Sports Drinks Research Articles

Use of red grape juice (concentrated and treated by UHPH) as a base to produce isotonic drinks

Use of red grape juice (concentrated and treated by UHPH) as a base to produce isotonic drinks

SPIRULINA (ARTHROSPIRA PLATENSIS) AS A COMPONENT OF FUNCTIONAL DRINKS

Background. Spirulina is categorized as so-called super foods, the properties of which are supposed to have a beneficial effect on the human body, and is used as a natural food coloring additive. The aim of the study was to evaluate the antioxidant and osmotic properties of beverages prepared using various forms of commercially available spirulina and coconut water as a natural isotonic solvent. Based on the determined absorption spectra and antioxidant properties of spirulina extracts (three batches of green and two batches of blue spirulina), samples with the highest activity were selected for the next stage of the study. Beverages were made using coconut water (control sample) and green or blue spirulina with increasing additions of 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 % w/v (seven beverages in total). The polyphenol content, antioxidant (DPPH•) and osmotic properties of the produced beverages were compared. Results and conclusion. It was shown that drinks based on blue spirulina had higher protein, polyphenol content as well as antioxidant activity, proportional to the share of additive used, than drinks with green spirulina. The osmolality of all drinks ranged from 315 to 336 mOsm/kg H2O, which meets the requirements for isotonic drinks. Drinks based on blue spirulina were characterized by an intense blue color and better organoleptic characteristics compared to green spirulina and coconut water, however, the addition of 0.5% adversely affected the organoleptic qualities of the drink. The beverages produced can be categorized as functional beverages, well hydrating the body and additionally enriched with valuable nutrients.

SIMULTANEOUS INTAKE OF LIQUID L-T4 FORMULATION AND IRON SALT: FACT OR FICTION?

Hypothyroidism and iron deficiency are among the most common pathologies in population. Therefore, there are a lot of patients assuming both iron salt supplements and levothyroxine therapy. To evaluate the effect of iron salt intake on L-T4 absorption among different L-T4 formulations. A PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Scopus research was performed. Original studies and reviews written in English and published online up to 21 December 2022 were selected and reviewed. The final reference list was defined based on the relevance of each paper to the scope of this review. The data show an impaired absorption of L-T4 in tablets formulation when taken concomitantly with iron salt supplements. These phenomena seem to be circumvented by new L-T4 formulations. Liquid L-T4 formulations can be ingested with iron salts, with no impairment of absorption. More studies are necessary to confirm these data for soft-gel capsules L-T4.

Effects of salt supplementation in uninephrectomized KK-Ay mice: Examining the potential of a diabetic kidney disease model

Effects of salt supplementation in uninephrectomized KK-Ay mice: Examining the potential of a diabetic kidney disease model

