Spending Money Research Articles

"A Comparative Study Of Spending Money By Public Sector Units (Psus) On Corporate Social Responsibility Projects: With Special Reference to Iocl & Bpcl at the Time of Covid"

"A Comparative Study Of Spending Money By Public Sector Units (Psus) On Corporate Social Responsibility Projects: With Special Reference to Iocl & Bpcl at the Time of Covid"

Mental accounting of product returns

AbstractProduct returns incur a substantial financial loss for retailers. We demonstrate how, when, and why cross‐selling during the product returns process can reduce this loss in revenue. We find consumers more readily spend money refunded from product returns than unspent money. We theorize that this refund effect occurs because consumers psychologically realize the loss of money when purchasing products and earmark that money for spending. Thus, consumers feel a smaller psychological loss when spending refunded money than unspent money on a subsequent purchase. In six experiments, we find consumers spend refunded money more freely than unspent money, even more than windfall gains like lottery winnings, on products in similar and different product categories (e.g., groceries vs. apparel). However, the refund effect only holds when consumers do not expect to return products at the point of purchase and before refunded money is commingled with money in other accounts. Our findings identify a new fungibility violation due to mental accounting (i.e., a new source effect), and illustrate its value for generating, validating, and explaining revenue retention strategies.

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Small Businesses

There has been a devastating impact on small businesses around the world as a result of the COVID-19 virus pandemic. This study examined the many ways in which small businesses have been affected by the pandemic, the challenges they have encountered, and the strategies they have implemented to survive and grow. The epidemic has not only had far-reaching ramifications for small enterprises, but it has also had a catastrophic effect on the economy of the entire world. The fact that clients of small businesses are remaining at home and not spending money has presented them with a number of challenges, including an increased risk of failure, mental health difficulties, and the difficulty of adapting to the new digital world. It is imperative that governments all around the world take steps to provide assistance to local firms if these difficulties are going to be mitigated. This involves offering monetary support, access to money and funding, resources and knowledge, as well as training and mentorship programmes, and resources pertaining to mental health. In addition, governments should make it possible for small enterprises to gain access to legal assistance in order to better assist them in navigating the ever-shifting regulations and constraints imposed by governments. This will ensure that small businesses have access to the resources they require to not only survive but also grow in this new environment.

Analysis of P&G's Financial Strategy and Operational Strategy

As COVID-19 becomes normalized worldwide, the consumer market is on the move, the real economy is in a state of flux, and the industry leaders, the big multinationals, are always on the lookout for opportunities to take advantage of them. This paper uses P & G's financial reports for 2022 as a sample to analyze the moves made by such multinationals at the doorstep of this new era and their preparations for the opportunities that lie ahead. The survey results show that P & G is on a steady financial and operational growth path in 2022, and the market size is also on an expansion trend. Likewise, as COVID-19 becomes normalized worldwide, online business is gradually being recognized by the general public as a mainstream way of spending money. The results of this analysis reflect the changes in consumption of daily necessities in different regions in 2022, and how P & G can stand out in an era where online business is so busy. This paper aims to examine where the world economy is heading in the post-epidemic era and how industry pioneers will react.

KEBIJAKAN FISKAL NEGARA INDONESIA DALAM PERSPEKTIF EKONOMI ISLAM

Fiscal policy is defined as the policy action taken by the government, which is related to the opinion and spending of money. What is meant here is the management of state revenues and expenditures carried out by the government of a country. Indonesia's fiscal policy is reflected in the State Expenditure Opinion Budget (APBN). In the APBN, there is a government stipulation regarding the allocation and distribution of state finances. In Islamic countries, the management of state finances is handled by Bayt al-mal. Bayt al-Mal is the same as the Ministry of Finance which deals with financial matters and matters related to the state treasury. Even though Bayt al-mal was institutionally formed by the caliph 'Umar ibn Khattab. In fact, the country's fiscal policy was implemented during the time of the Prophet SAW. Al-Quran and as-Sunnah often allude to the country's fiscal policy. Among other things: the management of zakat by the state, collection of al-jizyah from the people of the book, the enactment of al-fay 'and al-ghanimah laws, as well as the Prophet's policy of public ownership.

