Broadcast Sports Research Articles

“It Has Changed Completely”: How Local Sports Broadcasters Adapted to No Sports

When COVID-19 shut down the sports world, local sports broadcasters were without the games and events that traditionally fill the content of their shows. While national media outlets could dive deep into the archives to play old games and classic content, local sports broadcasters traditionally do not have that option. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine how the jobs and daily routines of local sports broadcasters changed in the immediate aftermath of the COVID-19 outbreak. A cross-section of local sports broadcasters from a variety of markets was surveyed, and, based on the responses, several themes emerged: (a) an emphasis on creativity, (b) a shift in daily responsibility, (c) and an uncertain future.

Welcome to the Big Leagues: Exploring Rookie Sports Broadcasters’ Adjustment to New Careers

The purpose of this study is to understand how effectively sports journalism programs and internship experiences are preparing graduates for careers in local TV sportscasting. This study also examines how local sports broadcasters are adjusting to the profession. Results demonstrate the value of a sports journalism education and sports media internship when graduates are attempting to land their first jobs in a local television sports department. However, despite the value shown, many local sports broadcasters, while enjoying it, are still having a difficult time in their first few years on the job.

Online Streaming: A Case of Broadcasting?

“Copyright is the Cinderella of the law. Her rich older sisters, franchises and Patents, long crowded her into the chimney-corner. Suddenly the fairy godmother, Invention, endowed her with mathematical and electrical devices as magical as the pumpkin coach and the mice footmen. Now she whirls through the mad mazes of a glamorous ball.” The above illustration beautifully stipulates how copyright has become a valuable asset in the last few decades. Subsets within copyright law including broadcasting rights, rights of producers and performers other than the author can be broadly termed as ‘neighboring rights’. Put together with episodes of webcasting and online streaming, these rights bring with them a plethora of challenges to be addressed. While there are no recent statistics quantifying the losses to the Indian broadcasting industry due to sports broadcast piracy, the overall losses because of broadcast and movie piracy is estimated to touch up to $3.1 billion U.S Dollars by 2022, making India the largest victim of broadcast piracy in the world. But the issues, other than piracy, relate to infringement and compliance too, which in the absence of clear legislations, have largely been subject of much court room spectacle. For far too long, India has assumed itself to be the tortoise that is racing against the rabbit (s) and looks to eventually rely on the rabbit’s shortsightedness or tardiness to win the race. In that, we have almost taken a backseat in providing an effective regulatory framework for protecting the rights related to copyright. This does not mean there are no laws in place. But do these effectively regulate the challenges of the new technological dawn? In this paper, we examine the regulatory framework around digital media content streaming, challenges in regulating broadcasting rights in light of the judicial interpretations and existing legal framework.

Whatsappsport: Using Whatsapp While Viewing Sports Events

Viewing sports events was always qualitatively different from the viewing experience of other genres. The social experience and emotional investment of sports viewers created unique viewing habits, in which second screens and social media effectively extend the experience of the millions of concurrent sports viewers wishing to share their feelings with each other. The enormous popularity of Whatsapp groups in recent years, and especially sports-focused groups, has made this app an integral element in event viewing, and created a unique viewing dynamic. This study analyzes the discourse in Whatsapp sports groups in Israel as its members view the 2018 World Cup soccer games, in an effort to identify the new role of second screens during sports broadcasts. An analysis of group messages shared by Whatsapp sports groups whose members cover a diverse range of ages and geographic locations basically shows that, in contrast to other media genres in which second screening is not necessarily related to the content broadcast on the primary screen, sports fans demonstrate an absolute commitment to the primary broadcast when second screening. On a deeper level, this study identified four main functions of Whatsapp groups during sports broadcasts: a social agent that supervises and controls the nature and quality of the primary screen broadcast, the generator of discourse that extols viewers’ expertise and effectively challenges traditional sport hierarchies, an active role in game management as fans attempt to influence game outcomes, and a means for extending fans’ celebrations of victory beyond the boundaries of the game.

Content-Aware Summarization of Broadcast Sports Videos: An Audio–Visual Feature Extraction Approach

A large number of videos available on the internet belong to the category of sports. Generally, a sports video has a long duration and consists of only a few exciting moments. Sports enthusiasts keep themselves updated on the current happenings, in less time, by means of a summarized version of the sports video known as highlights. For the past few years, sports video summarization is regaining attention among the research community. Automatic generation of highlights form a sports video is a challenging task as different sports games have different rules and situations. In this paper, we propose a method for automatically generating highlights from broadcast sports videos. The proposed method generates highlights by extracting audio and visual features from a sports video. Our method automatically learns the scorebox template from a broadcast sports video using SIFT features, and then locates and extracts the template from a video stream. The extracted template is further analyzed to find out all the possible text regions. Afterward, the information is extracted from all the text regions by means of deep neural network. Based on user preferences, the most relevant information is extracted and converted to a keyframe representation which helps to generate highlights. Extensive experiments were performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Results of the experiments reveal the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method.

