Sport Skills Research Articles

Redefining Coaching in a Pandemic: A Qualitative Exploration of Physical Educators' Responses to Sports During COVID-19

A sports coach is a total package individual who is competent and well-equipped for the role we are demonstrating. Coaches with the best level of training and the most years of experience in the sport have invested more in their education and are better at adjusting the content of the training to the developmental stages of children and adolescents. The main purpose of the study is to explore the experiences of PE teachers is sports coaching in times of COVID-19 Pandemic. On the professional aspect, the informants were able to bring their MAPEH teaching skills into practice in their own municipalities and provinces. As a result of the researcher's inability to travel, online communication and interviews were used as data collection methods to elicit the informants' experiences. This part includes the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data gathered from the six informants from Guimaras, Aklan, Iloilo City, Ajuy, Potatan, and Pavia. It includes (1) Adversities of COVID-19 Pandemic with sub-themes of learning and training modalities and versatility of sports coaching strategies and styles (2) The Resiliency in Virtual Hubs with sub themes of life cycle on social media and (3) Discernments in the Midst of Global Dilemma with subthemes of internal enthusiasm and mind setting. Encouraging athletes to reset their mindsets to see quarantine as a learning opportunity, organizing suitable guidance, educating and motivating athletes to use proper preventive behavior, and establishing acceptable living isolation conditions. Some types of circuit-based body mass resistance training may aid aerobic adaptation. The athlete's needs should be taken into account when organizing sports skills training. The acronym AGAMER was a practical and feasible intervention that can be used by any PE teacher and coach in their respective field of expertise.

Action observation perspective influences the effectiveness of combined action observation and motor imagery training for novices learning an Osoto Gari judo throw

Combined action observation and motor imagery (AOMI) training improves motor skill performance, but limited research has investigated possible moderating factors for this intervention. This study examined the influence of action observation (AO) perspective on the effectiveness of AOMI training for novices learning a ‘shadow’ Osoto Gari judo throw. Thirty novice participants were randomly assigned to AOMI training that displayed egocentric footage (AOMIEGO) or allocentric footage (AOMIALLO) of the Osoto Gari, or Control training. A motor learning design incorporating pre-test (Day 1), acquisition (Days 2–6), post-test (Day 7), and retention-test (Day 14) was adopted. Motor skill performance, self-efficacy, and mental representation structures were recorded as measures of learning. There were mixed effects for motor skill performance across the three training conditions utilized in this study, with AOMIALLO training significantly reducing error scores for final right hip flexion angle and peak right ankle velocity compared to AOMIEGO training. Self-efficacy increased for all training conditions over time. Both AOMIEGO and AOMIALLO training led to improved functional changes in mental representation structures over time compared to Control training. The findings suggest AOMI training led to improved perceptual-cognitive scaffolding, irrespective of AO perspective, and offer some support for the use of AOMIALLO training to facilitate novice learning of complex, serial motor skills in sport.

Research on the Integration Path of Ideological and Political Education and Skill Teaching in Swimming Class in Colleges and Universities

As an important part of college physical education curriculum, swimming class is not only the imparting of sports skills, but also an important platform for shaping students socialist core values. Through the analysis of the literature and the present situation, this paper makes clear the necessity and feasibility of the integration of ideological and political education and skill teaching in college swimming class; This paper analyzes the practical problems of the insufficient integration of ideological and political education and skill teaching in the course setting, course resources, teacher level and evaluation system, and puts forward the path and strategy of the integration of course setting and teaching content, standardizing teaching resources, strengthening teacher training and improving evaluation system.

Assessing Lower-Extremity Visuo-Motor Reaction Time in Young Male Soccer Players: Test-Retest Reliability and Minimum Detectable Change of the Brain Pro System.