Body composition and nutrition in skiing

Special requirements, such as super-maximally filled glycogen stores, short regeneration times, correct meal timing or appropriate weight specifications for ski jumping are particularly useful for endurance athletes such as cross-country skiers. A deficiency could have a fatal effect on performance and possibly a negative influence on health.
 While cross-country skiing is clearly one of endurance sports, ski jumping and alpine skiing are considered to be fast-strength sports or technical (acrobatic) sports.
 The proven advantages of carbohydrate loading (supercompensation), a nutritional technique for classic endurance loads, also apply to cross-country skiing.
 A drop in performance, concentration and coordination disorders as well as overheating threaten if fluid loss exceeds 2% of the total body water. Vitamin additives or sweeteners in sports drinks are inefficient. Since the higher need is actually compensated by the increased food intake with a balanced mixed diet, there is, in principle, no over-proportional need for individual vitamins in athletes.
 As the maximum oxygen uptake is already 15% lower from 3000 m altitude, a drop in performance is clearly noticeable there.
 When skiing (snowshoeing, ski touring, etc.), it should be noted that an ascent of 100 meters in altitude alone requires an additional 100–150 kcal. At moderate activity, the additional energy requirement at high altitudes compared to the sea level is estimated to be 250–290 kcal per day for men and 180–200 kcal per day for women.
 Top athletes in cross-country skiing can liberate 170–210 kJ/min (40– 50 kcal/min) in a dominant anaerobic manner within 2–3 minutes. The respective energy consumption is modified by numerous personal as well as external factors (for cross-country skiing, for example, the outside temperature, the friction resistance of the snow, the technique, the height profile of the route and the headwind).
 In cross-country skiers, the average values of body fat range between 4.8 and 12.7% in males and from 10.6 to 22.7% in females, while the average values of lean body mass (LBM) vary between 58.2 and 68.8 kg in males and from 45.6 to 48.6 kg in females. In alpine skiers, the mean values of body fat are between 9.7 and 15.8% in males and from 16.2 to 26.7% in females, and the LBM values in males range between 59.9 and 74.7 kg, in females from 42.1 to 52.8 kg. The span of body fat in male ski jumpers ranges from 8.6 to 16% with an LBM of 59.7 kg. Since 2012, a BMI of at least 21 kg/m² including suit and shoes has been a condition for ski jumpers to be able to use full-length skis (145% of body height). Otherwise, shorter skis have to be used, which reduces the wing area and is intended to reduce the jump distance as a penalty. The average values of body fat in male athletes of Nordic Combined range between 8.9 and 11.2%, and the corresponding LBM values are between 62.0 and 64.1 kg. When comparing these parameters of body composition, it must always be remembered that different methods of determining the body fat percentage have been used in corresponding studies and that possible differences do not represent a development of the skiing somatotypes over time but could also have methodological reasons.

Standardized Oral Urea for the Treatment of Hyponatraemic Conditions: Pharmacological and Pharmacoeconomic Consideration

Standardized Oral Urea for the Treatment of Hyponatraemic Conditions: Pharmacological and Pharmacoeconomic Consideration

Cardiorespiratory, Metabolic, and Performance Changes from the Effects of Creatine and Caffeine Supplementations in Glucose-Electrolyte-Based Sports Drinks: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the additive effects of creatine and caffeine on changes in the cardiorespiratory system, metabolism, and performance of soccer players. Seventeen male soccer players randomly ingested three sports drinks comprising the following: glucose−electrolyte-based (Drink 1, control; D1), glucose−electrolyte-based drink + 5 g creatine (Drink 2; D2), and glucose−electrolyte-based drink + 5 g creatine + 35 mg caffeine (Drink 3; D3) during a 15 min recovery period after the modified Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) on a standard outdoor soccer field. Then, a 20-m repeated intermittent sprinting activity was performed. The results showed no significant differences in cardiorespiratory and gas exchange variables. The non-significant levels of blood glucose concentrations among drinks with higher blood lactate concentrations were detected in parallel with increased heart rate during intermittent sprinting as a result of exercise intensities. Significantly longer sprinting time was found in D3 than D1 (p < 0.05), with no significant differences between D2 and D3. From this study, we conclude that the additive effect of caffeine−creatine supplements in a glucose−electrolyte drink during the 15 min recovery period enhances repeated 20-m high-intensity running in soccer players with no negative effect on cardiorespiratory functions.

Physiological changes and gene responses during Ganoderma lucidum growth with selenium supplementation.

Ganoderma lucidum basidiomycota is highly appreciated for its health and nutrition value. In the present study, Ganoderma lucidum was cultivated as selenium transformation carrier, and the physiological changes and gene responses by selenium supplementation were revealed through high-throughput RNA-Seq technology. As a result, selenium supplementation increased the stipe length and the cap size, but decreased the cap thickness of G. lucidum. Mineral salt supplementation could greatly promote the formation of triterpene acids and selenium in G. lucidum. The highest yield was gained in the treatment with selenium content of 200 µg/g. Subsequently, the tissues of G. lucidum at budding and mature stages in this treatment group were sampled for transcriptome analysis and compared to those of a control group without selenium supplementation. A total of 16,113 expressed genes were obtained from the transcriptome of G. lucidum, and GO-annotated unigenes were mainly involved in molecular functions and KEGG-annotated ones were highly expressed in ribosomal pathway. Furthermore, genes involved in carbon metabolism pathway were most promoted by selenium at budding stage of G. lucidum, while gene expression was the highest in the pathway of amino acid biosynthesis at mature stage of G. lucidum. Specially, selenium-related genes in G. lucidum, such as GL23172-G, GL29881-G and GL28298-G, played a regulatory role in oxidoreductase, antioxidant activity and tryptophan synthesis. The results provide a theoretical basis for further study of selenium-enriched mushrooms and aid to development of Se-enriched foodstuff and health products made from fungi.

