Moral Sphere Research Articles

POSSIBILITY OF PHILOSOPHICAL METHODOLOGY APPLYING FOR INTERPRETATION OF “RESPECT” CONCEPT IN THE LAW

Contemporary investigations that are closely connected to the sphere of human rights have expanded the boundaries of law theory and stated its close connection to the moral sphere. The examples of such investigations are represented in the introduction. Starting from the second part of the XXth century, they were becoming more and more popular all over the world. This progress has shown many terminological issues related to the moral notions that should be solved as soon as possible with the help of cross-disciplinary studies. Hence the main aim and task of the article are to demonstrate the way to identify and solve such issues with the help of philosophical methodology on the example of the General Data Protection Regulation. For this purpose, Baconian and Cartesian research methods are used in conjunction with R. Dworkin terminological approach with the help of conceptual-categorical analysis, comparative analysis, and hermeneutic method. On the basis of the study and analysis of the Baconian and Cartesian methodologies and with help of R. Dworkin economic terminological approach, the author of the article within research results demonstrates the process of identifying of problematic notions in a legal text, its analysis in the context of the legal area, and, as a result, the formulation of contextual (situational) interpretation of concepts of this kind. The discussion reviews the state of affairs within contemporary social studies on respect from the points of view of the history of philosophy, political theory and philosophy of law. The emphasis is made on contemporary European and American studies, such as conference and essays provided by different scholars, Ph.D. students, and postgraduate students. The conclusions prove that we can and should measure moral notions in law sphere because of their important role in the lawmaking process. The author emphasizes that we can create an adequate contextual (situational) interpretation of vague notions, especially moral notions with the help of philosophical methodology.

Pesquisa educacional: da consistência epistemológica ao compromisso ético

Constructing from a philosophical perspective, the essay explicitly explains the epistemic and ethical requirements that stand as fundamental conditions for the practice of research, defend-ing the equal relevance of these two perspectives in the construction of scientific knowledge in general, and of specific research in the educational field, in particular. Addressing educational research, it argues that, given the nature of education as an intentional practice, as a praxis both in the epistemological and ethical spheres, these demands become even more acute in view of the radical involvement with people's historical existential destiny. Such condition im-poses to the researcher of the educational field accurate epistemological rigor in its investiga-tive procedure and committed ethical sensitivity to the human dignity.

La «jerarquía de verdades» en la Teología moral

El papa Francisco, por primera vez, extiende la jerarquía de verdades al ámbito propiamente moral de la Iglesia católica. Pero ciertamente también a semejante afirmación cabe introducirle un matiz, porque, de hecho, ya con anterioridad, el Magisterio había señalado una gradación de verdades, aunque lo había hecho en relación a la autoridad de la Iglesia y a la infalibilidad del Papa, tanto en formulaciones de fe como de costumbres. A este respecto son de interés tanto la «Professio fidei» y el «Juramento de fidelidad» publicados en 1989 por la Congregación para la Doctrina de la Fe, como la «Instrucción Donum veritatis sobre la vocación eclesial del teólogo» también de la Congregación para la Doctrina de la Fe en 1990, como por último la «Carta apostólica en forma de “Motu proprio” Ad tuendam fidem» firmada por Juan Pablo II en 1998, y que pretende adecuar el Código de derecho canónico y el de cánones de las Iglesias orientales a la «Professio fidei» anteriormente mencionada. No vamos a entrar en un diálogo polémico sobre tales textos ni en los problemas surgidos de su interpretación1, sino simplemente señalar lo que suponen para la cuestión de la jerarquía de verdades en la teología moral católica.