THE GUIDELINES FOR SELF-CONDUCTS CONCERNING THE USE OF MONEY AND GOLD OF MONKS IN LAMPHU SUB-DISTRICT, MUEANG DISTRICT, NONG BUA LAMPHU PROVINCE

The objectives of this research were: 1) to study the monks' practice concerning the use of money and gold; 2) to study the monks' practice concerning the use of money and gold in Lamphu Sub-district, Mueang District, Nong Bua Lamphu Province; 3) to study the integration of the guidelines of the monks' practice concerning the use of money and gold in Lamphu Sub-district, Mueang District, Nong Bua Lamphu Province. This study was carried out by means of qualitative research through fieldwork to collect the data from the in-depth interview of 30 key informants. The obtained data were interpreted by descriptive analysis. The research results were as follows: The monks' practice concerning the use of money and gold: for monks, spending money and gold is used within the framework of the Dhamma-Vinaya and customs of the area that has been practiced from generation to generation. If it is a personal offering, it is often used according to intent or necessity. If it is public money, it will be used following the resolution of the temple property committee.The monks' practice concerning the use of money and gold in Lamphu Sub-district: Lamphu sub-district monks spend money according to discipline and social traditions. The practice of spending money and gold has both positive and negative effects on monks and Sangha organizations. For this reason, there must be a committee to prepare the income-expense accounts of the temple, with the treasurer to pay and help take care of it, managed by the assignment of the abbot. The integration of the guidelines of the monks' practice concerning the use of money and gold in Lamphu Sub-district: the monks have adopted the constitutional principles and disciplines as a guideline for one's conduct by adhering to traditional principles to integrate the use of money and gold to be in line with the changing society. Money management at present has a committee to help take care of it. The electronic use of money to help manage expenses such as ATM cards, credit cards, applications, QR codes, or papers, etc. should be used.

Consumer Participation in CSR: Spending Money versus Spending Time

Consumer participation plays a more active role in corporate social responsibility (CSR) than ever before. However, a framework describing how participation approaches generate cognitive and behavior responses in consumers is still lacking. The purpose of this study is to investigate the different effects among consumers’ participation approaches (i.e., spending money versus spending time) on inspiring consumers to engage in CSR. Additionally, we explore consumers’ cognitive mechanisms by identifying the key mediating role of perceived value. A total of 429 participants were recruited using an inter-group between-subjects design, and hypotheses were tested by a structural equation model, including path analysis and bootstrapping procedure method. The results show that consumers tend to have a more positive perception of CSR and greater intention to participate when they spend time rather than money to engage in CSR activities. We also confirmed the importance of perceived value in CSR, as the link between consumer participation type and behavioral intention is fully mediated by perceived value. These findings shed a light on the importance of the participation approach in CSR, contributing to CSR and consumer participation research. Our study also provides meaningful implications for companies to encourage consumers to use their time to participate in CSR activities.

Analysis of Various Aspects of Moonlighting

Human resource is considered as the important asset for any organisation. As the economy is growing and expanding itself to be in the global competitive era, attracting and maintaining human resource is a challenge for the business management. As a result of remote work and inflation, some workers have begun moonlighting, working secondary jobs either to make ends meet or to earn a little extra spending money. Recent years have seen an increase in the number of people holding multiple jobs. In addition to their primary job, they have been doing extra work with other employers for extra pay. The focus of the employer must not be banning employees from moonlighting rather than focusing on preventing any conflict of interest. This paper tries to analyse various aspects of moonlighting in detail.

Minimizing Data Waste: Conservation in the Big Data Era

Minimizing Data Waste: Conservation in the Big Data Era

The Italian lazarets of the Adriatic Sea: from their institution to the fight against the economic and demographic collapse caused by epidemics.

