Sports Classes Research Articles

Optimizing BOPPPS Teaching Strategy in Influencing College Students after Class Sports Activities

Lifelong sports aim to deeply embed the concept into people's daily lives. This study extends physical education beyond the classroom with innovative teaching models to boost students' extracurricular sports participation and develop lifelong physical education skills. It aimed to optimize college students' sports participation and explore effective teaching models and strategies. The study involved 364 students from basketball, volleyball, and aerobics majors at Xinyang Normal University, using a descriptivecomparative-correlational research design and a self- constructed questionnaire. The study employed statistical tools such as ranking, standard deviation, weighted mean computation, frequency count and percentage, T-test, and Spearman's rho Correlation Coefficient for a methodical presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data. It concluded that all components of the BOPPPS model-Bridge in, Objective, Preassessment, Cognitive Participation, Participant Learning and Behavioral Participation, Post-assessment and learning outcomes, and Emotional Participation-are effective in engaging students in PE classes. The analysis showed insignificant differences based on respondents' sex, age, and elective choices, thus accepting the null hypothesis. However, the study found a significant relationship between the four elements of BOPPPS (Bridge in, Objectives, Pre-assessment and cognitive engagement, Participation Learning and Behavioral Participation, Post-assessment and effect Participation, and Emotional Participation) and respondents' participation in after class sports activities, including interests and motivation, habits and plans, and attitude and behavior, necessitating the rejection of the null hypothesis. It is recommended to continue promoting inclusivity and diversity in sports participation to ensure equitable access and opportunities for all individuals, regardless of demographic characteristics. Emphasizing and integrating the BOPPPS framework into sports education programs can enhance participants' interest, motivation, habits, plans, attitudes, behaviors, and overall engagement in after class sports activities, leading to more effective outcomes.

Development of an Experimental Methodology Focused on Formation of Competences Promotion in the Applied (Profile) Physical Culture and Sport Among Student Youth

This article examines the current state of professional competence development focused on promoting physical culture and sport (PCS) participation among students in educational institutions. The role of organizing and disseminating information campaigns to the population by specialists in PCS has been emphasized. This highlights the necessity to form among graduates of secondary educational institutions and first-year university students the competences required to effectively popularize PCS activities. The paper presents the findings of a pedagogical experiment involving graduates from specialized sports classes in secondary education and first-year students at Khmelnytskyi National University enrolled in the "Secondary Education. Physical Education" (014.11) program. The effectiveness of the method of competences formation in the promotion of physical culture and sports among students has been confirmed by the results of the pedagogical experiment, in the process of which a reliable increase in the level of formation of competences among student youth is expected as measured against the National Higher Education Standard for the "Secondary Education. Physical Culture" (014.11) specialty within the bachelor's degree program. Furthermore, a methodological and diagnostic toolkit has been developed. This toolkit can be implemented in the training of student educators (bachelor's level) at pedagogical and other higher education institutions, particularly in courses related to psychology and pedagogy. Additionally, it can be employed in training programs for teachers and coaches working in the field of PCS.

Sleep Difficulties in Swiss Elite Athletes.

For athletes, sleep is essential for recovery and performance. Yet, up to two-thirds of athletes report poor sleep quality. Comprehensive data across all sports disciplines on the underlying causes of sleep problems are missing. We reanalyzed a data set of N = 1004 Swiss top athletes across an extensive array of 88 sports to gain knowledge on the specific deficits in sleep health with respect to gender, sport classes, sport-related factors, and well-being. We found that 18% of athletes were affected by at least two out of five high-risk sleep factors: 9% of athletes slept less than 6 h per day, 30% were dissatisfied with their sleep, 17% showed problems falling asleep within 30 min, 18% of athletes reported difficulty maintaining sleep more than three times a week, and 6% of athletes used sleeping pills more than once a week. We found sleep health strongly linked to overall well-being and mental health (22% showed at least moderate symptoms of either depression or anxiety). Therefore, screening and treating sleep disorders might effectively improve mental health and general well-being as well as performance among athletes around the globe.

