Spontaneous Order Research Articles

Hayek Marx: uma comparação extemporânea

O ensaio começa por examinar as bases dos pensamentos de Karl Marx e Friedrich Hayek, nessa ordem. No primeiro caso, remete-se ao debate filosófico na Prússia, na passagem dos séculos XVIII e XIX, em especial apresenta-se uma síntese da reflexão do filósofo Hegel. Segue então a exposição sintética do sistema de Marx. Em Hayek, examinam-se as influências que se exerceram sobre ele de autores austríacos como Ludwig von Mises e Carl Menger, para, em seguida, detalhar a teoria da ordem espontânea e a teoria conexionista da mente. Após o estudo das bases do legado de Marx e Hayek, segue a estratégia de confrontar-se os dois sistemas de pensamento. Para tanto, oferece-se uma comparação sistemática entre elas. Na seção conclusiva, a mesma contraposição de ideias é tratada por meio de um quadro sinóptico comentado.

Physicochemical studies on some selected oxaloyldihydrazones and their novel palladium(II) complexes along with using oxaloyldihydrazones as corrosion resistants

ABSTRACTNew palladium (II) oxaloyldihydrazone complexes are reported and characterized. The mode of bonding as well as the structure of the isolated compounds have been ascertained on the basis of data obtained from elemental analyses (CHNM), spectral (UV-Vis., IR, mass and 1H NMR) and thermal (TG and DTA) measurements. Some optical parameters such as indirect optical band gap and refractive index were estimated for the isolated compounds. The inhibitive properties of all synthesized hydrazones toward the corrosion of carbon-steel in 1 M HCl solutions were tested. The adsorption of hydrazone inhibitors on steel surface proceeded as a spontaneous first order reaction.

The Invisible Hand of Friedrich Hayek: Submission and Spontaneous Order

Friedrich Hayek’s account of “spontaneous order” has generated increasing interest in recent decades. His argument for the superiority of the market in distributing knowledge without the need for central oversight has appealed to progressive democratic theorists, who are wary of the hubris of state planning and attracted to possibilities for self-organization, and to Foucaultians, who have long counseled political theory to cut off the King’s head. A spontaneous social order, organized by an invisible hand, would appear to dispense with arbitrary power and foster creativity and individual liberty. This article challenges this view by highlighting the centrality of submission to Hayek’s account of spontaneous order. It shows that Hayek struggles to obscure the providentialism underpinning the account of social order he derives from Adam Ferguson and the Scottish Enlightenment. Nonetheless, his own account of spontaneous order relies on faith in the workings of the market, and submission to unintelligible market forces.

Smith te Tutarlılık Tartışması Bağlamında Görünmez El Metaforu ve Kendiliğinden Doğan Düzenin İktisat ve Toplum Açısından Önemi