Isn't That Clever: A Philosophical Account of Humor and Comedy

Isn't That Clever: A Philosophical Account of Humor and Comedy

Metaforyzacja wartości w dawnej polszczyźnie – konwencjonalność ujęć na przykładzie metafory POJĘCIE TO UBRANIE

In this article, the object of analysis is the metaphorical representation of concepts-values from the mental sphere in the Old Polish and Middle Polish periods. In Old Polish and Middle Polish texts, abstract concepts are approached in a metaphorical manner, and some source domains recur relatively frequently. Such metaphors are used in reference to concepts which belong to various spheres. The analysis takes into con-sideration metaphors which are clearly discernible in short fragments, metaphors which are linguistically marked by words semantically associated with the source domain, metaphors which are at the same time in the close vicinity of the lexeme representing a given value, and metaphors which recur in texts by various authors. The present article is devoted to metaphorical representations of concepts-values in the Old Polish and Middle Polish periods in the category of clothing, a source domain which is drawn from the world of culture, e.g. Bo ieszcze ten kazdy jest wzdy dobrey nadzieie / Kto nad insze vbiory cznotą sie odzieie (RejJoz G2; SXVI); Znamienity ubior cnota./ Lepszy niźli bryla zlota (Petr.Ek.18; L). In the early Polish language, concepts belonging to various spheres of life were expressed by the means of the category of clothing: ethical and social values, as well as anti-values (negatively marked concepts which have to do especially with the sphere of morality) therefore the metaphor A CONCEPT IS CLOTHING was used to represent concepts regardless of their evaluation presented in a text. The choice of clothing as the source domain to represent concepts from the mental sphere is justified biologically by basic human need and culturally by its presence in the Bible and its social function. It seems that it is a conceptual metaphor in the sense of cognitive linguistics, one that is deeply rooted in the human way of thinking and culturally corroborated. Its use in the representation of concepts which are not very clearly defined in the Old Polish and Middle Polish periods was supposed to portray these concepts and to popularize them, especially in the case when such language was used in moralistic writings. The article is an attempt to answer the question about the connection between metaphorisation and the axiological dimension of concepts.

Logic of the confucianist discourse and philosophy of Imanuel Kant in the modern context

The paper suggests an analysis of the Confucian discourse and its logic through the prism of the M. McLuhan’s conception of the visual and audio-tactile cultures. Parallels between the Confucian ethics and that of I. Kant are led. There is asserted that the Confucian and Kantian ethics developed in different outlook context and on different cultural grounds, the latter doesn’t prevent them to pull together their positions in modern culture. In classical Confucianism we have the case of magical thinking, that exceeded from the so-called organismic outlook, according to which the Universe is something like a gigantic organism, every person, animal or other living creature is some sort of organ of this organism. Every organ has its proper place and function, the same concerns humans who, being parts of the Universe organism, have also their proper place and duties or, how it was called in China, their proper Tao. When everyone follows one’s tao anything in the Sublunar world goes in piece and harmony. All problems of social and natural character are caused by that some people got away from their tao, from their duties. Humans can become the humans only in society where some hierarchies and duties are supposed and members of the society are obliged to follow them. That means it is necessary to follow duty in order to be human. The philosophy of Kant, unlike that of Confucius, developed in quite another context, the context of rational culture of the visual type of perception. The result the Kant’s philosophy came in the sphere of ethics are similar to those of Confucianism. Both Kant and Confucianism affirm variants of the ethics of duty. But negating cosmological metaphysics, Kant deduces the latter from the reason itself, the famous categorical imperative prescribe to behave in accordance with norms that could become foundation of common legislacy. From here the problem of transition from the reason to outer reality arises. The problem, from attempts to solve that as a matter of fact, all later the so-called German classical philosophy developed. However, the answers given in its frame turned out to be not legitimite in the frame of the visual culture. In this context the ideas of Confucianism may be an alternative foundation to the ethics of duty.

Различия в нравственной активности студентов-юристов и студентов-психологов

The article presents the results of an empirical research, which purpose is to find differences in the components of moral activity, and in the correlations of these components, between groups of students from different faculties. The sample consisted of 79 students from the Chelyabinsk State University. 40 people are students of the Faculty of Psychology and Pedagogy and 39 are students of the Institute of Law. The main hypothesis is the assumption that there are significant differences between the components of moral activity in people who have chosen different paths of professional development. The study discovered a number of significant differences (p <0,05). Also within the framework of the study, we found correlations between the components of moral activity of two groups, and, as a result of this, carry out a comparative analysis. Based on the results of the study, it is possible to draw a conclusion about the existence of differences in the moral sphere among people who have chosen different paths of professional development in their lives.