Exploring research on competitive Para-cyclists and its related factors: A scoping review.

This scoping review aimed to explore the characteristics and performance factors of competitive Para-cyclists. A systematic search for studies on competitive Para-cycling on WOS, PubMed, SPORTDiscus and Scopus was performed until December 2023. Five methodological phases were followed: (i) identifying the research question, (ii) identifying relevant studies, (iii) study selection, (iv) charting the data, and (v) collating, summarizing, and reporting the results. A systematic search across multiple databases was performed until March 2024. Five methodological phases were employed: identifying the research question, relevant studies, study selection, charting data, and summarizing results. A total of 36 relevant studies were selected. Three main research themes emerged: Sport performance (n = 15), Biomechanics (n = 12), and Physical and mental health (n = 9). Despite progress, gaps were identified, particularly in physiological response to exercise, fitness, and training. Biomechanics studies focused on prosthetic use and aerodynamics, mostly involving lower-limb amputees and simulated tandem competition. Injury risk in Para-cycling appeared comparable to able-bodied cycling, but comprehensive studies considering confounding variables are needed. Overall, while research on Para-cycling is growing, more studies with larger and diverse samples across all sport classes are essential to advance scientific understanding in this field.

QUALITY OF DISTANCE LEARNING IN SECONDARY SCHOOL SPORTS AND HEALTH CLASSES

Distance learning or remote studies can break the boundaries of time and space, as students can use computers or electronic devices (for instance, mobile phones and tablets) to instantly acquire learning resources and listen to teachers during remote classes. The pandemic led to procedures that changed the way teachers teach and communicate with students and families. All teachers faced such a situation for the first time, thus it was necessary to invent, acquire and apply new teaching methods in sports and health classes, in order to provide students with the planned amount of physical activity in sports classes, as well as to implement the curriculum. The human body is made for movement; therefore, a person feels best when they move regularly. The aim of this study was to evaluate the skills of sports teachers to apply digital teaching methods in secondary school sports and health classes, and the quality of distance learning. Research methods: the research used surveys, which were issued to 29 secondary schools in Latvia, as well as to 2 respondents from primary schools. In total, 34 respondents filled out the research survey. In order to determine the opinion of sports teachers on the quality of distance learning in sports classes in secondary school and the applied digital skills, interviews were conducted with the participation of 5 sports teachers. Analysing the responses to the survey and the correlations between them, the research results show that if the sports teacher has not acquired digital skills, then online and distance learning cannot be provided, as well as the set learning results in sports in secondary school are not achieved.

Implementation of Archery Class Management at the Pre-Extracurricular Program Stage To Improve Archery Skills of Elementary School Students

Currently, archery is a sport that is growing in popularity in society. However, most elementary schools (ES) in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, do not yet organize archery extracurricular activities. This is due to the lack of human resources related to archery sports skills. Apart from that, it is also due to limited facilities and infrastructure. This research is quantitative with a one-group pretest-posttest pre-experimental design. The research was conducted at Muhammadiyah Jogokaryan ES with subjects aged 10-12 who participated in the pre-archery extracurricular program. The sample was taken using a simple random sampling method in classes IV-VI, totaling 15 students. The technique for collecting data on archery skills was carried out by giving archery tests at a distance of 5 meters in 12 sessions/rounds by shooting at 6 children. The results of the paired t-test sig value. 0.001 < 0.05 means there is a difference between the pre-test and post-test. The pre-test score was 59.53, and the post-test was 78.13, meaning there was a descriptive improvement. The n-gain effectiveness test result is 0.43, which is in the medium category. Findings from observations by researchers in the field also found that effectiveness was medium-level due to limited equipment and facilities for archery extracurricular activities. The conclusions are: (1) The implementation of archery class management at the pre-extracurricular program stage has a significant effect in improving ES students' archery skills; (2) The implementation of archery class management at the pre-extracurricular program stage in well-managed archery teaching has been proven to be effective in improving archery skills but only falls into the moderate effectiveness category, due to limited equipment and facilities for archery extracurricular activities; (3) Management of archery sports classes at the pre-extracurricular program stage requires planning, organizing, implementation/instruction and evaluation/assessment steps; (4) Support for equipment and facilities is needed for archery extracurricular activities at ES. This is to provide maximum archery skill achievement for ES students aged 10-12 years and as an encouragement for cultivating archery athletes in the city of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Keywords: Class management, Pre extracurricular program, Archery achievement, Students

Effect of double rocking jump rope training on lower limb muscle strength of badminton players.