A reliable, versatile means of assessing visuo-motor reaction time (V-MRT) is important to football (soccer) players for many reasons, including the fact that faster V-MRT is a critical sport skill that may even play a role in reducing common sports injuries to the lower muscle extremities that can be associated with lost time on the field. We aimed to determine the test-retest reliability and minimum detectable change (MDC) of the Brain Pro System for assessing lower-extremity V-MRT in young male football players. We had 68 participants (M age = 16.35, SD = 1.71years) perform two assessment sessions one-week apart. For test-retest reliability, we calculated a one-way intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) at the 95% confidence interval and provided the standard error of measurement (SEM) and minimum detectable change (MDC) (MDC = SEM × 1.96 × √2) for V-MRTs. We obtained excellent V-MRT test-retest reliability for dominant lower-extremity, non-dominant lower-extremity, and dominant and non-dominant lower-extremities (ICC2,1 = .93, 95%CI = .89-.96; ICC2,1 = .94, 95%CI = .91-.96; ICC2,1 = .96, 95%CI = .94-.97; respectively). The calculated MDC for the dominant lower-extremity V-MRT, the non-dominant lower-extremity V-MRT, and dominant and non-dominant lower-extremities (random) V-MRT were 1.21seconds, 1.13seconds, and 1.21seconds, respectively. Brain Pro System had excellent reliability for assessing lower-extremity V-MRT in young male football players. The MDC values at the 95% confidence level (MDC95) we obtained were reliable for assessing clinically meaningful V-MRT changes.

Saccade Latency and Metrics in the Interleaved Pro- and Anti-Saccade Task in Open Skill Sports Athletes.

Evidence has demonstrated that athletes exhibit superior cognitive performance associated with executive control. In the oculomotor system, this function has been examined using the interleaved pro-saccade and anti-saccade task (IPAST), wherein participants, prior to target appearance, are instructed to either automatically look at the peripheral target (pro-saccade) or suppress the automatic response and voluntarily look in the opposite direction (anti-saccade). While the IPAST has provided much insight into sensorimotor and inhibitory processing, it has yet to be performed in athletes. Moreover, limited research has examined saccade metrics in athletes. Here, we examined saccade latency and movement kinematics in the IPAST among athletes (N = 40) and nonathletes (NON) (N = 40). Higher direction error rates were obtained in the anti-saccade compared to the pro-saccade condition, with no differences between athletes and NONnoted. Significantly faster saccade latencies were observed in athletes compared to NON in both conditions, in addition to faster pro-saccades compared to anti-saccades. Furthermore, athletes showed significantly higher frequencies and faster latencies of express saccades compared to NON in correct pro-saccades. Additionally, athletes exhibited significantly faster latencies of express saccades compared to NON in erroneous anti-saccades. Differences in saccade metrics between athletes and NON were not seen. Overall, these findings demonstrate that athletes display altered saccade performance likely associated with sensorimotor and preparatory processing, highlighting the potential of using IPAST to objectively investigate sensorimotor and cognitive functions in athletes.

Analysis of the Ideological and Political Concepts and Teaching Strategies for Quality Improvement in Physical Education Courses in Colleges and Universities

In today’s higher education system, the physical education program is not only for teaching sports skills and exercising physical fitness but also an important position for cultivating students’ character, emotions, and values. With the in-depth development of the concept of ideological education, the ideology of college physical education courses has become an important direction of educational reform. In this paper, we will discuss the connotation of the concept of ideology and politics in college physical education courses, analyze the methods to effectively integrate the ideology and politics elements while guaranteeing the quality of teaching, and put forward the corresponding strategies to improve the quality, with a view to providing new ideas and methods for the construction of ideology and politics in college physical education courses.

Improving sports skills by cadets and students of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia through sports competitions

Improving sports skills by cadets and students of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia through sports competitions

Enhancing Health and Exercise Consultation through Scenario-Based Learning: An Approach for Interpersonal Skill Development

This practice report describes the application of scenario-based learning to improve awareness of interpersonal skills in sport and exercise students. Thirty second-year undergraduate students over two consecutive academic years engaged in three scenario-based learning activities that simulated client interviews and consultations. The consensus among the students was that the scenarios increased their awareness of active listening, recognising physical client cues, and understanding the intricate dynamics of the ‘client-practitioner’ interaction. The implementation of scenario-based health and exercise consultations provided students with an immersive and effective learning experience, which promoted the development of the interpersonal skills required for successful client consultations.

