Scientific Spirit Research Articles

Hayek's Spiritual Science

This article argues that Hayek's thought had a consistent epistemological core that he developed with the aim of undermining prevailing positivism and replacing it with a metaphysical and spiritualistic philosophy of science. This becomes clear when an intellectual-historical method is used to elucidate Hayek's psychological and methodological works. We see that the approaches and arguments he found most convincing were those of nineteenth-century neo-Kantianisms, Gestalt psychology, vitalism, phenomenology, and theological mathematician Georg Cantor. Hayek thought his spiritual science superior because it explained “the place where the human individual stands in the order of things,” thereby clarifying science's epistemic standpoint, but also its meaning. The article will be of interest to scholars of neoliberalism and contemporary politics because its reading of Hayek suggests that the allegiance between, and apparent attractiveness of, Hayekian and religious conservative thought may have something to do with their common claims to marry order, freedom, and purpose.

A PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO NO BRASIL: itinerários e desafios

A qualificação dedocentesepesquisadoresbrasileirosnopaíse noexteriorresulta,nosúltimos55anos, de umapolíticadepós-graduaçãopormeiode umaaçãodiretadoEstadocujosresultadospodemserexibidosemmúltiplosfórunse navidaacadêmica. Esse artigo pretende trazer elementos históricos e legais dessa trajetória, destacando, de um lado, a ação proativa do Estado na formação de elites acadêmicas coltadas para a investigação científica e, de outro lado, a presença da comunidade científica em comissões, avaliações relativas à pósgraduação. Isso não significou a inexistência de críticas e de problematizações. A ação deliberada do Estado e a participação da comunidade científica, por meio de representantes ou diretamente, foram importantes na elaboração dos Planos Nacionais de Pós-Graduação. Esse caminho longo de construção de uma política virtuosa pode ser rapidamente desconstruído quando os governos diminuem os recursos e tomam iniciativas contrárias ao espírito científico.

A Chinese professor’s academic career rhythm

The famous Chinese scientist Professor Zeyuan Liu passed away on February 8, 2020, aged 80. He was a productive and influential scientist, both in quantitative and in qualitative studies. To cherish the memory of Professor Liu and in praise of his scientific thoughts and scientific spirit, we explored his academic career rhythm based on our rhythm indicator of science. The rhythm indicator is created based on a publication-citation matrix, eliminating the impact of length of citation windows, making citations comparable for different years. In Liu’s rhythm study the publication indicator and citation indicator are combined. Data were retrieved from China National Knowledge Infrastructure and WoS. The most important finding is that Liu’s academic career rhythm is totally different from that of two famous western scientists T. Braun and R. Rousseau. Because of the delayed scientific research by China’s Cultural Revolution, it was only in 1979 that Liu published his first scientific paper and launched his academic career. In the first 20 years he published 41 papers, mostly single-authored. Their research topics were scattered and mainly used qualitative methods. In 1999 Liu changed his research paradigm from qualitative to quantitative studies, focusing on scientometrics, citation analysis and knowledge mapping. New topics, new methods and multi-authored collaboration greatly increased his productivity (293 articles) and influence. The above exploration is based on both whole counting of publications/citations and fractional counting. Three problems, including the normalization of the p–c matrix, are discussed. The rhythm indicator of science is a contribution to the evaluation methodology for scientist-level and journal-level scientific impact.

Discussion on Ideological and Political Education in Pathology Education in Medical Colleges

With the advent of the new era, teachers in colleges and universities have actively combined the teaching content with ideological and political education under the guidance of the ideological and political philosophy of the course. I hope that students can ensure professional literacy through the participation of classroom learning activities. Under the rapid promotion of patriotic spirit, dialectical spirit, humanistic spirit, rule of law spirit and scientific spirit, it can grow into a new type of talent that meets the requirements of social and political development. This article starts from different perspectives and introduces specific methods of ideological and political education when teaching medical pathology teachers in medical colleges, hoping to provide references for other medical educators.