Double rocking jump rope training can effectively enhance physical recovery, adaptability to exercise load, and lower limb muscle strength of badminton players in sports colleges, thus offering valuable insights for improving training methods in sports colleges and universities. To investigate the effect of double rocking jump rope training on the lower limb muscle strength of badminton players specializing in badminton in sports colleges. An experimental study was conducted through a ten-week teaching intervention experiment with badminton players. Relevant heart rate indexes and badminton related lower limb muscle strength indexes were measured before and after the experiment. The data of the measured relevant indexes were statistically and analytically analyzed. At the end of the experiment, the physical recovery level and the heart's adaptability to the exercise load of the control group were improved, and the lower limb muscle strength test indexes and sports performance were better than before the experiment. In the experimental group, badminton players' physical function, anaerobic metabolism of the body and other aspects also improved. The physical function of the experimental group of badminton players, the energy supply capacity of the body anaerobic metabolism and aerobic work capacity all have an enhancement effect, enabling badminton players to adapt to large exercise loads quickly and improve the recovery rate of physical fitness. The introduction of double rocking jump rope into badminton training classes in sports colleges and universities as a means of lower limb muscle strength training is conducive to improving the level of lower limb muscle strength of special badminton players, enriching the teaching and training means of lower limb muscle strength in sports colleges and universities, and broadening the research field of lower limb muscle strength in badminton in sports colleges and universities.

Analyses of Physical and Physiological Responses during Competition in Para-Footballers with Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review

Background: Classification of athletes in cerebral palsy (CP) football is a key action that aims to promote the participation of all players by minimizing the impact of their physical disabilities on the outcome of the competition by establishing sports classes. As such, a new research line has been included in the classification process at an international level; that is, the analysis of locomotor demands during competition helps classifiers to understand the para-footballers’ profile. Therefore, the main aim of this systematic review was to summarize the physical and physiological responses of players with CP in different sport classes during competition. Methods: A bibliographic search was conducted using PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web Of Science databases following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines using the PICOS strategy. Results: Six studies meeting inclusion criteria analyzing physical (i.e., total distances, distances at different speeds, high-intensity and short-term actions, change of directions, etc.) and physiological (heart rate (HR), time spent at different zones of maximum HR, etc.) responses. Findings revealed that para-footballers with CP and minimal impairment impact covered greater total and distance above 23.04 km·h−1 and achieved higher maximum speeds during match-play. Notably, no significant differences in physiological responses were observed based on classification. Conclusions: The research suggests that para-footballers with CP and lower physical impairment may exhibit enhanced performance in terms of distance covered and speed during gameplay, highlighting their potential competence in the sport. In addition, the limited number of studies examining the physiological response of para-footballers prevents conclusive results and differentiating between classification groups.

Paralympic Versus Olympic Canoe Sprint: Comprehension of the Development Trajectory of the Kayak 200 Meters.