‘That’s how we all learn to get along’ – learning in and through ball games in Swedish Physical Education and Health

ABSTRACT Ball games are common content in school physical education and health (PEH), particularly in Sweden. However, criticism has been directed at ball games for focusing too much on performance and competition. In this paper, we explore the learning that occurs in ball games beyond subject-specific knowledge and skills. Data was generated through observations and interviews with four different PEH classes at an upper-secondary school in southern Sweden. Data analysis was based on Uljens’ (2023. Non-affirmative Theory of Education and Bildung (1st ed.). Springer International Publishing.) non-affirmative theory. The findings show that the students learn both subject-specific (e.g. sport techniques, skills, rules and game sense) and generic knowledge and skills (e.g. cooperation, care and providing equal opportunities for everyone) in and through ball games. The findings further draw attention to how more students participate in and learn from ball games when performance and competition is not in focus and when forms of ball games that are less known to the students are used. To conclude, the paper argues that the learning objectives in ball games need to be re-articulated to focus more on the important generic knowledge and skills that students can learn from this PEH content.

Animated VR and 360-degree VR to assess and train team sports decision-making: a scoping review.

In team sports, athletes' ability to make quick decisions plays a crucial role. Decision-making proficiency relies on the intricate balance of athletes' perceptual and cognitive abilities, enabling them to assess the competitive environment swiftly and select the most appropriate actions from various options. Virtual reality (VR) technology is emerging as a valuable tool for evaluating and refining athletes' decision-making skills. This study systematically examined the integration of VR technology into decision-making processes in team sports, aiming to identify more effective methods for presenting and interacting with virtual decision-making systems, thus enhancing the evaluation and refinement of athletes' decision making abilities. Following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a thorough search of respected research databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, ScienceDirect, PsycINFO, and IEEE, was conducted using carefully selected keywords. Twenty research papers meeting predefined inclusion criteria were included after careful evaluation. These papers were systematically analyzed to delineate the attributes of virtual decision-making task environments, the interactive dynamics inherent in motor decision-making tasks, and the significant findings. This review indicate that (1) the effectiveness of VR technology in assessing and improving athletes' decision-making skills in team sports; (2) the construction of virtual environments using the Head-Mounted Display (HMD) system, characterized by enhanced ease and efficiency; (3) the potential for future investigations to explore computer simulations to create more expansive virtual motion scenarios, thus efficiently generating substantial task scenario material, diverging from the constraints posed by 360-degree panoramic videos; and (4) the integration of motion capture technology for identifying and monitoring athletes' decision-making behaviors, which not only enhances ecological validity but also augments the transfer validity of virtual sports decision-making systems. Future research endeavors could explore integrating eye-tracking technology with virtual reality to gain insights into the intrinsic cognitive-action associations exhibited by athletes.

Inequality in Children’s Physical Activity Across Time-Segmented Youth Sport Practice