Політичний лексикон у мовомисленні Л. М. Кравчука

The article deals with the semantic-functional analysis of socio-political lexicon of L.M. Kravchuk. The most relevant thematic groups of vocabulary are highlighted, his role as an upgrader of the Ukrainian political thought of the late XX century is stressed, which ensures the active formation and functioning of national political discourse. The purpose of the article is to analyze the political vocabulary of L.M. Kravchuk the first president of Ukraine during the period of independence. The material for analysis is selected from his speeches, interviews, press conferences, briefings (Leonid Kravchuk’s publication (There is such a state – Ukraine, published in Kyiv in 1992). The vocabulary analysis is conducted for the first time. In the political discourse of L.M. Kravchuk on the basis of structural and semantic analysis of the language of his journalism, we distinguish the following thematic groups: names of bodies of state power: names of political governmental forms, arrangements, currents; names of political parties, associations, meetings, social groups; names of political and historical processes; names of documents, laws, resolutions; names of ethnic communities; names of socio-economic processes, concepts, monetary units; names of direct policy subjects; names of diplomatic concepts; names of parties’ supporters; names of individual subjects of any activity; names of individual activities; the names of the moral and ideological sphere of public life. It is shown that semantic and evaluative lexemas’ dynamic is shown by their syntagmatic relations, including connectivity. Examples of extensions of linear text connections of a word in Kravchuk’s discourse are adjectives. Public Speeches of the First President of Ukraine L.M. Kravchuk convincingly reveals the individuality of his style, including the use of synonymous means. Journalism created by L.M. Kravchuk is rich in idiomatic phrasal phrases and terminological persistent phrases. Phraseological and terminological units under consideration perform an important intensification role, in particular, act as expressive markers of his political thought.

Application of the Principle of Increased Tolerance of Public Persons to Criticism Addressed to Them in the Russian Federation

The article discusses the legal and philosophical aspects of the application in the Russian Federation of the principle of increased tolerance of public persons to criticism addressed to them established by the European Court of Human Rights. The author believes that the principle in question contradicts Article 19 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation that guarantees equality of human and civil rights and freedoms regardless of property and official status, membership in public associations, as well as other circumstances. The author has questioned the appropriateness of the introduction of the principle of increased tolerance in Russian law enforcement practice, since it does not contribute to the realization of the “spirit of the law,” while leading to unnecessary accumulation of the law. It is noted that the question of the balance between the right to freedom of expression and opinion and the right to protection of the honour and dignity of the person in the process of criticism of public persons and their activities cannot be settled exhaustively in the legislation as it affects the sphere of morality.

Діти-комбатанти у посткофліктному періоді: проблема відповідальності і захисту прав дитини (зарубіжний досвід для України).

The use of children as participants in armed conflicts is the worst manifestation of dehumanization, when there is a violation of the inalienable human rights of the most vulnerable members of society – children. This problem is not exclusively legal, although it is fully regulated by international humanitarian law. It extends to the sphere of morality and actualizes the question of the reproduction of society, since children-combatants, having experienced devastating influence on their own personality in the process of its formation, experiencing post-traumatic stress disorder, even receiving special assistance then, in the future, unlikely to be able to develop into a full-fledged personality. The problem of child combatants is especially relevant for the African continent, but unfortunately our state, since 2014, also contributes to this cumbersome statistics. There is no thorough, full-fledged study of the level of involvement of juvenile and minor children in the armed conflict in the East of Ukraine. This is primarily due to the fact that, as part of the regular units of the Ukrainian Army operating on the basis of domestic and international law, there are no and there can be no young people under the age of 18, at the same time, the study of the number of combatants in separatist armed groups , Russian paramilitary groups and parts of the regular army of the Russian Federation, which invaded our state, for obvious reasons, is complicated. The purpose of this article is to analyze the foreign experience of creating a system of normative regulation and measures of social work for legal and psychosocial rehabilitation of children-combatants. The current foreign experience of establishing a system of normative regulation and social work activities for the legal and psychosocial rehabilitation of child combatants is valuable for Ukraine both in terms of using achievements and in the context of avoiding negative consequences. Firstly, it is important to emphasize the need for careful study in the judicial process of the reasons for involving the child in participation in an armed conflict, the subjects of such involvement, ascertaining the concrete actions that were committed and the child, and in relation to the child with their respective legal qualifications. . Secondly, if a decision is made on measures to punish children-combatants, they should be mainly the nature of probation with compulsory long-term psychosocial rehabilitation. Thirdly, it is extremely important to determine the responsibility of parents of child soldiers for improper performance of parental responsibilities, in the event that they had an objective opportunity not to leave the child in territories not under the control of the Ukrainian government.