Improvements in race times for male and female Para canoe athletes across different sports classes have led to a reduction in relative differences between classes over time. However, there is a lack of research examining the comparative developmental trajectories between high-performance Paralympic (PCS) and Olympic (OCS) canoe sprint. In this study, we compared the developmental trajectories of 200-meter kayak performances among PCS and OCS athletes. In total, we analyzed 628 race results obtained from public online databases, for nine competitions between 2015 and 2023. Race times were reduced over the years except in specific sports classes (KL3-M, K1-M, and K1-F; KL: Kayak Level, M: male, F: female), with a poor positive correlation (r = 0.17 to 0.33) between time and the years. For the remaining sports classes, these correlations ranged from poor to fair (r = -0.58 to -0.13). OCS K1 athletes outperformed their Paralympic counterparts. Among Paralympic classes, KL1 had slower times than KL2 and KL3 (p ≤ .05), with KL2 times significantly lower than KL3 in the female category. OCS athletes exhibited less variability in race times compared to PCS athletes. In the male category, there were no significant differences in the coefficients of variation (CV) and amplitude of race times between sport classes, except for KL1-M, which had a larger CV than K1 (p ≤ .05). In the female category, the CV and amplitude of race times were significantly higher in KL1-F compared to KL3-F and K1-F. OCS times remained stable from 2015, with KL3-M following a similar trend. PCS displayed greater race time variability, particularly in higher impairment classes, notably KL1. This underscores the existence of distinct developmental stages within the canoe sprint modality, particularly emphasizing the early developmental phase of KL1. It also provides valuable insights for coaches and sports selection, especially concerning athletes with more severe impairments, including those in Rehabilitation Centers and during athlete recruitment.

Competition as a component of the curriculum and its implementation in special terms of the 2022-2023 academic year

The article reveals the peculiarities of the organization and conduct of competitions in the 2022-2023 academic year among students of Taras Shevchenko Kyiv National University in modern special conditions.
 The educational process of the Department of Physical Education and Sports of the NSC "Institute of Biology and Medicine" is organized according to the Educational Program, taking into account the characteristics of each type of sport, as an effective means of physical education.
 Sports games are a match between two parties that take place within the framework of the rules, the advantage of which is assessed by the quantitative achievements of a stipulated goal, and is an effective means of physical education of students, which are characterized by many means, methods and forms with a combination of a great emotional state of the participants during classes , especially in modern conditions. In the structure of the department of physical education and sports of the NSC "Institute of Biology and Medicine" of the Taras Shevchenko KNU, the methodical commission for sports games occupies a place alongside the methodical commissions for fitness, swimming, and athletics. It should be noted that each methodological commission has separate specializations, for example, sports games are structured from badminton, basketball, table tennis, futsal, football and chess with checkers, and fitness has specializations - strength, recreational and others.
 The curriculum of the physical education department includes the opportunity for students to take part in competitions of various levels, which encourages optional classes in various sports, especially sports games, which attract not only participants, but also fans, who later join physical education classes.
 A separate part of the educational process is the training load for students who participate in national teams of Taras Shevchenko KNU in various sports in competitions of various levels.
 By combining all sections of the curriculum, students have the opportunity to receive a quality education in the discipline of "physical education" in modern conditions. A special place is occupied by internal sports competitions among students, which were organized and conducted under the leadership of the teachers of the Department of Physical Education and Sports of the Institute of Biology and Medicine, which contributed to the implementation of the educational program on sports games and encouraging more students to participate.
 The number of competitions held by other organizations, in which students of Taras Shevchenko KNU took part, was insignificant, relative to the total number of competitions. This stimulated the teachers of the Department of Physical Education and Sports of the Institute of Biology and Medicine to increase the number of internal competitions and contributed to the implementation of the curriculum for the 2022-2023 academic year under special conditions.

Examining the Attitudes of Students in Secondary Education Towards Physical Education and Sports Class in Terms of Some Variables

The purpose of this study was to compare some variables like gender, class level, engaging in sports outside of the school, sports participation status of parents, having an indoor sports facility of students studying in Edirne province secondary schools by determining their attitudes towards Physical Education and Sports class. The sample of the study consisted of 1789 students from 7th grades (483 male, 480 female) and 8th grades (424 male and 402 female). To determine the attitudes of students towards physical education class ‘Physical Education Class Attitude Scale’ (PECAS) developed by Sherrin and Toulmin and adapted to Turkish by Özer and Aktop (2003) was used. Statistical analysis showed that there was a significant difference between gender, class level, engaging in sportive activities outside of the schools variables in terms of physical education attitude scale total score and there was no statistically significant difference between the scale scores of sports participation status of parents, and having an indoor sports facility variable. Attitude scale scores of male students were found to be higher than female students (p=0,05). Attitude scale scores of 7th grade students were found to be higher than 8th grade-students (p0,05). As a result, the results obtained from the current study indicate that the attitudes of secondary school students owards physical education class were affected by gender, class level and age. It can be concluded that these factors were recommended to be taken into consideration in planning physical education lessons by relevant institutions to increase the attitudes of students towards physical education class.

