Spontaneous Order Research Articles

Multiferroism Induced by Spontaneous Structural Ordering in Antiferromagnetic Iron Perovskites

Room-temperature multiferroism in polycrystalline antiferromagnetic Fe perovskites is reported for the first time. In the perovskite-type oxides RE1.2Ba1.2Ca0.6Fe3O8 (RE = Gd, Tb), the interplay of...

Religion and the spontaneous order of the market: Law, freedom, and power over lives

This article focuses on a religious structure that is intrinsic to the contemporary mechanisms that have enabled the global domination of economic power: faith in the market. Following Foucault’s transition from biopolitics to governmentality, this article articulates the mechanism that generates the ability for human beings to give shape and value to their lives. Through a reading of Schmitt and Hayek, as well as an updated reading of Weber’s thesis on the origin of capitalism, this article argues that we must turn our attention to the Christian motifs that shape our contemporary understanding of the ‘economy’.

Spontaneous spin-nematic ordering in a spin-chain system

The spontaneous onset of the spin-nematic order in spin-chain systems is studied. The ordering persists due to distortions of either magnetic ions, or ligands taking part in the superexchange between magnetic ions. The spin-nematic order yields a nonzero biaxial magnetic anisotropy for the spin chain, violating the U(1) symmetry. The influence of the external magnetic field and nonzero temperature is considered. We predict how the spin-nematic ordering can manifest itself in the temperature and magnetic field behavior of magnetoacoustic characteristics.

Correlation Dynamics of Dipolar Bosons in 1D Triple Well Optical Lattice

The concept of spontaneous symmetry breaking and off-diagonal long-range order (ODLRO) are associated with Bose–Einstein condensation. However, as in the system of reduced dimension the effect of quantum fluctuation is dominating, the concept of ODLRO becomes more interesting, especially for the long-range interaction. In the present manuscript, we study the correlation dynamics triggered by lattice depth quench in a system of three dipolar bosons in a 1D triple-well optical lattice from the first principle using the multiconfigurational time-dependent Hartree method for bosons (MCTDHB). Our main motivation is to explore how ODLRO develops and decays with time when the system is brought out-of-equilibrium by a sudden change in the lattice depth. We compare results of dipolar bosons with contact interaction. For forward quench ( V f > V i ) , the system exhibits the collapse–revival dynamics in the time evolution of normalized first- and second-order Glauber’s correlation function, time evolution of Shannon information entropy both for the contact as well as for the dipolar interaction which is reminiscent of the one observed in Greiner’s experiment [Nature, 415 (2002)]. We define the collapse and revival time ratio as the figure of merit ( τ ) which can uniquely distinguish the timescale of dynamics for dipolar interaction from that of contact interaction. In the reverse quench process ( V i > V f ) , for dipolar interaction, the dynamics is complex and the system does not exhibit any definite time scale of evolution, whereas the system with contact interaction exhibits collapse–revival dynamics with a definite time-scale. The long-range repulsive tail in the dipolar interaction inhibits the spreading of correlation across the lattice sites.

Homogeneous nucleation of ferroelectric ice crystal driven by spontaneous dipolar ordering in supercooled TIP5P water.

Recently, it has been revealed that a supercooled liquid below the melting point has intrinsic structural heterogeneity due to local structural ordering as a manifestation of many-body correlations. The impact of such preordering on crystal nucleation has recently attracted considerable attention. In this work, by extensive molecular dynamics simulations of TIP5P water, we find a two-step homogeneous nucleation of a ferroelectric ice crystal: the first step is spontaneous dipolar ordering, i.e., paraelectric-to-ferroelectric transition, in a supercooled liquid state and the second step is the nucleation of the ferroelectric ice crystal selectively in the preordered regions. We reveal that in this system the dipole-dipole correlation grows rapidly with an increase in pressure, eventually leading to spontaneous dipolar ordering at a certain condition (e.g., at 2000 bars and 227 K). This result is obtained by simulations of TIP5P water with a simple cutoff of Coulomb interactions. By comparing this result with those of the particle-mesh Ewald and reaction field treatments of the Coulomb interactions, we find that the potential cutoff significantly enhances the dipole-dipole correlation, resulting in the fast ice nucleation to the ferroelectric cubic form. Despite the unrealistic enhancement of dipolar correlation in this model, this work provides an intriguing physical scenario of two-step crystal nucleation in polar molecules assisted by dipolar orientational ordering, which may be relevant to crystallizations, e.g., under an external electric field, on a charged surface, or under extreme conditions.