This study, deals with the emergence of political economy along with the production of goods and services depending on the capital accumulation process. The Smithian impact in resolving the link between the definition of political economy and distribution and accumulation shall be explained. Moreover, the view that Smith’s works titled The Theory of Moral Sentiments and The Wealth of the Nations contain consistency rather than inconsistency are evaluated in the study. Smith deals with the market and political process in his work titled The Wealth of the Nations. Therefore, it is expressed that the bases of political economy have been established by his work. Moreover, Smith evaluates the moral philosophy in his work titled The Theory of Moral Sentiments which focuses on the importance of concepts like utility and ethics. Accordingly, that the thinkers of Scottish Enlightenment focus on emotions instead of mind and then Smith’s tendency towards emotional rationality realized in consistency are expressed and that these thinkers are turning towards the concept of sympathy is emphasized in this study. Smith, one of the thinkers of Scottish Enlightenment, attempted to describe the desire of people to be accepted, adopted and esteemed in society by the concept of sympathy . Furthermore, Smith mentions that there is a relationship between the concept of sympathy and ethical values . In this context, this study explains the assessment of the concept of sympathy from a social and ethical point of view by the thinkers of Scottish Enlightenment. In addition, it is argued that the idea of spontaneous order and the invisible hand metaphor in Smith have integrity with Smith’s Moral Sentiments Theory . Smith, with the idea of spontaneous order, claims that individuals are pursuing their self-interest in the commercial society, as a result, a collective development can be achieved by this way. In the spontaneous order, there are cooperations and exchanges in the market among people. On the other hand, Smith expresses that public good will reach the highest level with the invisible hand metaphor. Besides, the invisible hand metaphor is an instrument which balance both market and society that has the function of regulatory force. This study, discusses the importance of Smith’s invisible hand metaphor and spontaneous order for economy and society. In the study, it is emphasized on the argument that Smith’s invisible hand metaphor can be explained with work titled The Moral Sentiments Theory. Nevertheless, it is evaluated that the principle of sympathy in The Moral Sentiments Theory is referred to the sense of competition in The Wealth of the Nations and the economic life of the buyer and the seller is realized in a consistent way. In this context, the purpose of the study is to reveal and discuss whether Smith’s invisible hand metaphor and the idea of spontaneous order and also his ideas on economics, society and morality in general are linked to each other or not. As a consequence of the study, it is stated that Smith had tendency toward the ideal of integrating economics and moral behavior in The Theory of Moral Sentiments and The Wealth of the Nations . Moreover, in general, that the Scottish Enlightenment thinkers referred to moral values rather than to the self-interested reason and the discipline of the political economy has developed with Smith is manifested.

The Social Basis of Ultimate Legal Rules: Hayek Meets Hart

The bulk of the legal literature that either builds on or criticizes Hayek focuses on Hayek’s work specifically devoted to law, in particular to the rule of law and to the common law. I aim to show that there is jurisprudentially valuable insight to be gained by reflecting on Hayek’s other work. I provide here a sketch of a synthesis of Hayek’s thought with the current standard framework in general theory (philosophy) of law, that of H. L. A. Hart. I begin by presenting the outlines of Hart’s model of the foundations of law with the ultimaterule ofrecognition at itscore. Then,Iexploretwo Hayekian themes which shed light on the foundations of law as understood by Hart. First, I consider the rule of recognition as an implicit (unconscious) social rule and a Hayekian spontaneous order. Second, I turn to Hayek’s discussion of ‘common opinion’ on which every official practice of law relies and argue that it should beseen ascomplimentary with Hart’s model. Finally, I provide an illustration of how Hayekian insights can improve a Hartian account of one of the topical debates in US constitutional law – that of the merits of positive originalism.

Ordem e desordem no processo de implantação de Palmas: a capital projetada do Tocantins

Diante dos processos de organização e produção do espaço urbano em Palmas, a capital projetada do Tocantins, valemo-nos da relação complexa entre ações marcadas por determinação e indeterminação. Nessa lógica de interpretação, define-se que o espaço urbano de Palmas é produto de três tipos de ordem: intencional (determinação), espontânea (indeterminação) e uma ordem cambiante entre elas. Este artigo visa conciliar esse aspecto, aparentemente contraditório, de uma urbanização determinada, a princípio, por tentativas planejadas, mas que cedeu a imprevisibilidades e indeterminações do mundo real, especialmente por arbitrariedades do poder público e interesses de agentes do mercado de terras, configurando um contexto marcado pela hegemonização político-econômica do território urbano. Portanto, esta possibilidade de análise da realidade urbana orienta-se pelas relações complexas entre o intencional e o espontâneo, o determinado e o indeterminado, e, por fim, entre a ordem e a desordem.