Evaluation of Surface Roughness of Different Esthetic Restorative Materials after Immersion in Different Acidic Media

Abstract: Background: Dental erosion that resulted from increasing the acidity of oral conditions not only affects tooth substrates but also the performance of some esthetic restorations. Objective: The aim of the current study was to measure and evaluate the surface roughness of different tooth colored restorative materials (resin composites) after immersion for certain time in different acidic food and drinks. Material and method: Three types of composite restoration have been used in this study. The three types were of three main groups. Each group of twenty specimens (n= 20) were divided according to type of acidic media they were immersed in into five sub-groups (n=4). Different acidic beverages and drinks were used in this study include Coke Cola soft drink, orange juice, Pepsi soft drink, sports drink, and lemon juice. Immersion of specimens’ in previously mentioned acidic drinks were for 5 minutes then they have been immersed in distilled water to simulate to great extent what happened in oral cavity. These procedures repeated daily for 14 days. Surface roughness for specimens have been measured by a profilo-meter (Talysurf CLI 1000, Leicester, England) device before and after immersion. Data were collected, tabulated and analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Results: The assessment of surface roughness by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests showed significant differences for composite material types as well as an interaction between these parameters for each composite after immersion in different acidic beverages (P&lt;.05). Conclusion: Within the limitation of this study, results revealed that composition of both resin composite and different acidic beverages and drinks play an important role in initiation and conduction of surface roughness at the outer surface of resin composite restoration.

In vitro surface and color changes of tooth-colored restorative materials after sport and energy drink cyclic immersions.

There has not been any research conducted on surface properties and color changes from sport and energy drinks on bulk-fill resin composite, nanohybrid resin composite and glass ionomer restorative material. The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the effect of sport and energy drinks on surface hardness, roughness and color changes of bulk-fill resin composite, nanohybrid resin composite and glass ionomer restorative material, and to also evaluate the acidity and titratable acidity of the drinks. One hundred and forty-seven specimens of each tooth-colored restorative material were prepared in a polytetrafluoroethylene mold (10mm. in diameter and 2mm. in thickness). Before immersion, baseline data of hardness, roughness, and color value were recorded. Each material was divided into 3 groups for sport drink, energy drink, and deionized water (serving as a control). The specimens were immersed in a storage agent for 5s, then in artificial saliva for 5s alternately for 24 cycles, and then stored in artificial saliva for 24h. The immersion cycle was repeated for 14days and hardness, roughness and color values were measured at 7 and 14days. After immersion, the glass ionomer restorative material had statistically less hardness, more roughness and more color changes than the others (P < 0.05). Energy drink groups statistically caused more surface and color changes than sport drink groups (P < 0.05). Sport and energy drinks affected hardness, roughness, and color changes in all the tooth-colored restorative materials evaluated.

Iodine status in pregnant women in northern Spain. Effect of iodised salt and iodine supplements on thyroid function