한국인의 민족 정체성과 스포츠 스타 와의 관계 : 스포츠 방송채널 이미지에 미치는 영향을 중심으로

한국인의 민족 정체성과 스포츠 스타 와의 관계 : 스포츠 방송채널 이미지에 미치는 영향을 중심으로

Sport TV Broadcasting of Kazakhstan During the Period of Digitalization of Media

The article studies the development trends of sports television in Kazakhstan. The authors investi- gate the characteristics of the transformation of traditional forms of broadcasting in online media, the impact of social media platforms on the audience and broadcast format, the practice of online broadcast- ing, and media interactivity. The purpose of the scientific article is to determine the development model of Kazakhstani sports TV in the framework of the transformational processes of digitalization and media commercialization. The main idea of the study is to trace the transformation of sports broadcasting in the period of digita- lization of the media, to identify the prospects for broadcasting in social networks. The programs of the first domestic sports TV channel “Kazakhstan Sport-1” (Play TV), the first round-the-clock Kazakhstan TV channel about tourism, fishing, active lifestyle – “Turan TV, created in 2014 with the support of the Committee for Industry and Tourism of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The main goal of the channel is to develop domestic tourism in Kazakhstan. The network of broadcasting of the Qazsport TV channel, cre- ated in 2013 and currently the largest sports TV channel in Kazakhstan, has been analyzed. It has been proven that television affects sports and the attitude of viewers to TV broadcasts – new rules are being introduced to make the transmitted image on the screen more accessible to the viewer and timely, sports are being transformed to please the conditions of television, the latest digital technologies are used to broadcast sports events. Understanding the target audience is important not only for sports publications, TV channels, but also federations, sports clubs, organizers of competitions and sports events, advertising agencies whose work is aimed at attracting an audience. Shows the behavior of a sports fan and viewer, which affects television ratings. As a result of the research, methods of content analysis, comparative analysis, sociological research, interviews with journalists were used. The results of the study will serve as the basis for the creation of the channel’s marketing policy, will make it possible to create a new format of programs. The scientific significance of the work lies in the creation of a chronicle of the history of Kazakhstani television, in particular, sports broadcasting.

Cognitive Processing of Sound Effects in Television Sports Broadcasting

This study focuses on 2 sound elements of sports broadcasting. Specifically, this study sought to explore the differential and combinational effects of commentary sound and on-site spectator sound on the motor resonance and attentional process of viewers. To analyze, this study selected electroencephalogram (EEG) time-frequency analysis using wavelet transforms as a method to observe the viewers’ direct brain responses. The overall findings suggest that delivering on-site spectator’s sound needs to be regarded as important as it can have a significant effect on viewers’ sports-viewing experience.

Television Sport Journalism at the UEFA Euro 2016 Championships: A Comparison of Live Commentary From Four Countries

Football’s (soccer’s) EURO 2016 in France marked a high point for sport journalism and broadcasting. Due to the implementation of a uniform multilateral image feed by the European Football Association (UEFA), differences in the verbal live commentary became significant. This study investigated commentary of the live television broadcasts of 4 matches in a specific country. Using social identity and self-categorization, a mixed-methods analysis was employed to quantitatively analyze the commentary and qualitatively assess content for notions of nationalism, patriotism, or globalization. Instead of notions of ideological nationalism, coverage emphasized sporting action and Europeanization of the event. Excluding forms of “banal nationalism” like introducing the teams and playing national anthems, live commentary presented fair or positive patriotism, together with remarks of transnational friendship and comradeship of the players. Based on the increasing frequency of sport organizations using similar image feeds in the future, a decreasing relevance for live commentary by national broadcasters is discussed.

Badminton player detection using faster region convolutional neural network

Nowadays, coaches and sport analyst are concerning about sport performance analysis through sport video match. However, they still used conventional method which is through manual observation of the full video that is very troublesome because they might miss some meaningful information presence in the video. Several previous studies have discussed about tracking ball movements, identification of player based on jersey color and number as well as player movement detection in various type of sport such as soccer and volleyball but not in badminton. Therefore, this study focused on developing an automated system using Faster Region Convolutional Neural Network (Faster R-CNN) to track the position of the badminton player from the sport broadcast video. In preparing the dataset for training and testing, several broadcast videos were converted into image frames before labelling the region which indicate the players. After that, several different trained Faster R-CNN detectors were produced from the dataset before tested with different set of videos to evaluate the detector performance. In evaluating the performance of each detector model, the average precision was obtained from precision recall graph. As a result, this study revealed that the detector successfully detects the player when the detector is being fed with more generalized dataset.

