant shaft made of Cr-Mo ultra-high strength steel

The paper presents results of modeling and testing of a heavy weight part made of Cr-Mo, which was V-modified ultra-high strength steel grade AISI 4140, processed through a novel open-die forging schedule and two alternative routes of two-stage heat treatment cycles designed to meet requirements of high-duty components for energy sector. Taking advantage of unconventional forging conditions based on assumption of large feed and reduction ratios and the modification of chemical composition better control of austenite grain was achieved to minimize abnormal grain growth and/or strain uniformity problems. With aid of Finite Element Modeling of multi-stage sequence of upsetting and cogging strain distribution was optimized so as to minimize strain fluctuations on the length to range 2.2?2.7,and correlated with microstructure produced at every major stage on the large cross-sections of the shaft. Designed with aid of finite element method processing cycles was verified in full-scale physical modeling with use of 16 ton forging ingot, including two alternative quenching strategies: oil vs. water spray and air. Examination of material in as-forged, normalized and heat-treated condition was carried out to observe response of hot-worked material and the effect of cooling conditions on microstructure during final heat treatment. As observed, employing large feed ratios on cogging and varied cooling allowed suppress detrimental effect of inevitable abnormal grain growth which resulted in 1-2 ASTM grain in as-forged conditions to reach 6 ASTM in normalized and 8/9 ASTM after quenching in oil and water spray, respectively, which allows producing after tempering, correspondingly, 44?48 and 85?122 J/cm2 V-notch impact strength in the critical area of the forged shaft.

Efficacy of different chemical and non-chemical treatments for management of Galleria mellonella in stored combs

Bee keeping has also becoming popular as one of the components in mixed farming systems and source of income for small farmer or landless labourer and taken a shape of hopeful enterprise or business also. But due to attack of natural enemies especially Galleria mellonella on honey bees, the beekeeping industries suffers from huge losses. In present study to combat from the pest problems, microbial biopesticide, chemical and non-chemical methods have been tried widely against G. mellonella in stored combs. The research was carried out at Research farm, Apiary and Apiculture Laboratory of the Department of Entomology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar from June to December of both year 2016 and 2017. Among the different chemical and non-chemical measures tested for management of greater wax moth in stored combs; the most effective was storing stored comb at the low temperature treatment of -15 °C, -10 °C followed by at low temperature of -5 °C and 0 °C, Aluminum phosphide fumigation, Bt spray, separation of combs with newspapers, neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) spray, formic acid spray, acetic acid spray, hive chamber separation with newspaper, neem oil spray and broadcasting neem leaves powder. The study demonstrated the potentiality of low temperature treatment, Aluminum phosphide fumigation and Bt isolates against G. mellonella. Although, study also indicated that Aluminum phosphide fumigation in stored combs targets and destroy all life stages of the moth. Beside this, application of fumigants is economically convenient and requires little knowledge of the pest organism.

Optimization of the flow rate of the working fluid when spraying oil flax crops with herbicides in the steppe of Western Siberia

Optimization of the flow rate of the working fluid when spraying oil flax crops with herbicides in the steppe of Western Siberia

Putting green canopy reflectance by time from colourant and spray oil combination product application

ABSTRACT Multispectral radiometry resolutely quantifies canopy attributes of similarly managed monocultures over wide and varied temporal arrays. Likewise, liquid phthalocyanine-containing products are commonly applied to turfgrass as a spray pattern indicator, dormancy colourant, and/or product synergist. While perturbed multispectral radiometric characterization of putting greens within 24 h of treatment by synthetic phthalocyanine colourant has been reported, explicit guidance on subsequent use is absent from the literature. Our objective was to assess creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L. ‘Penn G2’) putting green reflectance and growth one to 14 d following semi-monthly treatment by synthetic Cu II phthalocyanine colourant (Col) and petroleum-derived spray oil (PDSO) combination product at a 27 L ha−1 rate and/or 7.32 kg ha−1 soluble N treatment by one of two commercial liquid fertilizers. As observed in a bentgrass fairway companion study, mean daily shoot growth and canopy dark green colour index (DGCI) increased with Col+PDSO complimented N treatment. Yet contrary to the fairway study results, deflated mean normalized differential red edge (NDRE) or vegetative index (NDVI) resulted from an associated Col+PDSO artefact that severely impeded near infrared (810-nm) putting green canopy reflectance. Regardless of time from Col+PDSO combination product treatment, the authors strongly discourage turfgrass scientists from employing vegetative indices that rely on 760- or 810-nm canopy reflectance when evaluating such putting green systems.