IntroductionIodine deficiency is linked to thyroid dysfunction, particularly in pregnant women. The objective of this study was to ascertain the iodine levels of women in the second trimester of pregnancy, analysing the influence of iodine ingestion on urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and maternal thyroid function. MethodsA prospective observational study of pregnant women from Health Area IV of Asturias (northern Spain) recruited before 13 weeks of gestation between May and June 2017. A questionnaire on iodine intake was completed at the first visit, and urine and serum samples were collected at baseline and again during the second trimester. UIC, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) obtained in the second trimester of gestation were analysed and related to iodine intake. Thyroid autoimmunity was also analysed in half of the pregnant women at baseline. ResultsA total of 241 pregnant women were studied. Of these, 56.7% used iodised salt, 46.7% consumed ≥2 servings of dairy products daily and 88.1% took iodine supplements. Median UIC was 191μg/l (135.3–294μg/l), with 68.1% of the women having UIC ≥150μg/l. Only iodised salt consumption provided protection against iodine deficiency (odds ratio 0.35 [0.20–0.63], p=0.001). In women with no autoimmune thyroid disease (n=88), mean levels of TSH were lower in those that consumed iodised salt than in those that did not (respectively, 2.08±0.89mIU/l vs. 2.56±1.02mIU/l, p=0.025). In women with autoimmune thyroid disease (n=30), mean levels of TSH were higher in those that took iodine supplements than in those that did not (respectively, 2.97±1.25mIU/l vs. 1.16±0.41mIU/l, p=0.002). ConclusionsThe pregnant women studied from Health Area IV in Asturias maintain adequate nutritional iodine status in the second trimester of gestation. In our sample, only the consumption of iodised salt was associated with adequate iodine nutrition, without affecting maternal thyroid function. Most of the women used iodine supplements, which was linked to higher levels of TSH in pregnant women with autoimmune thyroid disease.

Analysis of the Consumption of Sports Supplements in Open Water Swimmers According to the Competitive Level.

Sports supplements (SS) are widely consumed by many types of athletes to improve their performance. These SS are classified according to their level of scientific evidence, by the ABCD system from the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS). In open water swimming, their use may be necessary due to the physiological challenges posed by this sport discipline. However, there is currently little literature on the use of SS in open water swimmers. The aim of this work is to analyze the pattern of consumption of SS by open water swimmers, by studying the differences according to the competitive level (regional vs. national). Descriptive and cross-sectional study on the consumption and use of SS by federated open water swimmers in Spain in the 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 seasons. The data were collected through a validated questionnaire. 79.5% of the participants consumed SS, with significant differences according to their level, being higher in athletes at the national level. The most-consumed SS by the swimmers studied were sports drinks, energy bars, caffeine, vitamin C, and vitamin D. It was observed that the consumption of SS in open water swimmers was high, and of the five most-consumed SS, four of them belonged to the category of greatest scientific evidence.

Sports and Energy Drink Consumption, Oral Health Problems and Performance Impact among Elite Athletes

Frequent consumption of sports and energy drinks among athletes is of concern due to its detrimental impact on oral health. The present study aimed to assess sports and energy drink consumption, oral health status and impacts on daily activities and sports performance among elite athletes from Pakistan. Data regarding socio-demographic characteristics, sports and energy drink consumption, oral health and hygiene practices, self-reported oral health and psychosocial and performance impact was assessed using a self-administered, structured questionnaire followed by clinical oral examination by a single, experienced dentist. A total of 104 athletes, a majority of whom were male (80.8%), participated in the study. Around two third of the participants reported consumption of sports and energy drinks, energy gels or bars at least once a week, the commonest being Sting. Despite good oral hygiene practices, the athletes generally had poor oral health with high prevalence of dental caries (63.5%), gingivitis (46.1%), irreversible periodontitis (26.9%) and erosive tooth wear (21.2%). More than a quarter (28.8%) of the athletes rated their oral health as fair-very poor. Four in five athletes (80%) also experienced at least one oral problem with negative impacts on daily activities (64.4%) and participation training and sports performance (36.5%). Regression analyses revealed a significant association between periodontal disease and impact on both daily activities and sports performance. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting that high-prevalence sports and energy drink consumption and oral problems among elite athletes from Pakistan has a negative impact on daily activities and sports performance. These findings may have important implications for oral health education programs, and the need to create awareness among the athletes regarding the use of sports and energy drinks, as well as regular oral health screening of athletes to minimize the impact on performance.