Since antiquity, with the growth of the human population and the expansion of nuclei of people (aggregations), infectious diseases have been a constant presence which decisively changed the course of history. The word "lazaret", meaning hospital for the hospitalization and treatment of plague victims and later, also leprosy, is Venetian. It was coined in the 14th century, and was exported to the world; it is still in use although it has slightly modified its meaning: "hospital in general, and shelter for infectious diseases". Lazarets perhaps arose from the overlapping and crossing of the name Nazareth associated with Lazarus, protector of leprosy patients and from other contagious diseases in general. The island of "Lazzaretto Vecchio", overlooking the Lido di Venezia, was named Isola di Santa Maria di Nazareth before the 15th century. However, the first city to take an official step in this direction was the Republic of Ragusa (Croatia), a city-state and flourishing Maritime Republic which was a trading pivot between the Ottoman Empire and the West. In 1377, for the first time in history, the city established a thirty-day quarantine on the three uninhabited islands of Mrkan, Bobara and Supetar for people arriving from infected places. The Republic of San Marco (Venezia) devised one of the oldest and most far-sighted sanitary solutions to contain the spread of the plague: a lazaret, or sanitary model of isolation and treatment that spread, with the name radiating from Venice, around the world. Venetian lazarets were the site of the Republic's innovative strategy to prevent and combat the plague, not only by isolating people for quarantine and goods from infected countries, but also by implementing complex procedures of 'contumacy and purgation' that required a constant investment of economic resources and slowed down traffic. Venice's governors quickly realized that spending money to prevent and fight the plague in lazarets was the only way to counter the economic and demographic collapse caused by epidemics. In the wake of the Venetian and Ragusian lazarets, Trieste also established its first lazaretto in 1717. This was because ships laden with goods from the Near East began to arrive in the city, and this new situation necessitated the adoption of a regulation of contumacy and the construction of a lazaret. This study aims to bring light to the main lazarets over the centuries, particularly those in the Ferrara district and those located in the upper Adriatic Sea, such as Trieste and other neighbouring cities built to fights pandemics.

The Long Journey From Arigbawonwo

The Long Journey From Arigbawonwo

Buyers Behaviour of cosmetic products: Study of Haryana

The goal of this research is to investigate how consumers in the Indian state of Haryana feel about spending money on beauty aids. At least one district from each of Haryana's six administrative divisions was chosen to represent the state's total sample size of 754. Buyers in rural and urban areas of Haryana are analysed using a total of 23 criteria and 3 constructs to determine their perceptional behaviour. In order to complete the investigation, exploratory factor analysis was used. Significant (>0.731), moderately significant (KMO = 0.721), and statistically significant (P 0.05) were all found for the parameters. Societal factors, economic factors and the market related factors are showing the significance level and also to their respective items in the present study.

Економіко-математичне моделювання оптимізації виробничих витрат у садівництві

Goal. To build an economic-mathematical model of optimizing the structure of production costs and to reveal the relationship between the investigated indicators and the factors that influence their value. Methods. Scientific abstractions — for the formation of theoretical generalizations and conclusions; the economic-mathematical method — to optimize the cost structure in horticulture; the method of system analysis and synthesis — to establish cause-and-effect relationships in the formation of production costs in horticulture. Results. To improve the management of expenses in the direction of their optimization, it is advisable to use the method of optimization modeling for various structures of apple plantations. The analysis of the simulation results indicates the possibility of reducing the cost of growing apples under the condition of rational distribution of costs. A comparison of the actual indicators of financing apple cultivation with those obtained in the modeling process shows the need for a reasonable approach to spending money on mineral and organic fertilizers, means of protection, and wages. It is these cost items that are the most important in shaping the yield of apples according to the correlation-regression analysis and the data obtained during the calculation of the economic-mathematical model of cost optimization. From the equation obtained as a result of conducting such an analysis, it follows that the listed factors should be placed in the following order according to the degree of importance: depreciation of agricultural machinery, other direct costs, costs of organic fertilizers and mineral fertilizers, fuel and lubricants, general production costs, costs of protective equipment, depreciation of perennial plantings, labor costs. Using the results of cost optimization modeling, it is quite possible not only to increase the yield of apples by 11.88–28.81% but also to reduce their cost price and to reduce total costs by 6.3–67.7%. Conclusions. Optimizing the cost structure using the methods of economic-mathematical modeling is one of the ways to effectively manage funds. The optimal cost structure justified for the horticulture industry makes it possible to reduce the cost price and increase the yield of apples.