Friedrich A. Hayek (1899-1992): From abstraction to "invisibility", going through "spontaneous order" (and II)

No abstractRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 123, 2010: 49-80

Friedrich A. Hayek (1899-1992): from abstraction to "invisibilization", through "spontaneous order" (I part)

No abstract available

Ab initio piezoelectric properties of Al0.5Sc0.5N : Impact of alloy configuration on the d33,f piezoelectric strain coefficient

Ab initio density-functional theory simulations of scandium and aluminum nitride (${\mathrm{Al}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sc}}_{x}\mathrm{N}$) alloys have been carried out to investigate the impact of alloy configuration on their piezoelectric activity. The ${d}_{33,f}$ piezoelectric strain coefficient has been calculated for six ordered III-V configurations for ${\mathrm{Al}}_{0.5}{\mathrm{Sc}}_{0.5}\mathrm{N}$ alloys---including chalcopyritelike and CuPt-like structures. It varies from 9.3 to $41.4\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{pm}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{V}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, while its value for a randomized configuration is 28.3 $\mathrm{pm}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{V}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The alloy configurations have an impact on the degree of competition between near-neighbor coordination of the parent compounds (AlN, ScN) which is known to be responsible for local structural instabilities. This in turn affects (i) the strain sensitivity along the $c$ axis of the wurtzite internal parameter $u$ for Al and Sc sites and (ii) the stiffness of the material, both identified as key contributors to ${d}_{33,f}$. These findings suggest that spontaneous ordering of the alloy during film deposition or post-treatments should be considered as a way to optimize the piezoelectric activity of ${\mathrm{Al}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sc}}_{x}\mathrm{N}$ alloys.

Spontaneous disorder: conflict-kindling institutions in virtual worlds

AbstractThis paper analyses the emergence and persistence of disorder due to bellicose (i.e. ‘conflict-kindling’) institutions. It does so relying on a novel empirical approach, examining the predatory and productive interactions of 400,000 users of a virtual world as well as its institutions. The paper finds that while there are many cases of spontaneous order in that virtual world, and while the users are not more conflict-loving as such, bellicose institutions sanctioning suicidal attacks in a supposedly safe region spontaneously emerged and rigidly persist, thus upholding disorder (i.e. a particularly violent kind of ordered anarchy).

Nonequilibrium opinion dynamics on triangular, honeycomb, and Kagome lattices

The Ising model on all Archimedean lattices exhibits spontaneous ordering. Three examples of these lattices, namely triangular ([Formula: see text]), honeycomb [Formula: see text] and Kagome [Formula: see text] lattices, are considered to study the kinetic continuous opinion dynamics model (KCOD) through extensive Monte Carlo simulations. The order/disorder phase transition is observed in all lattices for the KCOD. The estimated values of the critical disorder parameter are [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] for [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] lattices, respectively. The critical exponents [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] for the model are [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text]; [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text]; [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text], for [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] lattices, respectively. These results agree with the majority-vote model on ([Formula: see text]), ([Formula: see text]), and [Formula: see text] lattices but are different from KCOD model results on square lattices [Formula: see text].

Spontaneous periodic ordering on the surface and in the bulk of dielectrics irradiated by ultrafast laser: a shared electromagnetic origin

Periodic self-organization of matter beyond the diffraction limit is a puzzling phenomenon, typical both for surface and bulk ultrashort laser processing. Here we compare the mechanisms of periodic nanostructure formation on the surface and in the bulk of fused silica. We show that volume nanogratings and surface nanoripples having subwavelength periodicity and oriented perpendicular to the laser polarization share the same electromagnetic origin. The nanostructure orientation is defined by the near-field local enhancement in the vicinity of the inhomogeneous scattering centers. The periodicity is attributed to the coherent superposition of the waves scattered at inhomogeneities. Numerical calculations also support the multipulse accumulation nature of nanogratings formation on the surface and inside fused silica. Laser surface processing by multiple laser pulses promotes the transition from the high spatial frequency perpendicularly oriented nanoripples to the low spatial frequency ripples, parallel or perpendicular to the laser polarization. The latter structures also share the electromagnetic origin, but are related to the incident field interference with the scattered far-field of rough non-metallic or transiently metallic surfaces. The characteristic ripple appearances are predicted by combined electromagnetic and thermo-mechanical approaches and supported by SEM images of the final surface morphology and by time-resolved pump-probe diffraction measurements.