Inactivation of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris spores, single or composite Escherichia coli and native microbiota in isotonic fruit-flavoured sports drinks processed by UV-C light

Pasteurized sports drinks and other fruit-based beverages are susceptible to deterioration due to thermal processing ineffectiveness to inactivate certain spoilage microorganisms, like Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris. This represents a major challenge for the beverage industry. The goals of this study were to: i) investigate the UV-C inactivation (annular thin film unit, actinometrical delivered fluence: 795–1270 mJ/cm2, 10–15 min, 20 °C, 1.8 L/h, Reh = 391–1067, recirculation mode operation) and the evolution during refrigerated storage of A. acidoterrestris ATCC 49025 spores and single or composite Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 in isotonic sports drinks (ISDs) made from orange (orange-ISD, UVT% = 81) or orange-banana-mango-kiwi-strawberry-lemon juices (multi-fruit-ISD, UVT% = 91), compared to a turbid orange-tangerine juice (OT juice, UVT% = 40); ii) assess the effect of pH, °Brix, A254nm, turbidity, colour and particle size of the ISDs and juice on microbial inactivation, iii) evaluate the evolution of native microbiota during cold storage, iv) investigate the Coroller, biphasic, Weibull, and Weibull-plus-tail models' ability to describe microbial inactivation and v) measure 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) formation. The modified biodosimetry method was used to calculate the germicidal UV-C fluences. Heat pasteurization (T-coil, 80 °C/6 min) was evaluated as the control treatment. UV-C was highly effective at inactivating E. coli as 4.1–5.1 and 4.5–5.6 log reductions were determined in the multi-fruit-ISD and orange-ISD, respectively, barely impacted by the background microbiota. No significant differences were recorded for the inactivation of E. coli in the UV-C and T-coil systems. Whereas, a significantly higher inactivation of A. acidoterrestris spores was achieved by UV-C (3.7–4.0 log reductions), compared to the negligible one achieved by the thermal treatment. Even though E. coli inactivation curves were similar in shape, UV-C was less effective when a cocktail of other E. coli strains was present. In comparison to the OT juice, the ISDs' inactivation kinetics were markedly different in shape, with a rapid decrease in population during the first minutes of treatment. The germicidal fluence (Hd biod) corresponding to A. acidoterrestris (19.1 mJ/cm2) was selected as it was higher than the one obtained for E. coli (11.0 mJ/cm2). UV-C induced 2.8- or 1.3 and 2.3- or 0.8 log-reductions of total aerobes or moulds and yeasts in the multi-fruit-ISD and orange-ISD, respectively. Compared to the other models, the Coroller and biphasic models showed a better fit and more accurate parameter estimates. UV-C-induced HMF production was not significant in the ISDs. The current study found that the UV-C treatment was more effective than typical heat pasteurization for inactivating A. acidoterrestris spores in isotonic drinks, following a similar trend for E. coli and native microbiota.

Economic performance of high-energy diets and supplementation with chromium propionate or calcium salts of palm oil in ewes’ production

The experiment aimed to analyze the economic viability of using high-energy diets and the supplementation of chromium propionate or calcium salts of palm oil in the diet of ewes from the late gestation until the end of lactation. Seventy-two ewes of Santa Ines × Dorper crossbreeds were allocated to five treatments: CTL (n = 14) with 100% of NRC recommendation for metabolizable energy per kg dry matter intake (ME/kg DMI), LOW (n = 14) with 90% ME/kg DMI, HIGH [...]

Effects of caffeinated beverage ingestion on salivary antimicrobial proteins responses to acute exercise in the heat.

