Sports People Research Articles

“How can we make it work for you?” Enabling sporting assemblages for disabled young people

Disabled young people have lower levels of participation in community life than nondisabled peers across a number of domains, including sporting activities, with profound implications for health, wellbeing and life course opportunities. Playing sport is a defining feature of identity for many young people in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Participation in sporting activities provides opportunities to develop competencies, to have fun and to compete, while also providing a sense of inclusion and peer group belonging. However, despite policies promoting inclusion of disabled young people in school and club sport, ableist attitudes and practices still function to exclude individuals who do not fit able-bodied norms. Drawing on recent ‘assemblage thinking’ in health and cultural geography, this paper explores the material, social and affective dimensions of ‘enabling’ and ‘disabling’ sporting assemblages, drawing on interviews with 35 disabled young people (12–25 years), parents and key informants. Many reported instances of demoralising exclusion in mainstream sporting activities. Some turned to adaptive sporting codes, designed for inclusion. In our exploration of participants' embodied experiences of enabling and disabling assemblages we employ assemblage theory to examine how social, affective and material forces and processes converge to either enable or constrain participation in local sporting activities. We close with a brief assessment of the implications of our analysis for ongoing efforts to promote inclusion for disabled youth in physical activity.

The profile of leisure time sports people and their reason for doing sport in Spanish sports facilities

In Spanish sports habits, there exists a clear increase of the institutionalised sports practice and a distinct trend of leisure and recreational sport. This motivates the current work as it is necessary to go deeply into the knowledge of this practice. The aims proposed are twofold. On the one hand, to perform an analysis of the profile and the characteristics of the behaviour of the users of sports centres and leisure and recreational sportspeople. And, on the other hand, to study the motives of leisure/recreational sports practice. A descriptive quantitative methodology has been followed in this research. The description of the profile of users emerges from the data analysed as well as that they practise sport for exotelic reasons. The results obtained can serve managers to orientate their strategies destined to satisfy the needs of these users.

The use of innovative technologies in basketball

The article deals with innovative technologies for basketball. Introduction of fitness in the training process of basketball players. The influence of fitness training on the recovery of athletes, the development of strength, endurance, agility and speed of basketball players is studied. The beneficial effect on the athlete's health is accompanied by the development of a stable psyche and strong-willed character of the athlete. Complex physical fitness training increases initiative and sociability of the individual on the court, develops physical qualities and improves the results of the game, and the dynamic process of competition motivates to find creative solutions in difficult situations. Therefore, to win competitions and improve the athletic performance of athletes, it is necessary to use innovative technologies for training basketball players. Fitness programs help to increase the interest and involvement of young people in physical culture and sports. The versatility of a relatively new direction, namely the varieties of fitness, makes it possible to engage in it not only for girls, but also for guys, highly qualified athletes, which makes it possible to diversify classes. It is proved that systematic physical exercises not only improve physical qualities, but also support mental performance at an optimal level, as well as contribute to strengthening the emotional stability of athletes. A condition for the proper development of fitness technologies are uniform requirements for their compilation. These include specific goals and objectives. The choice of fitness tools and methods that have health-improving value, are rationally balanced in orientation, power and volume in accordance with the individual capabilities of each athlete and depend on the priority direction of training is scientifically justified. The complex application of exercises is aimed at the development of aerobic endurance, strength and flexibility, coordination abilities, and regulation of the psychoemotional state of basketball players. Elite athletes are increasingly engaged in yoga and Pilates due to the benefits of strengthening and conditioning the muscles, especially the torso and lower back, which allows them to run, jump, and engage in their chosen sport for longer. Fitness technologies-improve cardio and coordination, develop flexibility, aquafitness classes are very useful in the recovery of athletes after injuries. Fitness will help improve speed and strength through explosive movements that cause muscle fibers to contract quickly.