Spontaneous Non-stoichiometry and Ordering in Degenerate but Gapped Transparent Conductors

Spontaneous Non-stoichiometry and Ordering in Degenerate but Gapped Transparent Conductors

군조직에서 하급자가 인지하는 직속상관의 공감성향이 자발적 명령순응에 미치는 영향 : 조직몰입, 조직신뢰, 직무만족의 다중매개를 중심으로

군조직에서 하급자가 인지하는 직속상관의 공감성향이 자발적 명령순응에 미치는 영향 : 조직몰입, 조직신뢰, 직무만족의 다중매개를 중심으로

OOH(Out-of-Home) 광고 매체 유효접촉인구의 과학적 측정 : WiFi 감지 기술과 수용자 시선 행태 측정(Eye-tracking) 기술의 복합 적용 사례 연구

OOH(Out-of-Home) 광고 매체 유효접촉인구의 과학적 측정 : WiFi 감지 기술과 수용자 시선 행태 측정(Eye-tracking) 기술의 복합 적용 사례 연구

The Invisible Contract: Agreement and Convention in Social Life

The metaphors of the “social contract” and the “indivisible hand” loom large in the history of political economy and political philosophy. Nevertheless, the two ideas are typically held to be in conflict. Social contracts are based on rational agreement, while invisible hand processes are not. The tension between these two ideas, I argue, creates a disequilibrium between politics and economics in modern thought: either the market or the political order must be supreme. I argue that this tension can be dissolved if we understand social contracts as dynamic processes of micro-agreement that are explained as macro emergent or spontaneous orders. This understanding of a social contract is more consistent with political economy and better suited for the open society. This approach also helps to clarify some puzzles about invisible hand processes. In so doing, I argue, that the insights of Adam Smith, Hayek, and the social contract theorists are best understood as different aspects of a unified approach to social theory.

Belonging to Spontaneous Order

Reading Friedrich Hayek’s late work as a neoliberal myth of the state of nature, this article finds neoliberalism’s hostilities to democracy to be animated in part by a romantic demand for belonging. Hayek’s theory of spontaneous order expresses this desire for belonging as it pretends the market is capable of harmonizing differences so long as the state is prevented from interfering. Approaching Hayek’s work in this way helps to explain why his conceptions of both pluralism and democracy are so thin. It also suggests that neoliberalism’s assaults upon democracy are intimately linked to its relentless extractivism. Yet the romantic elements in Hayek’s work might have led him toward a more radical democratic project and ecological politics had he affirmed plurality for what it enables. I conclude with the suggestion that democratic theory can benefit from learning to listen to what Hayek heard but failed to affirm: nature’s active voice.

The collaborative innovation bloc: A new mission for Austrian economics

We argue that scholars in the Austrian tradition of economics should incorporate the notion of a collaborative innovation bloc into their study of spontaneous market orders. We demonstrate how successful entrepreneurship depends on an innovation bloc of this kind, a system of innovation that evolves and within which activity takes place through time. The innovation bloc consists of five pools of economic skills from which people are drawn or recruited to form part of a collaborative team, which is necessary if innovation-based venturing is to flourish. The five skills are entrepreneurs, early- and later-stage-financiers, key personnel, and customers. Through real-world examples, we show how the application of the collaborative innovation bloc perspective could help make Austrian economics more concrete, relevant and persuasive, especially in regard to policy prescriptions.

Human Ecology and Its Influence in Urban Theory and Housing Policy in the United States

Human ecology, a stream of planning, was developed by Park, Burgess, and Hoyt. This theoretical model emphasized mobility and assimilation as natural paths to housing. This essay offers an analysis of its influence on urban theory and policymaking in the United States. Using planning-specific analyses, the author interrogates the relationships between structural and ecological interpretations of urban change within early planning theory. A particular focus is given to housing policies and models such as tipping point, segregation, and gentrification. These human ecological interpretations inspired and shaped urban renewal and redlining practices, along with public and affordable housing in the United States. The essay concludes with a criticism of the ecological ideas of spontaneous order and the claims of naturally balancing economic systems and conceptions of personal responsibility and choice.