Los contenidos deportivos en la programación televisiva española (1993-2010): un análisis desde la perspectiva de los índices de audiencia

The importance of televised sports content in Spain, chiefly football, has led to a growth in research in recent last years. Many studies have addressed this phenomenon from a variety of perspectives, including television-programming strategy, the business management relationship between television and sports, the battle for broadcasting rights or the elaboration of a television message through different broadcasting techniques. This paper seeks to add to the debate on this topic through a detailed analysis of the audience ratings of sports content aired on Spanish television channels with a nationwide coverage. To this end, we analyse the complete audience measurement data from the first period of private commercial television in Spain (1993-2010) in order to determine the most important characteristics of sports content and their true impact on audience ratings. To achieve this aim, we analysed 4,000 statistical entries from Sofres/Kantar Media’s “Anuario de audiencias de television” [Audience Yearbook] and cross referenced and studied information from more than 2,300 sport broadcasts. The results of this research underpin the role of live football broadcasts, which accounted for more than 50% of the most successful television content during that period

Multimodal framework based on audio‐visual features for summarisation of cricket videos

Sports broadcasters generate an enormous amount of video content on the cyberspace due to massive viewership all over the world. Analysis and consumption of this huge repository urges the broadcasters to apply video summarisation to extract the exciting segments from the entire video to capture user's interest and reap the storage and transmission benefits. Therefore, in this study an automatic method for key-events detection and summarisation based on audio-visual features is presented for cricket videos. Acoustic local binary pattern features are used to capture excitement level in the audio stream, which is used to train a binary support vector machine (SVM) classifier. Trained SVM classifier is used to label audio frame as an excited or non-excited frame. Excited audio frames are used to select candidate key-video frames. A decision tree-based classifier is trained to detect key-events in the input cricket videos that are then used for video summarisation. Performance of the proposed framework has been evaluated on a diverse dataset of cricket videos belonging to different tournaments and broadcasters. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method achieves an average accuracy of 95.5%, which signifies its effectiveness.

Gambling Sponsorship and Advertising in British Football: A Critical Account

ABSTRACT Problem gambling is a growing public health issue in the UK. In this paper, we argue that football plays a problematic role in the promotion and normalisation of gambling. Given that sport broadcasts offer gambling (and alcohol) companies a loophole to avoid the post-watershed guidelines, children and young people are also exposed. By marketing gambling in general and to children in particular, football contributes to an increase in the overall ‘amount’ of gambling in society. In turn, this contributes to an increase in the prevalence of problem gambling (including gambling disorder) and all the associated harms. Furthermore, we argue that a significant amount of gambling profits come from problem gamblers. Therefore, football benefits from, and contributes to, the addictive consumption of gamblers.

Replay and key-events detection for sports video summarization using confined elliptical local ternary patterns and extreme learning machine

Sports broadcasters generate enormous amount of video content viewed all over the world. To capture the user interests in the rebroadcasted content, the sports videos are summarized that need the manual inspection and analysis. However, the huge repository and long duration of videos make manual analysis and summarization a laborious and time-consuming job. To overcome this problem, efforts have been made for automatic video summarization. In this paper, a novel framework to summarize sports videos is presented. It has been observed that the replays within a sports video represent key-events and these events can be used for video summarization. It has been noted that replays are usually sandwiched between start and stop of gradual-transitions. A thresholding-based approach is used to identify gradual transition effect (i.e. fade-in, fade-out) in sports video. The Gaussian mixture model (GMM) is then applied to key-event candidates to extract silhouettes and generate motion history image (MHI) for each key-event. The MHIs are processed using Confined Elliptical Local Ternary Patterns (CE-LTPs) for feature extraction. Extreme learning machine (ELM) classifier is used to learn the underlying model for events. A trained ELM-based classifier is then used for key-event detection. The output of classifier is then used for key-event labeling, replay detection, and complete game summarization. Performance of the proposed framework is evaluated on a dataset consisting of 20 videos of four different sports. Experimental results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed framework in terms of replays and key-events detection from selected dataset.