Comment on: “Sport and Transgender People: A Systematic Review of the Literature Relating to Sport Participation and Competitive Sport Policies”

Comment on: “Sport and Transgender People: A Systematic Review of the Literature Relating to Sport Participation and Competitive Sport Policies”

Economic importance of the Hungarian sports sector in international comparison

Sport is one of the most dynamically developing sectors in the world. During my research, I was looking for the answer to why and how the economic aspects of sport have evolved in recent times. I examined and evaluated sports economy indicators for the global (The European Union) and territorial (Hungary) units (for the last twenty years). The need for measurability is constantly increasing nowadays. This can also be seen in the markets of the sports sector, so we can find databases that are increasingly expanding in this sector. I have analysed EUROSTAT databases - with indexing – which can provide relevant information. The research field was two economic aspects, the number of employee and trade in sporting goods. The number of employees was analysed separately by the European Union and Hungary. In the examination of trade in sporting goods The Hungarian trade in sporting goods was compared to the neighbouring European Union countries. Based on my results, I can say that the economic importance of the sports sector has increased within the European Union and Hungary as well because the number of employed people in sports and the trade in sporting goods has increased.
 JEL Code: L83, Z20
 ARTICLE IN PRESS!

한 · 중 해양스포츠 관광 목적지 선택 및 제약요인 탐색

This study is to research the choice and restriction factors of marine sports tourism destination in Korea and China and to find out the difference of the deducted factors between the two countries. he data for the research purpose were collected from normal people in Seoul, marine sports tourists in Yeosu-si, normal people in Beijing, China and marine sports tourists in Sanya, China with the use of open-ended questionnaire, and the collected data were classified into raw data, detail region and general region according to the similarity of concepts after the meeting of experts with the use of inductive content analysis. The results of this study are follows. 1) The highest factor of destination choice of normal people in Korea is service followed by environment, consumption level and image. The highest restriction factor of destination choice is structural restriction followed by environmental, economic, interpersonal and personal restrictions. Meanwhile, the highest factor of destination choice of normal Chinese people is environment followed by service, consumption level and image. The highest restriction factor of destination choice is structural restriction followed by environmental, economic, personal and interpersonal restrictions. 2) The highest factor of destination choice of marine sports tourists in Korea is environment followed by service, consumption level and image. The highest restriction factor of destination choice is environmental restriction, followed by structural, economic, personal and interpersonal restrictions. The highest factor of destination choice of marine sports tourists in China is environment, followed by service, image, consumption level. The highest restriction factor of destination choice is structural restriction followed by environmental, economic, interpersonal and personal restrictions.

Analyzing the Involvement of Human Resource and People in Sport in Medan City, North Sumatera Province

This study aimed to see the extent of involvement of human resources (HR) and people in sport in Medan city. This study was conducted in 10 of 21 subdistricts in Medan city. The methods used in this study were qualitative and quantitative. The sampling technique conducted was multistage random sampling. Besides, the research instruments used were questionnaires and interviews. The results showed the index of Human Resources (HR) involvement in sport at a low norm of 0.0017. For the index of people involvement in sport in the low category with a value of 0.245. From the results of the discussion, this study showed that the index of the people doing sport in Medan city was in the low category

Environmental Factors and Stakeholders Influence on Professional Sport Organisations Engagement in Sustainable Corporate Social Responsibility: A South African Perspective

As the sporting industry has become more professionalised, there have been an increased number of studies focused on corporate social responsibility (CSR) engagement within this sector. However, with unique aspects of professional sport organisations and limited studies on this in developing market contexts, this paper reports on a study that aimed to investigate the impact of environmental factors and stakeholders that have an impact on sustainable CSR engagement in the South African professional sport industry. Following an interpretivist philosophy, this study adopted a qualitative research approach to collect the primary data. Key stakeholders were strategically selected from six South African professional sport organisations and ten in-depth interviews were conducted. This inquiry revealed that several internal and external environmental factors influence sustainable CSR engagement by professional sport organisations, namely, (1) internal objectives, funds, people and resources and (2) external uncontrollable factors, economy, and community awareness. The study also found that corporate partnerships, non-corporate partnerships and targeted communities were the main stakeholder types involved in CSR activities. The study, therefore, expands the understanding of CSR engagement within the professional sport industry in South Africa, also contributing to CSR practice and policy within this sector by proposing the engagement in more sustainable CSR initiatives.

Assessment of health risks from recreational exposure to Giardia and Cryptosporidium in coastal bathing waters.