Prophet Muhammad's Model of Interreligious Dialogue Based on Research on the Letter to the Christians

Violence and extremism are of the most important topics in current research on religion and interreligious studies. The New World Order and the global peace, justice, and ethics cannot be understood without accounting for the role of religion and religious organizations and among the topics dealing with religion is the matter of violence done by the excuse of religion’s orders. There is increasing research looking at and beyond religious causes of violence, as well as a hope that religion could offer genuinely effective tools to control violence. The question of control of violence is discussed in relation to the spheres of ethics (regulation of effect), theology (the legitimacy of violence), and government (integration via religion). It is shown not only that religion offers possibilities for controlling violence, but also that control of violence via religion. To offer the best example of peaceful negotiations among Muslims and Christian, this article emphasizes on one of the important Islamic proofs narrated from Prophet Muhammad (S), called »The promise of Muhammad to the Christians till the end of the World« and the impact of interreligious and intercultural role on peace and conflict resolution, as well as the role of global ethics. This letter, per se, and its content which is of numerous key points for strengthening the ties between Christians and Muslims, is not only have been accepted and well documented both among Shi’a and Sunnites but also is widely quoted and referred to in Christian sources. Surely considering this letter, is an invalidating point on the extremist crimes committed in the name of Islam.

W świecie wartości moralnych – między zawiłością a prostotą

In the article I describe a dual nature of morality, arguing that moral actions require a constant movement between complexity and simplicity of the moral world. In the first part of the article I examine heterogeneity of the moral sphere, pointing out that it should not be simplified. I try to show why morality cannot be seen as a domain of perfect clarity and why it is usually impossible to make a firm distinction between goodness and evil. In the second part I argue that despite the difficulties, morality also requires self-confidence which can be justified. Although some moral problems are demanding, many others can be solved relatively easily. In the last part of the paper I discuss a difference between primary, spontaneous moral self-confidence, connected with simplified moral judgments, and secondary, reflective one, which comes from overcoming and controlling initial moral doubts.

SOME INSTRUMENTS USED TO ACHIEVE ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE IN TOURIST ACCOMMODATION UNITS

The paper highlights some instruments that help us to achieve environmental performance in tourist accommodation structures. The most known instruments used to achieve environmental performance are as follows: ISO 14001 standards (Environmental Management Standard), EMAS (European Eco-Management and Audit Scheme), and EU ECOLABEL. With the help of these instruments, we can identify and quantify the material and power resources consumed, the emissions and waste generated, we can evaluate their potential impact over the environment, and we can identify the options to reduce these impacts. The reasons at the basis of the creation of these instruments are extremely complex, going beyond the purely economic frame in order to enter an ethical sphere of debates inciting the spirit of almost all the population on the Globe, which is the type of planet that we leave as inheritance to our followers, the future generations. According to the reports of the European Commission regarding these instruments we have shown the evolution and the present situation of EMAS registrations and EU Ecolabel for European tourist accommodation services.