Hypoglycemic activity of Kaidarya Patra Choorna (Murraya koenigii linn.) in Diabetes mellitus type 2 with OHA’s

Abstract:
 Globally and nationally the Diabetes mellitus with its complications become the most important contemporary and challenging health problem. It should be treated with diet and exercise, typically in conjunction with oral hypoglycemic drugs (OHD) and the complications are so critical and hazardous, and oral hypoglycemic agents and insulin which is used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus by the allopathic system of medicine have numerous side effects. In spite of available treatment number of patients is on rise. It is convincing that the herbal or mineral remedies stated in ayurveda used singly or in combination have potency in the treatment of madhumeha. However, our country is indeed rich in its vast variety of flora, throught variegated physical feature of the land, extending from mountains to the oceans. The practitioners of Indian system of medicine have been using the plant materials and are claiming success in treatment of madhumeha even today. Therefore, taking a lead it will be worthwhile to reappraise the commonly used plant remedies in the treatment of madhumeha, with an unbiased scientific spirit. In Ayurveda kaidarya is mentioned as parvata nimba. Nimba is the best drug used in Prameha. Edible variety of Nimba i.e curry leaves can be useful. Kaidarya is having katu, tikta, and kashaya rasa and sheeta veerya. It pacifies vitiated kapha and pitta. Kaidarya has been used traditionally since few years for treatment of prameha. Placebo control may not be ethical in the disease hence single arm study along with modern medicine is preffered.
 Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, kaidarya, Oral Hypoglycemic agents

Revaluation of Cheng Xiaoqing’s Detective Fictions

Cheng Xiaoqing is a great writer of modern Chinese detective fictions, with his unique creative vision and artistic technique, he pioneered the creation paradigm of modern Chinese detective fictions and broadened the theoretical construction on it. His series of detective fictions “Hawthorne detective case” were popular, elegant and novel, integrated with classical and modern style characteristics, full of scientific spirits and progressive thoughts, which could not only arouse happy feelings of readers, but also realize the literary utility of enlightening ignorant and awakening the new people, showing unique enlightenment and modernity characteristics. His brilliance raised his detective fictions above the other fictions of the same era. Moreover, Cheng Xiaoqing’ writing process showed the struggle, innovation and persistence of modern Chinese writers in the floating times. As a result, Cheng Xiaoqing should have a place in the history of modern Chinese literature.

Analyze the Educational Methods of Using Experimental Teaching to Cultivate Innovation Ability

This paper mainly describes the importance of experimental teaching in students' theoretical knowledge and practical skills, especially the important contribution of experimental teaching in cultivating students' scientific spirit and innovation ability. This paper will analyze the common problems exposed in the traditional experimental teaching, and put forward the corr7esponding reform model, so as to help improve the students' creative innovation ability of new methods and strategies.

The Historical Significance of Mohist Scientific Thought

Mozi is a great scientist in ancient China and found the Mohist School, which was the most scientific spirit of the academic group at that time. The book of Mozi not only contains a large amount of scientific knowledge, but also is a landmark in the history of science in ancient China. Based on the theoretical perspective of STS and the primary material of Mozi, through summarizing the basic characteristics of Mohist scientific thought, this essay will reveal its historical significance and modern value.

La formación del espíritu investigativo en los estudiantes universitarios

Las universidades latinoamericanas están enfrascadas en perfeccionar su enfoque y las misiones a asumir, fundamentalmente en el ámbito de investigación. Este aspecto se entrelaza con otros como el perfeccionamiento de los planes y programas de estudio, el vínculo de la universidad y la práctica social, la actualización del claustro de profesores y en general el nuevo ambiente universitario. En el presente trabajo se realiza un análisis valorativo sobre la necesidad, importancia y vías fundamentales a utilizarse para formar el espíritu investigativo en los estudiantes de pregrado, a partir de la exposición de autores, base normativa en Cuba y Ecuador, así como la experiencia de valor de los autores. A partir del análisis realizado se concluye en relación a la importancia del desarrollo del espíritu científico en los estudiantes universitarios como una vía para lograr el desarrollo integral de las sociedades a través de la educación superior.