Some Brazilian beaches are impacted by raw or poorly treated sewage. Thus, users (beachgoers, sports people, and children) are exposed to pathogens, which pose health concerns. This study aimed to estimate the probability of infection and disease by Giardia and Cryptosporidium, using the quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA), for three groups of bathers: children, adults, and open water swimmers. The concentrations of (oo)cysts were taken from a study run by CETESB (Environmental Company of Sao Paulo State) throughout 2011 and 2012, in which 203 samples were collected monthly and analyzed for (oo)cysts of Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Giardia was present in 43% of the samples, while Cryptosporidium in 13%. Infection probability was higher in beaches with more positive samples for Giardia cysts for the group of open water swimmers. In some cases, the highest annual risk obtained for giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis was 2.4 × 10-1 and 8.9 × 10-3 for open water swimmers, respectively, exceeding the incidence results found in the epidemiological study run in summer of 1999 in São Paulo state coast. The results bring insights to improve environmental quality in order to protect tourists' and residents' wellbeing.

O voleibol e a participação de atletas trans: outro ponto de vista

O objetivo deste ensaio teórico consistiu em evidenciar um conjunto de argumentações que possibilite a compreensão da participação de pessoas transgênero no Esporte. Como fonte de inspiração, debruçamo-nos sobre a “carta”, amplamente divulgada nas redes sociais, pela ex-atleta Ana Paula Henkel. A carta revela a posição contrária da ex-atleta à participação da atleta trans Tifanny Abreu na Superliga nacional de voleibol, despontando-se um uso argumentativo de forma erística que desconsidera conceitos discutidos e divulgados no meio esportivo e acadêmico. Nesse sentido, podemos desconfiar que essa temática tem suscitado debates limitados ao discurso biomédico e desconsiderado o contexto sociocultural da inserção desses/as atletas. Por fim, importa ressaltar a necessidade de novas investigações sobre o tema para acompanhamento criterioso dos limites e possibilidades da participação trans no Esporte.

ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE SPORT OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES, I. E.: IS THE SPORT IMPORTANT IN THE LIVES OF PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES?

The equal opportunities approach of the second half of the 20th century emphasizes the social inclusion of disadvantaged groups, including persons with disabilities. Education and employment play a key role in achieving integration. Nevertheless, other fields such as leisure time and sporting activities also contribute positively to the social involvement of persons with disabilities. At present nearly 7,000 persons with disabilities are registered in Hungary who pursue sports competitively, of whom approximately 5,000 persons with intellectual disabilities (Regényi et.al, 2017). The study discloses the partial results of a research aimed at revealing the awareness of the Hungarian population regarding the sport of people with disabilities. As such research has never been carried out in Hungary before, it can fill in a niche. The results of our exploratory research may be the starting point for further investigations. The importance of the topic is given by the fact that thanks to the sport the focus is on the outstanding performance of the social group concerned rather than on their limitations and deficiencies, which therefore reinforces the positive and accepting attitude of citizens. Previous research findings have highlighted that the nature of disability-related knowledge influences the way the members of society think about persons with disabilities, i.e. when it is possible to provide information and gain experience focusing on the existing abilities and strengths of the above -mentioned group, attitudes become more positive as well. The findings of the research reveal that respondents consider it important to pursue sport within an integrated framework, at the same time they feel it is justified to do segregated sports with a view to persons with disabilities. Based on the results we can state that the media coverage of achievements in sports competitions of persons with disabilities is perceived as low level, but apparently it is not considered to be a key area in the lives of persons with disabilities.