SOME ASPECTS OF MORAL EDUCATION YOUTH IN MODERN UKRAINE

Problem setting. This article deals with the modern world, where young people live and develop in the environment of many different sources of powerful influence on them, both positive and negative, which everyday impacts on the unsustainable intellect and feelings of youth, the sphere of morality that is being formed. The morale of the young generation is falling rapidly, causing anxiety in the society and the need to take measures to improve the moral situation. Today in society there is a need, and in the state - a social order for a spiritual and moral personality. However, at the state level, there is virtually no regulatory framework and other documents that would deal specifically with moral education, which would regulate the goals, tasks, principles, ways of forming the moral benchmarks for young people.Recent research and publications testify the attention of many scholars to the problem of the fully developed personality formation in particular, moral development and upbringing. Each era advanced new and new complex features of morality, became deeper aware of the mechanisms of its functioning, however, the fact that the need and relevance of moral and educational activities of person and society. Despite of deep-seated work of scientists on these issues, the problem of moral education, the formation of the moral culture of youth remains relevant, and because of the lack of development this problem in terms of modern realities and problems that have arisen in Ukraine, and weak orientation of research into contemporary social and pedagogical reality.Paper objective. Consider some aspects of the significance of moral and morality, find out the problems of modern youth moral education, as well as identify possible ways to solve them.Paper main body. Social life is carried out with the help of many instruments, the most important of which are the morality, which ensures the preservation and support of the collective way of people’s life, the establishment of relations, life takes place, self-actualizing members of society, etc. Through observance of moral principles, harmonization of relations is ensured, which creates conditions for the maintenance and reproduction of the actual human way of life. The phenomenal nature of the human invention - morality - is precisely that one person can only act in accordance with morality. Consequently, being moral means to be human.Morality is not a natural characteristic of man, and it is impossible to teach a person moral choice as a certain mathematical formula. However, morality can and should be formed purposefully and persistently. That is the content of moral education. Moral education is one of the types of educational system; it is aimed at influencing people in order to form their moral consciousness, moral qualities and abilities that meet the needs of social life and self-actualization of the individual.The task of upbringing morality gradually disappeared from the list of urgent problems of a developing country. The lack of organized targeted activity to reproduce and develop the morality of the people, first of all, the young generation, is a threat to the viability of both society and the state.The implementation of moral education system and creating social conditions for positive social upbringing today there are many problems that require the search for solutions to them. Among the most important, in our opinion, are the following: social and political, and economic situation of modern Ukraine; lack of communication between the government and society for mutual adequate awareness and mutual influence; the destruction of the traditional way of life, the crisis of the family, the very low moral culture level of most modern parents; the lack of ethical education and the concept of moral education; negative influence of mass media, social networks; insufficient role of religion and church in the moral revival of Ukraine.Conclusions of the research. Some aspects and problems of moral education of young people in Ukraine are not exhaustive. There are both objective and subjective problems,. Morality and moral culture are a purposeful process of education, up-bringing and self-education. The significant role is played by society and the state, which have the duty to create and provide conditions for the moral, and in general, the spiritual development and existence of each person.

Governance of Internet of Things and Ethics of Artificial Intelligence

The continuous interaction between intelligent devices, sensors and people points to the increasing number of data being produced, stored and processed, changing, in various aspects and increasingly, our daily life. On one hand, the context of hyperconnectivity can bring economic benefits to the State, companies, as well as convenience to consumers. On the other hand, increasing connectivity brings significant challenges in the spheres of privacy protection and contemporary ethics, impacting, ultimately, democracy itself. This thesis addresses, from the regulatory point of view, some of these challenges faced by the current rule of law arising from the advance of the scenario called Internet of Things.

Toward a Kuyperian Ethic of Public Life

AbstractThis article examines the sphere of ethics in the thought of the Dutch Calvinist statesman and theologian Abraham Kuyper. The first section establishes that Kuyper did consider ethics to be a sphere and what he believed it to be. The second section uses this outline of the sphere of ethics to elucidate the relationship between ethics and the state for Kuyper. It teases out three theses in Kuyper’s work: (1) Ethics and the scope of the state stand in inverse (or negative) relationship. (2) Ethics and legal advancement stand in direct (or positive) relationship. (3) Ethics needs the state to help facilitate its own development throughout society. Taken together, I argue that the spheres of ethics and the state thus stand in mutually dependent (or reciprocal) relationship to, rather than “hermetically sealed off” from, one another.