استخدام المکفوفین لإذاعة الشباب والریاضه والإشباعات المتحققه منها

Study Objectives: The main objective is illustrated by the following question: What is the relationship between the use of youth radio and sports by blind adolescents and the satisfaction of their needs? Study Samples:- Sample Analytical Study: It is a deliberate of youth and sports radio programmes being followed up by blind teenagers, including my programme (simply living – the goal stadium). Field Study Sample: The researcher conducted the field study on a of 150 persons aged between 12-18 years, selected from the ranks of Taha Hussein School and the Society (Noor al-basera, Al-nour and Al- Amal for the eyes). Study tools and data collection method: A questionnaire and a content analysis form prepared by the researcher and applied by them to blind teens aged (12-18) years sample study. Type of study: This study is a descriptive study that seeks to monitor the phenomenon in question and to study it in depth with a view to reaching a recognized outcome, with the aim descriptive study to determine the characteristics of a phenomenon or a position that is precisely overcome, so a descriptive search describes what is being done by data collection Information about the phenomenon, its scheduling and tabulation, the interpretation of the results, and the extraction of generalizations and conclusions. This study focuses on knowing how the vulnerability of blind adolescents to youth radio and sports programmes meets their needs. Study results: The study reached the following conclusions: 1. The study has shown that there is a statistically significant difference between male and female average grades and the meeting of Youth and sports broadcasters. 2. The study confirmed that there are statistically significant differences between the average score of respondents and the fact that youth radio and sports meet their needs according to the socio-economic level (low-medium-high). 3. The study showed that there is a statistically significant correlation between the pursuit of youth radio and sports by respondents and their needs. 4. There is a statistically significant correlation between the reasons why respondents follow youth radio and sports and meet their needs. 5. The study confirmed a statistically significant correlation between the degree of confidence of respondents in the content of youth radio and Sports and the satisfaction of their needs.

‘We go green in Beijing’: situating live television, urban motor sport and environmental sustainability by means of a framing analysis of TV broadcasts of Formula E

In 2014, the fully electric racing series Formula E, aimed at promoting clean energy and sustainability, was launched in Beijing (China), at that time the world’s most polluted city. Despite Formula E’s sustainability credentials, the question remains whether one of its core values, i.e. environmental sustainability (ES), is picked up on by sports television broadcasters. Using a qualitative framing analysis, I identified, compared and contrasted frames, and the significance of ES herein, in three UK broadcasts of Formula E’s first three season opening races. Results indicate that, although the narrative of ES was introduced minimally during the inaugural broadcast, ES was neglected as a frame during consecutive broadcasts. Results suggest that this is because sports broadcasters prefer audiences to align Formula E according to more traditional values and ideas associated with broadcasting of motor sport, and, as such, to avoid affecting, i.e. reducing, audience confidence and ratings.

Sight versus Sound: The Differential Impact of Mediated Spectator Response in Sport Broadcasts

Despite the research examining various production aspects of broadcast sport, scholars have generally overlooked a ubiquitous sonic component of broadcasts—spectators’ aural response (i.e., crowd noise). Such cues can act as a heuristic to influence perceptions of competition, particularly in the absence of visuals. Using continuous response measurement, this experiment demonstrates how mediated spectator response in the form of crowd noise yields enhanced perceptions of the exciting nature of broadcast sport, although the effect is diminished in televised sports. Implications are suggested for contemporary sport consumption, where aural cues can draw attention to game events in multi-screen viewing scenarios.

Spectator Age and Periodic Changes in Game Viewership: An Application of Positivity and Life-Span Theory in the National Football League

This study examines the factors that influence sport broadcast viewership, explor-ing the relationship between spectator age, time remaining in the season, and team success. We identify the determinants of demand for two different age groups— youth and older adults—and analyze differences in the impact of team quality and playoff probability on viewership during midseason games and those during the stretch run of the season. Ordinary least squares models are used to estimate the effects and Wald tests to establish differences between groups. Our models show local team quality increased viewership by a greater margin for youth than older adults for midseason games as well as those during the stretch run. By contrast, only adult viewership increased in response to increased playoff probability, and only during the stretch run. The combination of results presents some ambiguity with respect to applying the conventional wisdom on the dynamics of age, time horizon, and positivity in the sport context.

Event detection in sports video based on audio-visual and support vector machine. Case-study: football

In this paper, we propose a novel audio-visual feature-based framework for event detection in field sports broadcast video. The system is evaluated via a case-study involving MPEG encoded football video. Specifically, the features gathered by various feature detectors is combined by means of a support vector machine which infers the occurrence of an event based on a model generated during a training phase, utilising a corpus of 2.5 hours of content. The system is evaluated using 2.5 hours of separate test match content.

Image Processing Technologies in Live Sports Broadcasting

Image Processing Technologies in Live Sports Broadcasting