Alcohol demand assessed daily as a predictor of same day drinking.

In this investigation, baseline (trait) and daily (brief) alcohol purchase task (APT) indices (intensity: consumption at zero cost; Omax: maximum expenditure; breakpoint: cost suppressing consumption to zero) were used to investigate the influence of morning demand on subsequent alcohol consumption. Heavy drinking college students (n = 92, age 18-20, 50% female) completed 28 daily morning reports including demand and prior day drinking. Hierarchical linear modeling, with days (Level 1) nested within-person (Level 2) were used to test the effect of morning demand on number of drinks consumed on planned drinking days, with Level 1 (study day, survey time, weekend/weekday) and Level 2 (spending money, typical drinks) covariates. Subsequently, the relative impact on daily drinking of (a) the average of each daily demand index on planned drinking days versus (b) the matched trait demand index was assessed. Higher morning intensity was related to increased alcohol consumption later that night. This finding held in sensitivity analyses wherein demand was assumed to be zero on unplanned drinking days. When tested individually, both aggregate daily and baseline trait intensity were significantly associated with average drinks measured daily. However, in the same model, only aggregate daily intensity was significant. Neither daily aggregate nor trait breakpoint or Omax were significant. Findings replicate previous work suggesting that brief demand (intensity) can predict same day drinking. Elevation in intensity in particular may denote greater risk for elevated alcohol consumption at subsequent episodes, thus intervention among at-risk drinkers may be possible prior to drinking initiation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Socioeconomic Determinants of Life Expectancy: Southeastern European Countries

This paper analyses the socioeconomic determinants of life expectancy in Southeastern Europe countries highlighting the most important factors that can affect life expectancy in this part of Europe. 
 Two Panel Data Regression with fixed–effects model was applied for 20 years from 2000 to 2019. Eight socioeconomic and environmental explanatory variables were used to verify their influence on life expectancy.
 The analysis highlights the important influence of factors such as urbanization; GDP per capita; fertility rate; education; marital status; CO2 emission and the non-significant influence of other factors, such as health expenditure or health care out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure. This study points out that healthcare spending (public and/or household out-of-pocket spending) is not a significant factor in improving life expectancy in SEE countries. Results illustrate that GDP per capita; urbanization, CO2 emissions, and fertility rate are the most influential and significant explanatory factors. A surprising result concerns marital status, which in this study affects life expectancy inversely in one of the panel regressions.
 Life expectancy is a very important and expressive outcome indicator for public health. Each country is committed to spending public money to improve people's quality of life, which translates into a longer life (Life expectancy), or even better, a longer and healthier life (Health Adjusted Life Expectancy). The results of this study, considering the demographic development of the SEE countries (low fertility rate and aged people), show that policymakers need to consider public healthcare organization and reassess the effectiveness of public health expenditure. On the other hand, the balanced urbanization process with a clean ecosystem (less CO2 emissions) conducts a better life quality (consequently an improved life expectancy).
 Keywords: Panel data analysis; Life Expectancy; Public Health; SEE Countries
 Jel Classification: C33; H51; I15