Metaforyzacja antywartości w dawnej polszczyźnie – konwencjonalność ujęć na przykładzie metafory ANTYWARTOŚĆ TO CHOROBA

In the present article the object of analysis is the metaphorical representation of concepts- negative values in the Old Polish and Middle Polish periods. In Old Polish and Middle Polish texts abstract concepts are ap-proached in a metaphorical manner, and some source domains recur relatively frequently. Such metaphors are used in reference to concepts which belong to various spheres. The analysis takes into consideration metaphors which are clearly discernible in short fragments, metaphors which are linguistically marked by words semantically associated with the source domain, metaphors which are at the same time in the close vicinity of the lexeme representing a given value and metaphors which recur in texts by various authors. The present article is devoted to metaphorical representations of concepts- negative values in the Old Pol-ish and Middle Polish periods in the category of a disease — a source domain which is drawn taken from the life experience of each person on the basis of attestations which contain the lexeme choroba, niemoc, zaraza [disease, illness, epidemic], and other, e.g.: Co ieflize nas famych one fzkodliwychpoządliwości choroby trapią (ModrzBaz 67v; SXVI); Grzech ieft zarazą iako morowe powietrze (Starow.Kaz. 1649, s. 330; ESXVII/XVIII). In the early Polish language anti-values — negatively marked concepts which have to do especially with the sphere of morality and social sphere, were embraced by the means of the category of a disease. Due to the development of culture, the changes in the thinking about the world and the changes of the external word itself, of the reality in which man lives, not only did the way the lexemes used in the metaphor a concept is a disease and the frequency of these lexemes change but also the disease itself as a source domain continues to thrive in the Polish language.

ТИПОЛОГІЯ ПЕДАГОГІЧНОЇ ІНТЕГРАЦІЇ ЗМІСТУ ГУМАНІТАРНОЇ ОСВІТИ

Integration of the content of education involves improving the organizational and procedural side of educational activities, namely, the development of integrated forms of training sessions (integrated lectures, seminars, poly-discipline study design), the combination of academic classes with the elements of educational and professional activities, a combination of training in research and development research and development work. Considering the semantic meaning of the terms ‘integration’ ‘synthesis’ and ‘integrity’ in the article, the typology of the didactic integrity of products of pedagogical integration of the content of humanitarian education is presented. The analysis of various concepts interpretations such as ‘pedagogical integration’, ‘didactic synthesis’, ‘integrity’has revealed that there is a reason to consider didactic synthesis as the most complete phase of pedagogical integration of the content of education. The goal-setting model of pedagogical integration of the content of humanitarian education has a three-level structure: the goal of the first level is to improve the content of humanitarian education and its structure, as well as the improvement of the organizational and procedural side of education related to it; the second level goal is the development of students’ personality in the cognitive, intellectual and creative along with moral and ethical spheres, as well as the formation of professionally meaningful personal qualities; the goal of the third level – the formation of a holistic person and a professional. The typology of pedagogical integration of humanitarian education content which is constructed through the theoretical typology is described.

Elite discourse coalitions and the governance of ‘smart spaces’: Politics, power and privilege in India's Smart Cities Mission

This article reveals the elite discourse coalition which frames the priorities and institutional arrangements of the Smart Cities Mission in India. After locating the SCM within India's neoliberal urban policy trajectory and the new elite coalition it encompasses I describe three separate elite discourses: Modi's technocratic nationalism IT and consulting firms' technological utopia and middle class urban citizenship. Together the discourses have: shifted the moral sphere of urban policy from inclusive rights to exclusive privilege, privatised governance instead of local democracy and turned digital technocracy into a simplified solution for structural problems of urban inequality. While the elite discourses contest each other on certain areas which could lead to delays and stops in Smart City projects, together they have left the imprint of an elite led governance arrangement for urban planning and development in India.

Причинный комплекс преступности в нравственно-психологической сфере

Причинный комплекс преступности в нравственно-психологической сфере