The Association of Applied Biology Held a Meeting to Discuss "Bringing Biocontrol and IPM to Market"

Keith Walters welcomed delegates and chaired the first session on "New Solutions", aimed to attract presentations on latest developments and novel Biocontrol/IPM approaches nearing completion or recently launched. Lauren Diepenbrock (University of Florida) started the session in which 'Rebuilding of IPM in growing citrus' was described. Before Huanglongbing (HLG) in the good old days, farmers may have used an oil spray and they used spider webs between trees. HLG is a bacterial disease Liberibacter asiaticus, first detected in 2005 that caused yellow shoots, twig dieback, stunted growth, and overall tree decline with misshapen fruits. Another pest from 1998 was the Asiatic citrus psyllid (ACP – Diaphorina citri) that is the vector of Candidactus liberator, causal agent of HLB. With many natural enemies including ladybirds, lacewings, syrphids, spiders, ants and other parasitoids, but from 1998–2016, in Citrus Health Management areas, farmers used insecticides, including neonicotinoids, but although this achieved solid returns, it was not going to last and there was a need to return to IPM, by incorporating non-insecticidal management options and reduce insecticide inputs. A new tool was to apply kaolin clay to reduce psyllid infestation and increase plant health. Another new idea was to protect individual trees with Exclusion bags to prevent ACP access to trees and improve scouting for pests. While successful with young trees, more research is needed to improve the return on investment.

Influence of ground beetles (Carabidae) as biological agent to control of the Mediterranean fruit fly pupae, Ceratitis capitata, in Iranian citrus orchards

• High diversity and density of Carabidae observed with eliminated pesticide spray. • Instead pesticide, mineral oil spray led conserving the carabids species. • Seasonal density fluctuation of Carabidae was observed, increasing in spring. • Highest population of Carabidae with the peak of fruit fly damage in September. • H. rufipes, B. karelinii and Pterostichus macer were the most voracious predators. Damage by Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in the northern Iranian citrus orchards has been led to spray by different chemical pesticides. The present study was conducted in the citrus orchard in Mazandaran province of Iran where with the exception of mineral oil treatments for scale insects, had not been sprayed with synthetic insecticides for six years. The purpose of this study was initially to investigate faun and seasonal activity of predaceous ground carabid beetles in the citrus orchards. Additionally, their role as predators of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) pupae was evaluated under laboratory and field conditions. Predation in laboratory was evaluated by no choice feeding experiments while predation under field conditions was evaluated by molecular detection of the pest DNA in the gut contents of field-collected Carabids. A total of 3,437 beetles of ten carabid species were collected from a non-chemical treatment citrus orchard. The results of the seasonal density fluctuation indicated increasing population in spring reaching the highest in September, simultaneously with the peak of fruit fly damage, and thereafter decreasing during winter when the pest was overwintering. However, three species, Harpalus rufipes, Broscus karelinii and Brachinus brevicollis were most abundant in the field collection but the results of no-choice experiments in the laboratory indicated H. rufipes, B. karelinii and Pterostichus macer were the most voracious predators on pupae. Results of gut content analysis of the voracious species indicated the positive testing for pest DNA in 79.16 % of H. rufipes , 76.92% of B. karelinii and 75% of P. macer of analyzed beetles. The results of the study strongly indicated that in citrus orchards where intensive spraying is eliminated, natural enemies such as Carabid beetles could play an important role in reducing pests such as medfly.

Weed Management Strategies for Tomato Plasticulture Production in Florida.

Florida is the top producer of fresh market tomatoes in the U.S., with an average production of 0.4 million metric tons. Tomatoes are commercially grown on plastic mulched raised beds in Southwest Florida, the primary production region in the state. Low tomato yield in plasticulture production is often associated with the poor control of nutsedge species. Nutsedge management, therefore, remains a critical production challenge for tomato growers in Florida. Sandy soil in this region promotes herbicide movement after heavy rainfall or irrigation, affecting weed suppression. This will also potentially impact the timely establishment of new tomato transplants and, consequently, the crop vigor if the herbicides get into the root zone. This review aims to present and discuss an overview of available options to safely manage major weeds of tomatoes, including nutsedge species, in plasticulture production. In addition, this review seeks to discuss an approach for utilizing herbicide adjuvants, such as spray deposition agents or oil binding agents, to improve herbicides' efficacy and tomato crop safety by enhancing their retention in plastic mulched raised beds.

Bioefficacy of veedol tree spray oil against invasive pests of apple and safety to natural enemies

Bioefficacy of veedol tree spray oil against invasive pests of apple and safety to natural enemies

Insecticidal Activity of a Petroleum-Derived Spray Oil and an Organosilicone Surfactant on Listronotus maculicollis (Kirby) Adults in Laboratory and Greenhouse Bioassays.