The Science and Religion behind Western Classical Architecture—Illustrated by the Examples of the Pantheon and Notre Dame Cathedral

Architecture is the language of the earth, and light is the language of the sky. When the architecture opens a hole, the flowing light tilts down, and a dialogue between man and God unfolds, the science and religion behind it also tells a story. Great architects can not only build in static space, but also capture the dynamic light to become a part of the building. This paper takes the Pantheon and Notre Dame as examples to explore the scientific connotation and humanistic spirit behind them.

A relação não pragmática do homem com a natureza na visão de Bachelard e os desafios da ciência contemporânea.

Este artigo tem como objetivo discutir o conhecimento unitário e a relação pragmática do homem e a natureza como obstáculo para a formação do espírito científico na visão de Gaston Bachelard e os desafios da ciência contemporânea. Os dogmas, as generalidades e as preconcepções sem constatação científica configuram como entraves à consecução do avanço científico. A partir desses obstáculos, situa os desafios que a ciência contemporânea enfrenta. Em termos metodológicos, é uma pesquisa de natureza bibliográfica e fundamenta-se pela interpretação de dados qualitativos baseados nos obstáculos epistemológicos que imobilizam a formação do espírito científico. Compreende-se que o conhecimento unitário impossibilita a investigação de fenômenos particulares e que o pragmático explica os fenômenos a partir da utilidade que trazem ao homem, sendo problematizado por Gaston Bachelard como um obstáculo a formação do espírito científico. Considera-se que os pressupostos de Bachelard propõem uma nova abordagem quanto à concepção de epistemologia, apontando uma ressignificação no método dialético de produção e sistematização do processo científico. Evidencia-se no estudo que o desenvolvimento da ciência foi e ainda é influenciado pela cultura de sua época.

The Decoding of the Human Spirit: A Synergy of Spirituality and Character Strengths Toward Wholeness.

Little attention has been given to the integral relationship between character strengths and spirituality (the search for or communing with the sacred to derive meaning and purpose). The science of character strengths has surged in recent years with hundreds of studies, yet with minimal attention to spirituality or the literature thereof. At the same time, the science of spirituality has steadily unfolded over the last few decades and has offered only occasional attention to select strengths of character (e.g., humility, love, and forgiveness) or the universal typology of the VIA classification of character strengths and virtues. In this exploration, we argue that there is a robust synergy of these sciences and practices revealing that spirituality is vitally concerned with promoting character strengths. At the same time, character strengths can enhance and deepen spiritual practices, rituals, and experiences. We elaborate on how character strengths and spirituality come together in the context of the psycho-spiritual journey toward wholeness. By wholeness, we are referring to a way of being in the world that involves a life-affirming view of oneself and the world, a capacity to see and approach life with breadth and depth and the ability to organize the life journey into a cohesive whole. We further discuss six levels by which spirituality can be integrated within the VIA Classification, including a meta-perspective in which wholeness represents a meta-strength or superordinate virtue. We frame two pathways of integration: the grounding path, in which character strengths offer tangibility and thereby deepen and enhance spirituality, and the sanctification path, in which spirituality elevates character strengths. Finally, we turn to research-based practices and examine how character strengths might facilitate and contribute to spiritual practices and, conversely, how spirituality might enhance character strength practices. Such multifaceted integration offers insight and wisdom to both areas of study and opens up new directions for psycho-spiritual research and practices to deepen and broaden our understanding of what it means to be human.

Open Science and Its Enemies: Challenges for a Sustainable Science–Society Social Contract

Science as a social institution has evolved as the most powerful, highly influential, and sought out institution after the conflicts between science and religion following Galileo. Knowledge as a public good, scientific peer review of science, the prominence of open publications, and the emphasis on professional recognition and scientific autonomy have been the hallmark of science in the past three centuries. According to this scientific spirit, the scientific social system and society formed a unique social contract. This social contract drew considerable institutional and state legitimacy for the openness and public good of science in the service of state and society, all through the post-war period. Openness and public good of science are recognized and legitimized by the scientific community and science agencies at the global level. This paradigm of open science, in varying forms and manifestations, contributed to the progress of systematic knowledge at the service of humankind over the last three centuries. Entering the third decade of the 21st century, the social contract between science and society is undergoing major changes. In fact, the whole paradigm of open science and its social contract is being challenged by various “enemies” or adversaries such as (a) market-based privatized commercial science, (b) industry 4.0 advanced technologies, and (c) a “new iron curtain” on the free flow of science data and information. What is at stake? Are there major changes? Is the very social institution of science transforming? What impact will this have on our contemporary and future sustainable society? These are some important issues that will be addressed in this article.