Air-conditioning and refrigeration: Current status and future perspectives

Air-conditioning and refrigeration systems are essential facilities of health care, transportation and food preservation, which make people able to live and work at the coldest and warmest climates in the planet. These technologies have been applied to a wide range of scenarios, including the distributed air-conditioning, food, medicine, health and sport for people’s daily life, and centralized air-conditioning, heat pump and cryogenics in commercial and industrial applications. In the near future, global warming, urbanization and pursuit of higher living standard will continue to push the demand of air-conditioning. Food preservation for the increasing global population and fresh food e-commerce require more cold storage. Space detection, low-temperature imaging and cryogenic medical treatment will push the cryogenics forward. Except for these listed applications, there are also many other driven forces for the next-step development of air-conditioning and refrigeration, which make its future progress complicated. A comprehensive summary of the current status is necessary for air-conditioning and refrigeration, which will also provide us the basis to analyze its future perspectives. Three typical air-conditioning and refrigeration technologies are introduced at first. These include the refrigeration/heat pump, temperature-humidity control and cryogenics. Vapor compression refrigeration, absorption refrigeration, adsorption refrigeration, ejector refrigeration, solid state refrigeration, refrigeration without thermodynamic cycles and heat pumps are introduced for the first topic, which focuses on the temperature manipulation in normal temperature range. Condensation dehumidification, solution dehumidification, solid desiccant dehumidification and evaporative cooling are introduced for the second topic, which focuses on the interaction of temperature and humidity of air. Gas liquefaction and cryocooler are introduced for the third topic, which focuses on the thermal energy removal under low temperature. Conventional and emerging applications of these technologies are introduced afterwards. The refrigeration and dehumidification could support a wide range of application including air-conditioning, data center cooling, solar cooling, electrical vehicle thermal management and food/drug preservation. The applications of heat pumps include the clean heating supply and industrial heat recovery. The cryogenics could be applied for air liquefaction, liquefied natural gas, hydrogen storage, cryobiology/cryomedicine and big science project. Based on the previous analysis, future challenges on efficiency enhancement, eco-friendly refrigeration and application promotion are presented at last. The efficiency enhancement is driven by the numerous equipments of air-conditioning and refrigeration in use, which consume a large portion of total power consumption of mankind. It could be achieved through the innovation on heat exchanger, thermodynamic cycle and intelligent control. The eco-friendly refrigeration is driven by the environmental protection policies. Low GWP and ODP refrigerants including HFOs and natural refrigerant will be effective solutions. Small-sized heat exchanger with less refrigerant charge is also important. The application promotion is driven by the fact that air-conditioning and refrigeration have already become the basic technology supporting the emerging technologies. Except for the traditional applications, the air-conditioning and refrigeration technologies are becoming fundamental technologies for many multidisciplinary fields, including the data center cooling, electrical vehicle thermal management, clean heating, industrial waste heat recovery, cryobiology/cryomedicine, and big science project.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ МОТИВАЦІЇ ДО ЗАНЯТЬ СПОРТОМ ЮНИХ СПОРТСМЕНІВ (НА ПРИКЛАДІ БАСКЕТБОЛУ)

Аbstract. Changes in society significantly affect the content of the motives of the young generation of Ukrainians. In modern youth there is a reassessment of former values and life guidelines, which will accordingly direct coaches to find convincing arguments in favor of motivation, involvement of young people in sports. That is why it is necessary to systematically monitor changes in the characteristics of the motivational sphere of young athletes, diagnostics in order to gain knowledge about determining the motives that motivate them to engage in sports for a long time. Objective. Identify the features of the motivational sphere of basketball players aged 12–15. Methods. Analysis of scientific and methodological literature; questionnaires; methods of psychodiagnostics; methods of mathematical statistics. Results. The structure of the motivational sphere of young athletes engaged in basketball is quite variable and depends on many factors, including the success of the athlete, the degree of satisfaction with the training process and the psychological climate in the team. In order to start playing sports on their own, a novice athlete should go through several stages: from the formation of a positive attitude to sports to a strong desire for regular, independent training.Thus, the coach needs to know and use both the appropriate psychological and diagnostic complex for each of the stages of formation of motivation to play sports, and appropriate methods of influencing the motivation of young basketball players to engage in physical culture and sports activities.

“That’s where the dollars are”: understanding why community sports volunteers engage with intellectual disability as a form of diversity

ABSTRACT Research question: This paper aims to provide new insights into why community sports volunteers engage with intellectual disability as a form of diversity, and how these drivers impact on the opportunities and activities provided for athletes with intellectual disabilities. Research methods: The authors use a critical diversity management framework, combined with theoretical tenets of ableism, to explore volunteers’ engagement with disability. The paper draws on a ten-month ethnographic study undertaken in a community sports club in Melbourne, Australia, that had recently introduced two specialist teams for individuals with intellectual disabilities. Results and findings: The findings indicate the business case for diversity as a driver for the club to engage with sport for people with intellectual disabilities; this, in turn, created tension and conflict amongst volunteers, resulting in a separation of the disability team from the main club activity. Implications: Ableist discourses underpinned the business case for diversity held by some club volunteers, resulting in the disability team not being integrated into the club as part of its core business. Policy makers and advocates of diversity must critically consider the drivers of clubs for engaging in the different areas of diversity, and how this might impact on provision.