Circumventing the predatory state

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study the decline of the Tuareg, and explore the emergence of traditional elements of Tuareg culture to circumvent formal barriers to trade.Design/methodology/approachThis paper examines the history of the Tuareg through the lens of the New Development Economics.FindingsThis paper examines three elements of past Tuareg wealth: the caravan trade as spontaneous order; the unintended consequences of forced modernization policies under colonization and post-colonial states; and contemporary problems from hindered freedom of trade. The bad news is that the Tuareg are facing impediments from failed states with low economic and political freedom. The good news is that traditional elements in the Tuareg’s entrepreneurial culture are re-emerging to circumvent formal barriers.Research limitations/implicationsThe literature on the Tuareg is largely pessimistic, as the Tuareg’s traditions have largely been quashed by post-colonial boundaries and failed states. The New Development Economics offers a new perspective, with two implications. First, there is hope for the Tuareg, and a possible win-win, if the local states adopt a policy of laissez faire and international trade, rather than assimilation or repression. Second, this theoretical lens can be used in other cases throughout Africa (and the world) involving post-colonial borders.Originality/valueThere already exists a rich literature on the Tuareg. This paper uses the New Development Economics to examine the history of the Tuareg’s decline – and to find hope in traditional elements of Tuareg entrepreneurship emerging to circumvent local failed (and predatory) states.

Magnetic hexadecapole order and magnetopiezoelectric metal state in Ba1−xKxMn2As2

We study an odd-parity magnetic multipole order in Ba$_{1-x}$K$_x$Mn$_2$As$_2$ and related materials. Although BaMn$_2$As$_2$ is a seemingly conventional Mott insulator with G-type antiferromagnetic order, we identify the ground state as a magnetic hexadecapole ordered state accompanied by simultaneous time-reversal and space-inversion symmetry breaking. A symmetry argument and microscopic calculations reveal the ferroic ordering of leading magnetic hexadecapole moment and admixed magnetic quadrupole moment. Furthermore, we clarify electromagnetic responses characterizing the magnetic hexadecapole state of semiconducting BaMn$_2$As$_2$ and doped metallic systems. A magnetoelectric effect and antiferromagnetic Edelstein effect are shown. Interestingly, a counter-intuitive currentinduced nematic order occurs in the metallic state. The electric current along the \textit{z}-axis induces the \textit{xy}-plane nematicity in sharp contrast to the spontaneous nematic order in superconducting Febased 122-compounds. Thus, the magnetic hexadecapole state of doped BaMn$_2$As$_2$ is regarded as a magnetopiezoelectric metal. The anomalous responses stem from the peculiar symmetry of the parity-violating magnetic order. Other candidate materials for magnetic hexadecapole order are proposed.

The study of stoner ferromagnetic phase transition of a gapped armchair graphene nanoribbon

We study the phase transition from disordered magnetic phase to fully polarized ferromagnetic phase of undoped gapped armchair graphene nanoribbon in the context of Hubbard model Hamiltonian. This phase transition has been investigated at zero temperature where magnetic phase ordering can take place for two dimensional systems. Ground state energy of electronic system has been found by using random phase approximation for both paramagnetic and fully polarized ferromagnetic phases. Energy gap between ferromagnetic and paramagnetic phases vanishes at critical electron density. Thus a spontaneous magnetic ordering develops for electron densities below critical value.The effects of ribbon width, gap parameter and electron-electron Hubbard interaction strength on critical electron density have been addressed. Our results show the increase of gap parameter raises the critical density and thus spontaneous phase transition occurs at higher density.