Caffeine is commonly used by athletes as an energy supplement, but studies on its effects on salivary antimicrobial proteins (sAMPs) in humans during exercise are rare with ambiguous findings. It is also still controversial whether hot environments affect sAMPs. Using a double-blind, randomized crossover design, we examined 12 endurance-trained male collegiate athletes who completed the following two experiments: a caffeine experiment (CAF) and a placebo experiment (PLA). The participants acutely consumed caffeine-containing (6 mg/kg body weight) sports drink (3 ml/kg body weight) or an equivalent amount of placebo sports drink and subsequently performed cycling exercise for 40 min in the heat (33 ± 0.24°C, 64 ± 2.50% relative humidity) at 50% of maximum output power, maintaining a pedal frequency of 60 rpm. Saliva was collected at 60 min pre-exercise (T-60), the start of exercise (T0), 20 min of exercise (T20), and the end of the exercise (T40), and salivary α-amylase (sAA) and lactoferrin (sLac) were tested. The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was measured at T0-T40, while core body temperature (T re ) and heart rate (HR) were monitored continuously. T re , HR, and RPE increased with time during the exercise (p < 0.01), with no difference in T re and HR between the CAF and PLA (p > 0.05), but RPE was higher in the PLA than in the CAF (p < 0.05). sLac concentrations were significantly higher at T20 and T40 than at T-60 (p < 0.01) and higher at T40 than at T0 and T20 (p < 0.01), with no difference between the CAF and PLA (p > 0.05). Compared with T-60, sAA activity was significantly increased at T0, T20, and T40 (p < 0.01). sAA activity was significantly higher at T40 than at T0 and T20 (p < 0.01), at T20 than at T0 (p < 0.05), and in the CAF than in the PLA (p < 0.01). Heat stress caused by acute exercise in hot environments did not impair the sAMPs parameters of the participants. Instead, the participants showed transient increase in sAA activity and unchanged sLac concentrations. Caffeine may increase salivary markers related to immune response during exercise.

Using an Innovative N-of-1 Trial Approach Testing Efficacy of Salt Supplementation in Gitelman Syndrome

Using an Innovative N-of-1 Trial Approach Testing Efficacy of Salt Supplementation in Gitelman Syndrome

The Effect of Sports Drinks to Biochemical Signs on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) in Dehydrated Individuals Due to Eccentric Exercise

The research was conducted on 24 healthy male subjects between the age of 20 and 30, who has not practiced any sports before, who has not taken part in any strength exercises in the past 3 months, and who does not smoke and use any medicine constantly such as antidepressants and diuretics which cause dehydration.

Minuman Berisotonik Berpengaruh Terhadap Sistem Kardiovaskuler Pada Aktivitas Fisik Anggota Medical Sport

Physical activity will increase the pulse rate caused by reduced oxygen consumption. Isotonic drinks are one way to restore lost body fluids so that the body avoids dehydration and extends muscle endurance. This study was conducted to determine the effect of isotonic drinks on the cardiovascular system on the physical activity of members of the medical sport FK-UMI. This research is research that uses a comparative analytical research design using a cross-sectional approach. Data analysis by comparing isotonic drinks and mineral water at 7 minutes was obtained (p less than 0.05). The results of the research showed that there was a significant difference in pulse rate, in which the recovery of pulse rate by giving isotonic drinks was better than the recovery of pulse rate by giving water. In this study, there was an effect of giving mineral water and isotonic drinks on the recovery pulse whereas isotonic drinks were better than the pulse recovery with water. The conclusion of the research is to know the effect of isotonic drinks on the cardiovascular system on the physical activity of members of the medical sport FK-UMI. It is recommended to apply the habit of consuming isotonic drinks when doing physical activities.

Nutritional supplements for athletes and personalization; a short review

The main argument for the optimization of nutritional strategies in athletes, besides improved performance, is the preservation of health and the prevention of unwanted training effects. This highlights the importance of personalized nutrition strategies, as well as functional foods and phytonutrients based on individual requirements which can be precisely defined by detailed analyses, including genetics, epigenetics, gut microbiota, gender, and environmental factors. Recently, a miRNA-based “Fitness Score to Assess the Individual Response to Diet, Metabolism and Exercise” was developed by our group. Formulations of sports drinks and sports foods should be carefully considered, as they frequently contain a mixture of multiple ingredients. Macronutrient supplements, such as carbohydrates, proteins, protein components, fatty acids and probiotics are known to provide benefits for athletes with energy deficits, electrolyte imbalance, gastrointestinal issues, fatigue, and cardiovascular problems. However, micronutrient supplements, such as vitamins, minerals, trace elements and ergogenic aids (e.g., caffeine) must be administered in specific doses based on individual need. Considering the novel data on inter-organ communication (e.g., gut-muscle-brain-axis), data from systems biology highlight the importance of holistic aspects, where nutrients and probiotic supplements are gaining importance for improved performance, reduced risks of illness/ injury and enhanced recovery.Keywords: Nutrition, additives, functional foods, exercise, microbiome, epigenetics, personalization