ABSTRACT Purpose: Youth sport (YS) is a community system for promoting children’s physical activity (PA). Studies have examined mean PA during YS practices, but few have examined inequalities in the distribution of PA among children during practice time. This study examined PA inequality in time-segmented YS practices and differences in inequality by time segment characteristics. Methods: Children’s PA and YS practices were examined using accelerometer and video observation data from a sample of YS teams (n = 36 teams, n = 101 practices) for third- through sixth-grade children (n = 392), approximately eight to 12 years old, in two rural U.S. communities. Practices were time-segmented into smaller units (episodes; n = 991). Episodes were assigned codes for purpose (e.g. warm-up), member arrangement (e.g. whole group), and setting demand (i.e. fosters participation, creates exclusion). Group accelerometer data were paired with episodes, and the Gini coefficient quantified inequality in activity counts and minutes of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA). Beta generalized estimating equations examined the influence of episode structure on PA inequality. Results: Warm-up (Gini = 0.22), fitness (Gini = 0.24), and sport skill (Gini = 0.24) episodes had significantly lower inequality (p < .05) in activity counts than other purpose types. Management (Gini = 0.32) and strategy (Gini = 0.40) episodes had significantly greater inequality (p < .05) in MVPA minutes than other purpose types. Episodes fostering participation (Gini = 0.32) had significantly lower activity count inequality (p < .05) than episodes creating exclusion (Gini = 0.35). Conclusion: PA inequality among children during YS varied by practice structure. Metrics such as the Gini coefficient can illuminate inequalities in PA and may be useful for guiding efforts to improve population PA in children. Trial Registration: This study is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov (Identifier: NCT03380143).

Use of Information Technology in Physical Education Lesson

The use of new technologies in physical education requires teachers to have a set of knowledge and skills that would favor the use and capitalization of new technologies in the didactic activity. These modern technologies, used in the physical education lesson, represent one of the most complex forms of integration of informal education into formal education. Contributing to the efficiency of the researched study, the use of these information technologies in the teaching-learning-evaluation process achieves the diversification of didactic strategies, allowing the student access to various structured information, presented in different ways of visualization. Technology has enough potential to simplify effective physical education instruction and provide teachers with key information. In this study, I aimed to use information technology in physical education classes to increase the performance of learning sports skills in physical activities among primary school students, respectively the 4th grade.

Analyzing the Effects of Cognitive Decision Training on Decision-Making Skills in sports – A Theoretical Assimilation

Analyzing the Effects of Cognitive Decision Training on Decision-Making Skills in sports – A Theoretical Assimilation

Exploring visuospatial function neuroplasticity in elite speed skaters: a resting-state fMRI independent component analysis.

Limited research has been conducted on the neural mechanisms of visuospatial attention in closed skill sports. This research aimed to delve into the unique visuospatial attention abilities of skaters and elucidate the underlying neural mechanisms. This cross-sectional study employed an expert-novice paradigm, applying a purely data-driven approach to analyze and compare the resting-state networks (RSNs) associated with visuospatial attention in 15 elite skaters and 15 control subjects. From the 38 components identified by independent component analysis (ICA) algorithm, five RSNs were selected, including the dorsal attention network (DAN), left and right fronto-parietal network (FPN), somatomotor network (SMN) and visual network (VIS). Elite skaters exhibited heightened functional connectivity (FC) in the right angular gyrus and left precuneus within DAN, left fusiform gyrus within left FPN, right primary motor cortex within right FPN, left supplementary motor area within SMN, and right primary visual cortex within VIS compared to the control group. Conversely, skaters demonstrated diminished FC in the bilateral superior temporal gyrus within DAN and right prefrontal cortex within the right FPN. Statistical results demonstrated significant differences in RSNs related to visuospatial functions in a wide range of brain regions between elite skaters and controls. We further speculate that these variances could be attributable to alterations in visuospatial abilities resulting from years of devoted skating training. The findings of this study offer novel perspectives on the neural reorganization linked to motor training, contributing to an enriched comprehension of the neuroplasticity changes inherent in prolonged engagement in motor skill development.