Gender features of formation valuable orientations in the physical culture of student youth, which engaged and not engaged sports

The article discusses a relevant topic that is developing and requires attention to promote the development of a harmonious personality of the younger generation and the identification of value orientations, respectively.
 The present tells us that the gender approach in physical education acts as an opportunity to expand the horizons of life, individual abilities and the makings of each person. After identifying these features, which in the future will contribute to a greater involvement of students in physical education and increase their motivation for classes, which as a result will ensure the growth of a healthy nation. By taking into account the gender characteristics of value orientations toward physical education, not only the physical condition, but also the spiritual one is improved in the personality, which contributes to the harmonious development of it. Human activity is carried out through the formation of motives and interests, choice of means, process of activity and result. The formation of their motivation is influenced by various factors (external and internal). Research of limiting and stimulating factors of motivation to physical activity and observance of factors of healthy lifestyle of persons of different sex will give an opportunity to determine organizational-methodical conditions of involvement of more children, teenagers and young people in systematic physical training and sports.
 The authors argue that taking into account the gender stereotypes of adolescents in relation to physical culture and sport will help to influence their involvement in various types of physical activity, which will facilitate the realization of gender equality in the field of physical culture and sports.
 The purpose of physical culture of the individual - the comprehensive and versatile development of physical and spiritual abilities of man, his self-realization in the development of spiritual and physical abilities through physical activity, the development of other values of physical culture.

Health-Related Quality of Life of Wheelchair Fencers, Sedentary People with Disability and Conventional Fencers in Brazil, Assessed by Short Form 36 (SF-36)

Purpose: It is well established that physical exercise, in general, decreases anxiety and depression. Para sport or sport for people with disabilities is used as a rehabilitation strategy to improve their quality of life. This study aimed to investigate people with disabilities who practise wheelchair fencing, sedentary people with physical disability and conventional fencers, assessed by Short Form 36 (SF-36), by comparing the groups. Method: Forty-two people from Physical Disability Association of Parana (ADFP) answered SF-36 and were divided into three groups: Conventional Fencers (CF), Wheelchair Fencers (WF), and Sedentary People with Physical Disability (SD). Results: This study was the first to report the Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) of conventional fencers, wheelchair fencers, and sedentary people with physical disability, using SF-36. The data demonstrated high scores in CF and WF, on seven SF-36 scales of the eight-scale profile, including functional and mental health, role physical, bodily pain, general health perception, vitality, social functioning, mental health. Moreover, the sedentary group had lower scores in most of the domains when they were compared to CF. Conclusion: The results might provide supportive evidence that HRQOL of WF has demonstrated a positive effect on people with disability since para sport has been used as a rehabilitation programme. Implication : The implementation of a public campaign is recommended, about sport as a health promoter for disability and rehabilitation. By involving healthcare providers from the area, people with disabilities can be encouraged to participate in para sport.

RESEARCHES ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROBLEMS OF ATHLETE STUDENTS

In recent years, it is observed that the sedentary lifestyle among children and young people has increased, the prevalence of harmful habits has increased, and in parallel with sociological corruption, negative behaviors (peer bullying, violence, aggression, etc.) have increased. In addition, it is observed that in parallel with technological developments, young people become Internet and social addiction and parallel to this, anti-social personality structure has increased. It is known that regular exercise gives beneficial results in reducing these problems. At this point, increasing the participation of young people in sports is very important for the future generations to be physically and psychologically healthy. On the other hand, there are many obstacles to the participation of young people in sports. Similarly, it is observed that young people who regularly participate in sports and have expectations from sports in the future face various problems in the process of training and participation in competitions. Socio-economic problems have a large place among the factors that negatively affect the participation of young people who do sports both for recreational and licensed sports. Minimizing socio-economic problems is very important in increasing the participation of young people in sports. In order to achieve this, it is very important to work on determining the socio-economic problems experienced by young people who do active sports and to minimize these problems. In this research, it is aimed to examine the researches on the socio-economic problems of athlete students.