Fun Fun Fun—The relationship between well-being activities and job satisfaction in high-tech companies

Job satisfaction is a goal of every organization and human resources department. Many studies have shown the relationship between employee satisfaction as a predictive factor for a variety of key organizational indicators such as employee commitment, employee engagement, productivity, attrition, and turnover. Engaging in well-being activities is one strategy that companies can use to boost employee satisfaction. The term “well-being” activities in Hebrew is a bit different from the common use of the word in the literature. It is a combination of the concepts of Fun Activities, Employee Experience and Perks and Benefits. In High-tech companies, there are many activities aimed at creating a positive employee experience and an attractive organizational culture. These activities include a vast range of activities such as: department events, happy hours, company events, holiday gifts, enrichment activities, sports classes (for example, yoga), and more benefits. Despite the considerable investment in this budget, there are not many studies illustrating the contribution of well-being activities to employee satisfaction and their ROI. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between workplace well-being activities and job satisfaction in the Israeli high-tech market. The hypothesis of this study was that there is a positive relationship between well-being activities in the workplace and satisfaction in the workplace, but also to identify which issues within the well-being policy will predict the highest level of employee satisfaction. The study was conducted among 91 employees from a variety of high-tech companies in the Israeli market. The study’s findings supported the hypothesis. Practical suggestions for organizations for the successful implementation of well-being policies are discussed.

Reliability of Accuracy and Precision Tests for Elite Para Table Tennis Players.

The primary purpose of this study was to adapt selected accuracy and precision tests in table tennis to the specific skills of elite table tennis players with impairment. The study included a sample of 23 Para table tennis players with an average age of 31.8 ± 12.22years (including 30.4% females) who belonged to the senior Polish Para table tennis team. A battery of six tests evaluating stroke accuracy and serve precision was assessed. The analysis of the reliability of these tests confirmed the legitimacy of using this battery of accuracy and precision tests to assess the skills of Para table tennis players in all three integrated sport classes: players in wheelchairs, in a standing position, and with intellectual impairment. Analysis of the data obtained from the tests could provide coaches with relevant information regarding elite Para table tennis players' level of performance and examine selectedaccuracy and precision elements of their individual technique.

Influence of volleyball and sports and health tourism on the physical, mental and social state of schoolchildren and students

Background and Study Aim. Based on research results, it has been established that various types of sports games and sports and health tourism are the most popular among schoolchildren and students. Various movements and actions in volleyball have great health benefits. They help strengthen the musculoskeletal system, improve overall metabolism, increase the activity of all organs and systems of all organisms and are a means of active recreation. In the conditions of hiking trip, a particularly important role is played by the high adaptive abilities of the body, based on the reactivity and lability of functional systems. The purpose of the study was to determine the influence of volleyball and sports and health tourism on the physical, mental and social health of schoolchildren and students. Material and Methods. The study involved 60 schoolchildren and 60 male students. Schoolchildren and students were divided into two groups (30 people in each group), who were engaged in volleyball and sports and health tourism sections. The study used methods to assess physical, mental and social health; level of satisfaction with quality of life; well-being, activity and mood. Results. The best indicators for physical health among schoolchildren and students were obtained in favor of those involved in sports and health tourism (p<0,05-0,01). The best level of mental and social health was found among students who spent a year studying in sports and health tourism sections (p<0,05-0,01), while schoolchildren, on the contrary, had the best results obtained from those who were involved in team sports. Conclusions. The results of the study indicate that playing sports games (volleyball and basketball) and sports and health tourism have a positive effect on the physical, mental and social health of schoolchildren and students. These studies indicate that school-age children are characterized by team sports, which are more emotional and serve as an effective means of physical education for this age category. Students are more interested in organizing classes in sports and health tourism, which include participation in competitions in various types of tourism and weekend trips held in the fresh air. Thus, it can be stated that the influence of sports games and sports and health tourism on the psychological sphere of schoolchildren and students contributes to positive changes in their psyche, creates a persistent, cheerful, active state, generating positive emotions and ensures increased satisfaction with life in general, which in turn affects the health of children and youth.