Abdülğanî b. İsmâil en-Nablusî (ö. 1143/1731) ve Miftâhu'l-Ma‘ıyye Adlı Eseri Çerçevesinde Nakşibendî Tarikatının On Bir Esâsı

Yaşadığı çağda (XVII-XVIII. y.y.) Suriye’deki mânevî hayatın teşekkülünde önemli rol oynayan Nablusî (ö. 1143/1731), Kâdiriyye ve Nakşibendiyye tarikatlarından hırka giyen, zâhirî ve tasavvufî ilimlerde söz sâhibi olan bir âlimdir. Üç yüz kadar eser telif eden Nablusî’nin en dikkat çeken eserleri, tasavvufla ilgili olanlarıdır. Bu kitaplardan biri de Miftâhu’l-ma‘ıyye fî düstûri't-tarîkati'n-Nakşibendiyye adlı eserdir. Bu kitap, Tâcüddin b. Zekeriyyâ’nın (ö. 1050/1640) Tâciyye isimli eserinin şerhidir. Bu makale, adı geçen kitabı merkeze alarak Nakşibendiyye’nin on bir esâsı hakkında Nablusî’nin bakış açısını ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Abdülhâlik-ı Gücdüvânî (ö. 612/1220) ve Bahâüddîn Nakşibend (ö. 791/1389) tarafından ortaya konan on bir esâs, Kelimât-ı Kudsiye olarak adlandırılır. Farsça kelimelerle ifâde edilen bu esasların temel hedefi, müritlerin mânevi gelişimini sağlamaktır.Birinci esâs (Yâd Kerd), sürekli olarak yüce Allâh'ı zikretmeyi, ikinci esâs (Bâz Geşt), tevâzuyla Allâh'a yönelmeyi, üçüncü esâs (Nigâh Dâşt), kalbi havâtıra karşı korumayı, dördüncü esâs (Yâd Daşt), kalben Allâh'a dönüş hâlini muhâfaza edip devamlı olarak Allâh'ı hatırda tutmayı, beşinci esâs (Hûş Der-Dem), her nefesi bilinçli bir şekilde alıp vermeyi, altıncı esâs (Sefer Der Vatan), halktan uzaklaşıp Allâh'a yönelmeyi, yedinci esâs, (Nazar Ber-Kadem) atılan her adımı dikkatli bir şekilde atmayı, sekizinci esâs (Halvet Der Encümen), halk içinde iken Allâh ile birlikte olmayı, dokuzuncu esâs (Vukûf-i Zamânî), her ânı bilinçli olarak geçirmeyi, onuncu esâs (Vukûf-i Adedî), zikir adedine riayet etmeyi, on birinci esâs (Vukûf-i Kalbî) ise kalbi sürekli kontrol altında tutmayı öğütler.

Lolita and Butterfly Aesthetics

Vladimir Nabokov, best known as the author of Lolita , was also recognized as a scientist excelling in the field of lepidoptera. As a literary figure, Nabokov has long been acclaimed as a metaphysical seeker, a composer of esoteric riddles, and a virtuoso of postmodern literary techniques. However, his reputation as a lauded entomologist has only drawn underestimated literary attention in the interpretation of Lolita , the novel in concern. This paper contends that a consideration of the interplay between Nabokov’s scientific spirit and artistic aesthetics will contribute to the understanding of this long-debatable novel. The paper attempts to provide a unique perspective by addressing the influence of his butterfly aesthetics on the fiction, which exhibits itself through three identifiable and distinct aspects of mimicry, respectively mimicry of butterflies, deceptive camouflage, and metamorphosis. This effort intends to add to the current literature of Nabokov study regarding a balanced view of the author’s scientific spirit and literary aesthetics in the interpretation of his established literary classics.