The annual bluegrass weevil (ABW), Listronotus maculicollis (Kirby), is a severe pest of golf course turf in eastern North America. The development of pyrethroid- and multiple-resistant populations has created a dire need for novel tactics to control adults. We examined the insecticidal properties of a petroleum-derived spray oil (PDSO; Civitas Turf Defense™.) and an organosilicone, nonionic soil surfactant (Silwet L-77®) in laboratory and greenhouse bioassays. Civitas and Silwet killed > 75% of ABW adults in multiple assays. The level of control was positively affected by increased rate, spray application volume, and soil moisture levels. Dissections of weevils treated with Civitas revealed material entering the insect's hemocoel after 15-30 min, though most mortality occurred between the 3 and 24 h observation periods. Reducing rates while increasing carrier volume or soil moisture levels through irrigation applied prior to or after application also provided excellent control of adults in the same observation periods. Silwet provided comparable, yet less consistent levels of control in the laboratory studies but was excluded from further tests after treated plants demonstrated phytotoxicity in greenhouse studies. Neither Silwet nor Civitas efficacy was affected by pyrethroid resistance levels in the ABW populations tested.

Grey relational based Taguchi analysis on heat transfer performances of direct oil spray cooling system for electric vehicle driving motor

In the present study, the grey relational based Taguchi analysis is conducted to evaluate the effect of influential factors on heat transfer performances of direct oil spray cooling system for electric vehicle driving motor. The influence of spray flow characteristics considering three nozzle types of spiral, full-cone and hollow-cone, coolant temperature (CT), heating capacity (HC), flow rate (FR) and distance between nozzle spray and heating source (D) are evaluated on heat transfer performances of maximum temperature, temperature uniformity, maximum injection pressure, heat transfer coefficient, friction factor and Nusselt number. The Taguchi analysis evaluates the effect of influential factors in terms of mean, range, influence order, F-value and percentage contribution while the grey relational analysis evaluates the combined parameter of two performances in terms of grey relational grade (GRG). The decreasing influence order of factors is evaluated as FR>HC>CT>D with corresponding percentage contributions of 39.16%, 33.99%, 14.16% and 12.68% for GRG of heat transfer coefficient and spray power consumption and FR>HC>D>CT with corresponding percentage contributions of 86.02%, 7.98%, 3.54% and 2.46% for GRG of Nusselt number and friction factor. An efficient direct oil spray cooling system could be fabricated for electric vehicle driving motor based on qualitative and quantitative effects of various influential factors on its heat transfer performances.

The Effect of Paraffin Oil Spraying and Powdery Mildew Infection on Leaf Gas Exchange and Yield of Chardonnay and Kékfrankos (Vitis vinifera L.) in Hungary

Various oils can efficiently control a wide range of pests and pathogens on plants. In this study, we tested the effectiveness solely applied paraffin oil (PFO) spraying against Erysiphe necator, the causal agent of grape powdery mildew (GPM). Its effects on gas exchange and yield at harvest were also investigated. Experiments were conducted in Eger between 2013 and 2014 with two cultivars (Kékfrankos and Chardonnay) showing differing susceptibility to GPM. Treatments with 2.2 and 3.3 v/v% PFO spraying inhibited GPM; however, this effect was influenced by the individual resilience of the variety and the infection pressure of the vintage. The PFO treatment caused decreased leaf gas exchange parameters compared to conventional treatment. The berry yield was also lower in PFO-treated parcels, although yield may be affected by numerous factors and requires further investigation. The mineral oils may have a phytotoxic effect on the grapevine through impairment of the photosynthetic performance, although this effect cannot be connected to a particular PFO concentration according to our research results. This negative effect of PFO highly depends on the ampelographic characteristics of the examined cultivars and vintage. In addition, the physical properties of the spraying agent may also play an important role.

Pelatihan Pembuatan Lilin Aromaterapi Berbasis Minyak Serai di IKM CV Amna Lab. Aromaterapi Kabupaten Solok

CV. Amna Lab Aromaterapi Small and Medium Enterprises have started the citronella oil business in 2018. Some of its products such as soap, aromatherapy spray, propolis, and body oil have arrived in several big cities in Indonesia. However, since the Covid-19 pandemic, these SMEs have experienced difficulties, especially regarding the large capital costs and the price of citronella which has fallen drastically to 100% of the original price. Under these conditions, SMEs are constrained in the process of increasing productivity and lack production technology as well as marketing and management. The Community Service Team of the ATI Padang Polytechnic offers solutions to overcome these problems by providing alternative processing of citronella oil-based products to be aromatherapy candles and educating the SMEs on the product marketing strategies through e-commerce applications. The community service team tried resolving the delinquent by determining the amount of citronella oil that should be included and the composition variations of stearic acid, vegetable oil, and paraffin. The variations were tested in order to find the right comparison in making aromatherapy candles based on citronella oil. The team also searched and studied several references to analyze marketing strategies in accordance with SMEs CV. Amana Aromatherapy Lab. Considering the result of the experiments, it was identified that 1% of citronella oil could be added to the wax mixture while the exact composition of oil and paraffin was 1: 2. The stearic acid was unsuitable to applied since the candle product easily melted. E-commerce marketing strategies were used by utilizing advertisements on internet searches to expand the promotions.