Macroeconomics As Systems Theory

This essay is the penultimate draft of Chapter 1 of a book that carries the working title Macroeconomics as Systems Theory: Emergence, Institutions, and Economic Process. This book examines the material of macroeconomic theory by looking through a different analytical window from what most theorists use. The conventional analytical window shows a national economy as a collection of such aggregate variables as output, employment, investment, and a price level, and seeks to develop theoretical relationships among those variables. The macro level of an economy is accessed directly through the variables created through the national income and product accounts and similar series of aggregate data. In contrast, I treat the relation between micro and macro theories as a relation between the parts of something and the entirety of that thing. Hence, the analytical object to which macro theory pertains entails a higher order of complexity than that of micro theory. Where micro variables are aptly characterized as objects of choice, macro variables are not. To the contrary, macro variables are products of emergent interaction and spontaneous ordering. Furthermore, there is no position of “policymaker” who stands outside the macro system, for all economizing action occurs inside the economic system.

Absence of a spontaneous long-range order in a mixed spin-(1/2, 3/2) Ising model on a decorated square lattice due to anomalous spin frustration driven by a magnetoelastic coupling

The mixed spin-(1/2, 3/2) Ising model on a decorated square lattice, which takes into account lattice vibrations of the spin-3/2 decorating magnetic ions at a quantum-mechanical level under the assumption of a perfect lattice rigidity of the spin-1/2 nodal magnetic ions, is examined via an exact mapping correspondence with the effective spin-1/2 Ising model on a square lattice. Although the considered magnetic structure is in principle unfrustrated due to bipartite nature of a decorated square lattice, the model under investigation may display anomalous spin frustration driven by a magnetoelastic coupling. It turns out that the magnetoelastic coupling is a primary cause for existence of the frustrated antiferromagnetic phases, which exhibit a peculiar coexistence of antiferromagnetic long-range order of the nodal spins with a partial disorder of the decorating spins with possible reentrant critical behavior. Under certain conditions, the anomalous spin frustration caused by the magnetoelastic coupling is responsible for unprecedented absence of spontaneous long-range order in the mixed-spin Ising model composed from half-odd-integer spins only.

Secession, Democracy & Human Rights

The United Nations (UN) officially declared "self-determination" as a right of all peoples. Although the United Nations Charter (1945) offers some guidelines for the application of this right, there are major challenges in its implementation in the case of secessionist tendencies. Faced with this situation, the economist Jörg Guido Hülsmann, in his essay Secession and the Production of Defense, discussed not only the argument that pure private production is always superior to public and compulsory schemes, but also the current process of secession which, should always be justified against violent and coercive behavior of governments against (part of) its population. Hülsmann's ideas are presented in the contrast of the latest secessionist movements in Catalonia and Scotland, and in combination with Hayek's concept of "spontaneous order." The separatist movementin Catalonia is also analyzed based on the ideas of political scientist Margaret Moore, who advocates three types of normative theories that can justify the right to secession.

The Mirage of Procedural Justice and the Primacy of Interactional Justice in Organizations

This paper offers a novel situational approach to study organizational justice in which the proposed unit of analysis is managerial behavior manifested in argumentation rather than employee justice perceptions. The currently dominant theoretical framework in justice research, which is built on justice perceptions, neglects the unique features of organizational order and vulnerability of procedural justice perceptions. As the procedural justice concept belongs chiefly to a spontaneous market order under which the rule of law is made possible, it is inappropriate to transfer this concept to an organization in which the rule of authority is dominant. Therefore, except the limited legal domain in which managerial freedom is restrained by laws, procedural justice in organizations represents a mirage that can give rise to hypocritical managerial actions that can legitimate morally controversial outcomes via eristic tactics. In contrast, interactional justice is of great importance to organizations in that employees and organizations can ensure their rational economic exchanges without deception. However, current formulations of interactional justice often regard interactions as a palliative recipe designed to alleviate reactions to outcomes and not as a constituent of distributive justice. Perelman’s argumentation theory can offer a new conceptualization of interactional justice that addresses this gap.