The role of street dance in developing psychomotor skills and creativity of students

Given the premise that dance is an activity suitable for integration in Physical Education and Sport classes, we aimed to test this by implementing teaching projects incorporating elements of Street Dance. Similar to other sports, which rely on motor skills and actions, only in this case mostly performed to music, Street Dance can bring countless benefits to a person's life. Whether we are talking about psychomotor or cognitive skills, the literature argues that dance can be a valuable tool for improving them. Considering the novelty that Street Dance represents, and its ongoing evolution, coupled with the increasing attraction of young people to this dance style, we considered this research to be beneficial. The study was carried out in a secondary school in Bucharest, Sector 3, and the 17 participants were 8th grade students. As part of the research, we used the RCMV computerized test, which helped us to investigate the reactivity, hand-foot coordination and vigilance of the subjects. Also, creativity was explored through a test consisting of geometric figures, adapted by Mihaela Roco. The statistically significant differences (Wilcoxon test was used) allow us to say that the improvements achieved are not random, but are also due to the exercise programme intervention.

Evaluation Study of Special Class Sports Program Management at High School Level

This research aimed to evaluate the management of the special sports class (kelas khusus olahraga/KKO) program. Material and Methods: This research is evaluation research that employed the context, input, process, and product (CIPP) evaluation model. The research utilized a qualitative data approach, employing an interview guide as a research instrument. The sampling technique used was non-probability sampling, specifically purposive sampling, which involved setting research sample criteria and obtaining 5 samples. Each sample was interviewed at different times, and their identities were kept confidential to ensure objectivity in the responses. The findings of this research indicate that the evaluation of the special sports class program management in all aspects is still suboptimal. The results for each aspect are as follows: the context aspect meets the good criteria, the input aspect meets the medium criteria, the process aspect falls into the poor criteria, and the product aspect also meets the medium criteria. These results are accompanied by essential notes fundamental to the input, process, and product aspects. As a result, the researchers recommend several actions for each aspect. Firstly, for the context aspect, administrators are advised to continue operating the program in line with the existing vision and mission to enhance its optimal functioning. Secondly, for the input aspect, administrators are encouraged to place KKO students within the science major. Furthermore, for the process aspect, it is recommended that the management determine the continuity of the teaching and learning process for the KKO program, whether to use a new curriculum specifically for KKO, merge it with regular classes, or continue managing it in one class by simply changing the major system. Finally, for the product aspect, it is recommended to collaborate with the education department and local sports faculties to provide outreach to prospective students and their parents about the function of the KKO program’s major system

Wearable electronic devices in parasports: A focused review on para athlete classification.

Wearable electronic devices are being used to evaluate movement patterns, track workload, prevent injuries, and optimize performance in athletes. Para athletes have unique characteristics to consider separately from the general population. One such difference in competitive parasports includes consideration of athlete classification systems. These sport-specific classification systems consider athletes' eligible medical conditions that lead to permanent physical, visual, and/or intellectual impairments and objectively evaluate the impact of their impairments on sport functions. Para athletes are assigned sport classes and compete with athletes of similar functional levels. This promotes equitable opportunities to compete while minimizing the effect their impairment has on their sport performance. With recent reports of misrepresentation or incorrect and unfair classification providing unfair advantages to some athletes, parasports classification has been controversial. Having an objective, evidence-based, and fair classification system in parasports is critical to maintain the integrity of parasports competition. Wearable electronic devices have potential to provide more objective analysis of movement patterns in para athletes to assist in sport classification. This review identifies and analyzes the available literature on wearable electronic technology and its role in parasports classification. A comprehensive PubMed and Google Scholar search identified six articles included in this review. These studies used inertial sensors, motion capture systems, or surface electromyography in wheelchair basketball, rugby, tennis, sit skiing, and boccia. This review identifies the potential value of wearable electronic devices to assist in parasports classification. Additional studies are needed to create standardized protocols for each sport and sensor type.