Inhibitions of the Novum

Despite the increasing number of researchers, the big amount of fundings and the power of A.I. data processing in every field of knowledge, it’s about one century that really crucial evolutions don’t occur, neither in natural nor in spiritual sciences, somehow comparable to other historical periods, as for example the first thirty years of the last century. The basic sciences, preserved within prestigious disciplinary fences, restricted in their field and stiffened in their form, ignoring the reality as a whole, are inhibited in their most transformative advances. Some of the possible political, economical, linguistic, academic and institutional reasons of this inhibition of the novum are discussed below, hoping to see soon the onset of a truly new paradigm of knowledge.

Exploring Fuel Cell Catalyst Layers at Multiple Scales

The catalyst layer used in a fuel cell is an archetype of multi-component composite materials used as electrodes in many electrochemical devices. In this talk, we will describe and link together a number of studies of the fuel cell catalyst layer that we have been carried out over the past 10 to 15 years. A major focus of the talk is work on a MURI project with Andrzej Wieckowski together with other ‘all-stars’ in the field. This project combined experiment and theory to evaluate electrocatalysis. We will discuss this effort and Andrzej’s critical role in some of the accomplishments of the team.We will emphasize our work on describing the geometrically constrained limits on utilization of dispersed catalyst in the layer. To answer our original question, the catalyst components were broken down to constituents (Pt nanoparticles, carbon particles, ionomer) and interactions between components were used to build a hierarchical model of the catalyst layer. The interactions were defined in the context of colloidal interaction theory using descriptions of electronic properties of the constituents derived from experimental measurements of refractive index/dielectric properties across a wide range of frequencies. The model satisfactorily captured some aspects of the structure of the catalyst layer, e.g. the tendency toward segregation of components, and provides a good bound to the utilization of catalysts but failed to provide a quantitatively accurate description of certain transport-related physical properties. Acknowledgement We are humbled and honored to have enjoyed the collaboration and scientific spirit of Andrzej Wieckowski as well as his gracious support of our team effort. We gratefully acknowledge the support of this work by the US Army Research Office and the Naval Research Research Office. The significant contributions of Professor J. Adin Mann of Case Western Reserve university and Dr. Karren More of Oak Ridge National Lab are also appreciated.

The Evolution and Thinking of Environmental Science in the Direction of Scientific History

The education of scientific history can not only cultivate scientific spirit, critical spirit, innovative spirit and thinking method, but also cultivate sense of responsibility, compassion and initiative, and improve the understanding of non-logical thinking method and the feeling of aesthetic outlook on life. The education of scientific history of environmental science is an important channel to improve the comprehensive quality of students in the direction of environment. It is an important direction of the reform of environmental science education to raise awareness and carry out various forms of education activities of scientific history.

The Combination of Scientific Knowledge and Scientific Spirit: For the Example of University General Course “Approaching the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Bilingual Course)”

The Combination of Scientific Knowledge and Scientific Spirit: For the Example of University General Course “Approaching the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Bilingual Course)”

Teaching Reform of General Chemistry for “Curriculum Incorporating Ideological and Political Education” in Agricultural Universities of China

Under the background of reform of curriculum incorporating ideological and political education, this paper explores the ideological and political education elements contained in general chemistry courses to realize the transformation from the main channel of the ideological and political course to the three-dimensional education pattern of the curriculum incorporating ideological and political education. Based on general chemistry course as an example, this paper expounds the feasibility, implementation and effect of the reform of "ideological and political curriculum". Fully integrate the new ideas of the new era into the curriculum construction, into the syllabus, teaching plan and classroom. Through the reform, no matter from the students' mental outlook, words and deeds, classroom performance, the students' response is positive. Also questionnaires were used to evaluate the effect of "curriculum thinking and politics". The combination of explicit education and implicit education can improve students' ideological and political quality, strengthen their ideals and beliefs, cultivate their scientific spirit, set up their ecological civilization thoughts, and cultivate their scientific outlook on environment and resources, enhance their awareness of environmental protection and sense of responsibility, strengthen self-worth affirmation. The teaching reform has made full use of the moral education in the specialized courses and achieved certain results.