Investigation of Balance Assessment of TecnoBody Devices in Athletes

Virtual reality (VR) is an advanced user-computer interface that includes real-time simulation and interactions through visual and auditory senses. VR is increasingly being used on athletes for assessment and training. Balance refers to maintaining the position of the body's center of gravity. Static and dynamic balance is the basis of postural stability and mobility and is an important skill in sport. Balance impairment increases the risk of falls and is clinically assessed using the Berg Balance Scale. However, more objective methods need to be developed. For this purpose, technologies such as posturography, which measures the center of pressure trajectory, are used. TecnoBody devices play an active role in the assessment and rehabilitation processes. In particular, proprioceptive and stability analyses are performed with ProKin devices, dynamic balance analyses are performed with D-Wall device and audiovisual feedback is provided with exergame. These devices are effective in rehabilitation and can increase patients' interest in treatment. As a result of the studies conducted in the literature review, TecnoBody Prokin has also been used in the field of sports sciences. In the studies conducted with Prokin, it was seen that it was generally used in dynamic and static balance evaluations. However, no studies on TecnoBody's other devices were found in the literature. In addition, in the studies examined, it was seen that TecnoBody devices were used as a evaluation tool instead of being used in exercises. With the advancement of technology, it is thought that TecnoBody devices can be more effective in people through exercise feedback.Keywords: Athlete Balance, Balance, TecnoBody,

The effects of analogy teaching on sport skill acquisition in children

Introduction: Teaching motor skills to novices has been the main task of physical educators, and studies in motor learning have always sought to discover better ways to optimize the skill acquisition process. Movement information is presented transparently through the performer’s demonstration, illustration, feedback, and verbal guidance in motor skills instructing. This study seeks to determine the type of learning, i.e., analogy learning or explicit learning, suitable for promoting the children’s acquisition of skills that are biomechanically and kinematically different from the same skill learned by explicit instructions, and to determine how the physical form of the skill evolves over practice. Material and Methods: Forty-five right-handed healthy beginner male students (mean age 9.93 ±0.55 years; height 1.39 ±4.16 m; body mass 31.65±3.23 kg; novice in basketball) participated in the study. Subjects were randomly allocated to an explicit learning condition (n = 15), an analogy learning condition (n = 15), or an uninstructed control condition (n = 15). Ten free throws (FT) in the standing position were performed with the right hand by each student using modified equipment i.e., a small ball, customized rim with 45-cm circumference and adapted net height of 2 m. Attempts were recorded from 3 m away in a biomechanical laboratory with two-dimensional (2D) video data collection (i.e., using 240 Hz camera resolution). Results: The independent ANOVA yielded a statistically significant effect across the three groups in post-tests: F (8,16) = 283.233, P = 0.001, η2 = 0.793. A statistically significant difference was observed across the three groups: F (8, 16) = 332.057, P = 0.001, η2 = 0.818. Discussion: The analogy group's performance was significantly better in the skill taught. The explicit learners achieved lower scores compared to the analogy learners. Conclusions: The analogy learning training method is recommended for children aged 10–12 willing to learn FT in basketball. The conclusions may be important for coaches concerning the use of different training methods in skill learning.

Motivational correlates of sports and physical activity

Background and Study Aim. The motivational aspect of athletes' commitment to training is an important indicator of their sports performance. However, there is insufficient understanding of the subtle dynamics that determine this commitment. The purpose of the study is to explore how athletes' motivation relates to their training duration across different sports. It also aims to identify the impact of intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivation on training hours and to predict athletes' training commitment. Material and Methods. In the study, 60 college students participated. Data collection utilized the Sport Motivation Scale, which assesses three dimensions of motivation: intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivation. Physical training hours were meticulously recorded by the instructor. A maximum of 14 hours of training was provided per week as part of a training module lasting one complete month. Players who were absent due to illness were excluded from the study. Results. A significant positive correlation was found between intrinsic motivation (r = 0.93) and extrinsic motivation (r = 0.919) with training duration per week (p &lt; 0.01). Additionally, a significant negative correlation was observed between amotivation and training duration per week (r = -0.873, p &lt; 0.01). Motivation accounted for 84.4% of the variance in predicting physical activity training duration. Furthermore, motivation demonstrated a significant positive relationship (β = 0.921) with physical activity training duration. Conclusions. The current research provides evidence that both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are crucial for engaging athletes in physical training and activity. Furthermore, amotivation serves as a deterrent to good performance in sports. To foster continuous improvement, coaches and instructors must intervene by providing athletes with positive feedback and maintaining their interest in the game through a variety of sports skills.