Polar Switching and Cybotactic Nematic Ordering in 1,3,4-Thiadiazole-Based Short-Core Hockey Stick-Shaped Fluorescent Liquid Crystals.

We report here the synthesis and thermotropic properties of novel short-core hockey stick-shaped liquid crystalline molecules based on the 1,3,4-thiadiazole core. Polar switching behavior is observed in the cybotactic nematic and smectic mesophases for the bent-core thiadiazole derivatives. The presence of the lateral methoxy moiety in the outer phenyl ring of the four-ring molecules facilitates the formation of spontaneous ordering in the nematic phase observed via X-ray diffraction measurements. Anomalous temperature dependence of spontaneous polarization on cooling is explained by the possible antiferroelectric packing of the molecules that require higher electric field for switching. The compounds exhibited a strong absorption band at ∼356 nm and a blue emission band at ∼445 nm with a good quantum yield of φf ∼0.39. The mega Stokes shift is observed and depends on the nature of the solvent.

Ideologies, Institutions, and Interests: Why Economic Ideas Don’t Compete on a Level Playing Field

The term “marketplace of ideas” is thoroughly misleading. This phrase is often used to suggest that bad ideas are “defeated” by better ideas in public discourse. In the field of economics, for example, it is commonly assumed that the mainstream, precisely because it is the mainstream, has defeated less worthy rivals. But the extension of the competitive metaphor from markets to ideas is fraught with peril. Markets presuppose some institutional foundation that governs the exchange process. What ensures that market competition is socially beneficial is a strong tendency for good products and firms to succeed over bad and corrupt ones. While ideas do compete, the institutional arrangements governing the selection of ideas looks quite different from that which underlies markets. Ideas are subscribed to by individuals; individuals interact with a wide array of overlapping institutions; institutions select for outcomes on margins unrelated to truth. To demonstrate this, we explore the relationship between the economics profession and the state. We categorize this relationship as a spontaneous order and discuss the resulting implications.

Effects of pre-oxidation temperature on coal secondary spontaneous combustion

Spontaneous combustion of oxidized coal occurs frequently in mining and utilization process, which is influenced by the first oxidation conditions significantly. With a focus on the influence of pre-oxidation temperature on spontaneous combustibility of oxidized coal, oxidized coal samples were prepared by heating at preset temperature of 50 °C, 70 °C, 90 °C, 110 °C and 130 °C. Programmed heating tests on oxidized coal and raw coal samples were carried out in air atmosphere of 120 mL min−1, with the heating rate of 0.3 °C min−1. The gaseous mixture of O2, CO and CO2 at the outlet was identified by gas chromatography to analyze oxidizability and exothermicity of experimental coal samples. The results showed that, with the increasing pre-oxidation temperature, the oxidizability and exothermicity of oxidized coals decreased first and increased later, which were related with change of oxygen consumption rate, emission rate of CO and CO2 gas. The spontaneous combustibility order by pre-oxidation temperatures was 130 °C, raw, 50 °C, 110 °C, 90 °C and 70 °C. Being oxidized at 130 °C could promote coal to self-heat, and being oxidized below 110 °C would inhibit coal self-heating.

Atomic-Scale Magnetic Toroidal Dipole under Odd-Parity Hybridization

Magnetic toroidal dipole (MTD) is one of a fundamental constituent to induce magneto-electric effects in the absence of both spatial inversion and time-reversal symmetries. We report on a microscopic investigation of the atomic-scale MTD in solids by taking into account the orbital degree of freedom with a different parity. We construct an effective two-orbital $d$-$f$ tight-binding model on a polar tetragonal system for describing the atomic-scale MTD, which are obtained by incorporating the atomic spin-orbit coupling and odd-parity hybridization. The effective model exhibits two types of the MTDs: in-plane $x, y$ components activated through spontaneous ferromagnetic ordering or external magnetic field and an out-of-plane $z$ component by a spontaneous odd-parity hybridization without spin moments. We show that the intra-orbital (inter-orbital) Coulomb interaction in multi-orbital systems plays an important role in stabilizing the in-plane (out-of-plane) MTD orderings. We also examine the magneto-electric effect under each MTD ordering by calculating a linear response tensor. We show that the odd-parity hybridization enhances the magneto-electric effect for the in-plane MTDs, while it suppresses that for the out-of-plane MTD.