Retrospectives: Friedrich Hayek and the Market Algorithm

Friedrich A. Hayek (1899–1992) is known for his vision of the market economy as an information processing system characterized by spontaneous order: the emergence of coherence through the independent actions of large numbers of individuals, each with limited and local knowledge, coordinated by prices that arise from decentralized processes of competition. Hayek is also known for his advocacy of a broad range of free market policies and, indeed, considered the substantially unregulated market system to be superior to competing alternatives precisely because it made the best use of dispersed knowledge. Our purpose in writing this paper is twofold: First, we believe that Hayek's economic vision and critique of equilibrium theory not only remain relevant, but apply with greater force as information has become ever more central to economic activity and the complexity of the information aggregation process has become increasingly apparent. Second, we wish to call into question Hayek's belief that his advocacy of free market policies follows as a matter of logic from his economic vision. The very usefulness of prices (and other economic variables) as informative messages—which is the centerpiece of Hayek's economics—creates incentives to extract information from signals in ways that can be destabilizing. Markets can promote prosperity but can also generate crises. We will argue, accordingly, that a Hayekian understanding of the economy as an information-processing system does not support the type of policy positions that he favored. Thus, we find considerable lasting value in Hayek's economic analysis while nonetheless questioning the connection of this analysis to his political philosophy.

Origin of the spontaneous orientational ordering of islands during thin film growth

Origin of the spontaneous orientational ordering of islands during thin film growth

Cryptomarkets as a libertarian counter-conduct of resistance

Cryptomarkets function as self-regulating forms of governance, close to what Hayek would describe as a spontaneous order. At the same time, in cases like the online market Silk Road, they construct an identity that portrays their illegal activities as operating within a framework of individual rights and voluntary transactions. As has already been examined in the wider literature, the political and economic philosophy of libertarianism has been mobilized by participants in such markets in order to provide a moral theoretical background to their activities. This article examines: (1) why libertarianism indeed provides a suitable narrative for such activities and how the theoretical work of Foucault on power and resistance (and, more specifically, his notion of ‘counter-conduct’) can help us understand the contentious relationship between the state and cryptomarkets; and (2) how libertarian practices such as the ones taking place in cryptomarkets are at odds with neoliberal governmentality.

Economic policy of a free society

Liberalism correctly understood is little more than the persistent and consistent applications of the principles of economics of the affairs of men be they domestic or international. These include mutually beneficial exchange, the absence of political privilege, and toleration. The institutional precondition of these principles is the rule of law, private property, and freedom of contract. Since the collapse of communism, however, the gains in human progress that have followed from economic and political liberalization are being increasingly questioned and critiqued. To counter these criticisms of liberalism, I contend, requires tireless and varied iterations of the basic principles. In order to prevent the invisible hand of the market process from being captured by the visible hand of political privilege, political economists must stress how the creative powers of a free civilization erode poverty, inequality, and monopoly privilege through the spontaneous order of market process.

Route to achieving perfect B-site ordering in double perovskite thin films

Double perovskites (DP, A2BB’O6) exhibit a breadth of multifunctional properties with a huge potential range of applications, including magneto-optic and spintronic devices. However, spontaneous cation ordering is limited by the similar size and charge of B and B’ cations. We introduce a route to stimulate B-site rock-salt ordering. By growing thin films on (111)-oriented substrates, ‘in-plane’ strain acts on the intrinsically tilted oxygen octahedra of the DP and produces two different B-site cages (in size and shape), stimulating spontaneous cation ordering. For the ferromagnetic insulator La2CoMnO6, clear Co/Mn ordering was achieved by growing on (111)-oriented substrates. The difference in B-site cages was further enhanced when grown under minor (111) in-plane compressive strain, resulting in long-range ordering with a saturation magnetization of 5.8 μB/formula unit (f.u.), close to the theoretical 6 μB/f.u., without antiferromagnetic behavior. Our approach enables the study of many new ordered DPs which have never been made before.