직장인의 운동 참여에 따른 감성지능, 회복탄력성, 정신적 웰빙, 지각된 스트레스, 직장 생활 만족도 차이 검증

Objectives This study examined the differences in emotional intelligence, resilience, mental well-being, perceived stress, and job satisfaction depending on the exercise participation of office workers. Methods This study targeted subjects who worked as office workers in 2022, distributed and collected 1024 copies of the questionnaire, and used a total of 881 of them after excluding 143 copies with incomplete responses and problems. This study used SPSS 26 and AMOS 26 for frequency analysis, reliability analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, and multivariate analysis (MANOVA). Results According to analysis on gender differences, men showed higher self-emotion awareness, emotion control, emotion utilization, resilience, social well-being, and positive perception than women. Meanwhile, women showed higher awareness of other's emotion and negative perception than men. The analysis on exercise participation status, exercise degree, and exercise intensity showed that the groups of exercise participation, groups of moderate and frequent exercise, and groups of moderate to intense exercise demonstrated higher scores in psychological factors. In the analysis on exercise participation period, the groups of exercise periods less than 10 years showed higher emotional control, while groups of exercise periods longer than 10 years exhibited higher psychological well-being and resilience than other groups. For differences in type of exercise, the groups of skill sports showed a higher positive perception than the groups of conquest sports. Conclusions The analysis results showed that exercise participation relieved the factors that negatively affect the mental health of office workers, while improving the positive factors. Thus, it is necessary to actively encourage exercise participation at the individual, corporate, and national levels to improve the mental health and job performance of office workers.

The effect of using a two-way assistive balance device on some motor abilities and improving the performance of the handstand skill in artistic gymnastics for men

Advanced methods in training and sports are considered one of the most important ways to succeed and reach high levels of performance in sports skills. Auxiliary devices and tools are considered training methods, as well as special exercises used with assistive devices and tools. Research objective To know the effect of using a two-way assistive balance device on some motor abilities and improving the performance of the handstand skill, But the assumption Research shows that the use of a two-way auxiliary balance device has a positive effect in improving the performance of the handstand skill in artistic gymnastics for men. Researchers experimental method (With a single group design with pre- and post-tests) to suit the nature of the problem to be solved. As for the research population, it represents (10) players affiliated with the training centers of Baghdad Governorate, Al-Karkh/Al-Rusafa for Gymnastics, and their ages range between (9 - 13) years. As for the research sample, it represented (5) players next to Al-Rusafa who train in the (Al-Amana) hall, and it was determined by (50%). The researchers used (2) players from the Al-Karkh Center for the exploratory experiment The researcher concluded The use of the two-way auxiliary balance device has clearly affected some motor abilities and improved the performance of the handstand skill in artistic gymnastics for men. The two-way balance device is of good design. Researchers recommended Conducting other studies using the device in artistic gymnastics for women and on its four devices.

Cross-Education of Skill: Assessment of Overhand Throwing Using Product- and Process-Oriented Assessment

ABSTRACT Purpose: The aims of the present study were to: (1) investigate the magnitude and direction of the cross-education effect in a unilateral sport skill (overhand throw) and (2) to establish which practice condition (dominant hand only or alternating hands) would yield the best results. Methods: The study involved three experimental groups of 11-year-old children (n = 59). The first group (n = 20) used only the dominant hand to throw the ball. The second group (n = 19) used the nondominant hand only, while the third (n = 20) alternated hands for each throw. A pre- and post-testing of both hands preceded and followed the intervention period. Results: The results of our study revealed no asymmetry in cross-education effect between the limbs for children’s overhand ball throwing. It was also shown that training both hands is superior to training the dominant hand alone. Conclusion: Our findings would be of particular interest to physical education teachers and coaches of unilateral sports who are advised to review their unilateral skill teaching methods as bilateral training offers a superior approach to augmenting the process of motor learning and performance.