Examination of Physical Education and Sports Courses in Educational Systems (Germany and Türkiye Example)

It is seen that education systems all over the world have basic sciences, arts and sports courses within each structure. The importance of sports classes is increasing day by day in today's world where sedentary lifestyle increases with the age of digitalization. Physical education and sports lessons are important in order to meet the exercise needs of children who have the ability but are not able to do professional sports. When we study the historical development of physical education and sports in Turkey, we can say that it is mostly influenced by the German education system and educators after the 1920s. German gymnasts worked as physical education and sports teachers in the Ministry of Education. In short, physical education and sports education and its curriculum in the Turkish education system have been influenced by the German education system for years. The aim of this study is to examine the physical education and sports courses in Turkish and German current education systems. As a result of the research, it is seen that although Turkish-German education systems are very different from each other, there is one or more weekly lessons per class in physical education and sports curricula. It is seen that the biggest difference is in primary education. The course carried out with the name of physical education and games in the primary schools in Turkey is carried out 5 hours a week in the grades 1-3 and 2 hours a week in the 4th grade. While the average class hour of 4 years is 17 in Turkey, this number is 11 hours in Germany.

The experience of pregnancy and motherhood in the career of Brazilian’s sportswomen: a qualitative study

Motherhood is a period there is a deconstruction of one identity and reconstruction of another, including changes in self-concept, commitment, and learning. For athletes who become mothers, these changes also occur and impact in their career. We aim to describe the experience of being pregnant for a group of Brazilian athletes, understanding the impact of maternity on the career and the postpartum for these women. A qualitative descriptive and exploratory study was conducted followed the guideline Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research (SRQR). We are using the semi-structured interviews with nine Brazilian athletes all of whom were professional athletes at the time they became pregnant. Maximum Variation Sampling and the snowball technique were used. The analysis was done using Iramuteq software, which performed Descending Hierarchical Classification (DHC) and Similarity Analysis. The nine athletes had a mean age of 38.3 years (SD: 5.5 years), from different levels and sports, and all had at least one child. We identified 488 text segments, which resulted in two branches, divided into five classes: History in sport (class 2); Pregnancy planning and immediate postpartum (class 5); reconciling the routines of athlete and mother (class 3); Social support narrative (class 4); Childcare (class 1). The findings indicate that athletes can have emotional ga ins in reconcile motherhood with their sports careers to the extent that they have social support, relative planning to become pregnant, and reconcile their athletic routine with baby care. Keywords: Athletes; Pregnancy; Maternity, Sportswoman; Qualitative research; Career transition; Iramuteq.

Postoje žiakov športových a nešportových tried k inklúzii žiaka so zrakovým postihnutím do vyučovania telesnej a športovej výchovy

The research aimed to investigate and compare the attitudes of students in sports and mainstream classes toward the inclusion of a student with a visual impairment in physical and sports education classes. Attitudes were analysed separately for the areas of social interaction, modifications to the rules of sports games, and from an overall perspective of inclusion. The research population consisted of a total of 232 primary school students in grades 6 to 9 educated in mainstream classes (n=152) and in sports classes (n=80). The research data were collected using the standardized CAIPE-R questionnaire modified for the inclusion of students with visual impairment (α=0.735). The research found significant differences in social interactions (U=4343, p=0.00**), in modifications of sports game rules (U=4647, p=0.00**), and in the overall attitudes toward inclusion of a student with visual impairment in physical and sports education (U=4185, p=0.00**) in favour of more positive attitudes for students in mainstream classes compared to students in sport classes.