ФОРМУВАННЯ ФІЗИЧНОЇ КУЛЬТУРИ ОСОБИ ЯК УМОВА ПОШТОВХУ РОЗВИТКУ СПОРТУ В ОБ’ЄДНАНИХ ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНИХ ГРОМАДАХ

Introduction. The critical state of both the social sphere and the infrastructure of most rural settlements requires the search for new and effective influences on this situation, as public authorities, as well as many local governments are still not ready to effectively implement social reforms, meet basic living needs. Rural population, refer to the lack of sufficient budget funds. However, human centrism means that attention to the person of the active part of the villagers will affect the living standards of the rural population as a whole, will bring the living conditions in the countryside closer to the urban level. Research purpose revealing the peculiarities of the formation of physical culture of a person who is the only one who forms the demand and development of physical culture and sports in a democratic society, showing new, modern approaches to the development of sports in rural areas with existing limited financial resources. Research methods and materials. A set of methods of theoretical research was used (generalization of literature, materials from the Internet, the content of previous own scientific developments, abstraction, idealization, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction). Results. Physical activity is the use by a motivated and self-determined person of subjective (assigned, included in the content of life) units of physical culture, reproduced by him to ensure the adequacy of his psychophysical condition to the changing conditions of life and production. Only when the actualized values to be physically developed and healthy, formed individually significant motives, existing concepts, knowledge and abilities, the necessary skills and abilities, only then on the basis of trained body mastered by man, there is a qualitatively new state of development, namely physical personality culture. Physical culture of the individual is a socially determined area of general human culture, which is a systemic, dynamic state, characterized by a certain level of unprofessional, i.e. self-used education, degree of physical perfection, motivational and value orientations and socio-spiritual values acquired through physical education and integrated into physical culture and sports, lifestyle culture, spirituality and mental and physical health. In this regard, the physical culture of the individual, and hence the structure of the strategy of sports development in the united territorial communities should be considered as being in unity and dynamics, and the latter should be the reaction of the social subject to the need to meet the needs of the population. In addition, related interests of physical, and then social, spiritual transformation of the person based on awareness of the value of a specific means of their satisfaction - exercise. Therefore, when considering the structure of PCS, it should be borne in mind that it arises and develops in the social structure of a particular society that has already developed. Conclusions. In the conditions of democratic development inherent in modern Ukraine, the determining condition for intensifying the involvement of rural people in physical culture and sports (PCS) is the formation of physical culture (PCP), as a conscious need to use sports for their improvement and development. It is the person with the formed PCP, uniting with the same persons interested in the development of PCS, forms the micro groups that form the demand for the creation of conditions for sports. The dependence of the governing bodies of the newly created United Territorial Communities (UTC) on the citizens who are voters in the respective territories allows those who have already formed the PCP to act as moderators of the development of physical culture and sports. It is these individuals and the social groups created with their participation with limited financial resources in most of the united territorial communities, who should take responsibility and involve support for prepared projects in the form of crowdsourcing, fundraising, and other modern tools to improve the base of physical culture and sports at the local level. Keywords: personality, physical culture and sports (PCS), physical culture of a person (PCP), physical culture/ sports activity, social group of sports activists, modern approaches to raising funds, crowdsourcing, fundraising, united territorial communities (UTC).

Sahibini Vuran (Dijital) Silah: Sosyal Medyanın Bumerang Etkisi Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

With use of internet being prevalent, social media has been indispensable in our casual life. Especially on Twitter, Facebook and Instagram, millions of people spend time and share various content every day. Continuous and unlimited information is shared within these environments, actively used by people with different socio-demographic characteristics due to easy accessibility, unique attractiveness, rich and alternative content, interactivity, interaction between people, and the ability to spread / publish individual thoughts. However, excessive interest towards social media can become an addiction. This addiction causes people of all ages (woman and man), including people in politics, sports, bureaucracy, trade and many different professions to move almost all their emotions, thoughts and actions to these platforms. Therefore, it is possible to come across people who have been dismissed from work, forced to resign, tried, imprisoned and even committed suicide on social media. This study aims to demonstrate that social media use can cause irreparable damages since internet usage is often unconscious, uncontrolled and irresponsible. Within the scope of the study, (negative) case studies caused by social media in 2018 were examined and evaluated.

The Relationship between Sports Fandom and People’s Views Concerning Native American Team Imagery

The Relationship between Sports Fandom and People’s Views Concerning Native American Team Imagery