ТЕОРІЯ ГРОШЕЙ ТА КРЕДИТУ У ПОГЛЯДАХ СУЧАСНИХ МОНЕТАРИСТІВ

The article discusses the main provisions and ideas of the new monetarists. Unlike the "classical" monetarism, the new one is the result of the challenges that arise in modern economies and the partial inability of classical monetary instruments to adequately influence the money and financial markets. The main ideas and approaches of modern new monetarists are that the use of the main monetary policy instruments has different efficiency and time lags. This is due to the fact that specific economic decision makers at the macro level make decisions about spending money or obtaining a loan. To take this fact into account, new models of money and credit need to be created using microanalysis tools and institutionalism. It should not be forgotten that money or credit markets at different economic levels can be differentiated or homogeneous, so there can be "friction" between money market participants and economic phenomena or, on the contrary, they can go smoothly and without any complications or losses. The new monetarists also drew attention to the fact that the money market is subject to the phenomena of "sticky" prices, "menu costs," bank raids, and "noise search." Representatives of the new monetarism analyzed in detail the role of central banks and electronic money. As they point out, the role of central banks will grow and their influence will become so significant that they can only announce the need to raise or lower interest rates without conducting real financial transactions, and the market will do everything in the right direction. According to the new monetarists, electronic money is in its infancy and its potential is still unexplored, but it is real and should be taken into account when developing monetary policy. According to the new monetarists, the market is significantly influenced not only by money transactions and the money supply that serves them, but also by credit and the processes that arise around it. While classical monetarism regulates the money supply through the money supply, the discount rate, and the purchase/sale of securities, modern monetarists believe that the money supply is influenced by the supply of credit funds and imperfect market information.

A Study of Credit Card Holders’ Repayment Pattern with Reference to Chennai City

In today’s world, everyone would have limited access to credit. But this access is available to all through one of the most valuable financial instruments i.e., Credit Cards. Credit Card is a boon as well as a bane. It can make or destroy the person who is using it. The Important factor of a Credit Card is the repayment of dues on a stipulated period. The study focuses on various aspects of repayment - how much amount will they pay towards credit card dues, how will they arrange funds to repay the debt, etc. The period of study is 2 months with a sample size of 100 through a questionnaire. The study uses ANOVA and Chi-Square Tests to analyze the factors that influence repayment patterns. The study reveals that there is no significant relationship between spending money and repayment of dues on time.

PUBLIC EXPENDITURE AND INFLATION RATE IN NIGERIA

This paper examined the relationship between inflation and government spending in Nigeria for the period 1990 to 2022. The study utilized Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test, Johansen cointegration; Granger causality Test and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) approaches. The secondary data variables in consideration are government spending (GEXP), inflation rate (INF), exchange rate (EXR) and broad money supply (MS2) and they were soured from CBN Statistical Bulletins. Although the unit root tests showed that the variables possessed a unit root problem at their level but freed from this at their first order of integration, the Johansen co-integration result showed that the variables were co-integrated. The result indicated that there is a long-run and shortrun bilateral causal relationship between inflation and government spending. The regression estimate based on the short run and long run VECM showed that inflation rate has a positive significant influence on government spending in Nigeria over the study period. Money supply is positively related with government spending in the recent years. Meanwhile exchange rate over the study periods showed a significant reduction in government spending in Nigeria in the recent years because a rise in exchanger rate reduced the value of naira and hence affect the government expenditure negatively.

Doprinos srpskog saniteta medicini sveta 1914/15. godine

Serbia was unprepared for a new war, which came on suddenly, but which Serbia was forced to launch in 1914. The Government had been plagued by corruption scandals. When it comes to spotted typhus, what the Serbian Military Medical Service had at its disposal in 1914 was the practice of "separating the healthy from the sick". In addition, "total war" postponed the rational spending of money for the army's medical needs. All this caused, as is well known, poor accommodation of the wounded and the sick, lack of medication, hygienic products etc. The lack of accommodation was handled by transporting wounded soldiers to the country's interior. Lice were considered pests, so in the midst of the war tribulations they were "bearable problems" as there were far worse hardships to endure. Numerous factors led to the spread of the outbreak, among which the leading factor was that, unbeknownst to medical science, lice were of epidemiological importance for the spread of spotted typhus and relapsing fever. The failures of palliative measures increased the number of the sick and forced the government to seek medical assistance from the Allies. Once the teachings of C. Nicolle were accepted, that focused the efforts of the medical teams on delousing, not only in the affected patients prior to their hospitalization as the medical practice of the time demanded as a routine matter of hygienic pest control. The uncertainty of the arrival of foreign medical missions and the inability to put the newly recognized epidemiological significance of lice infestation to proper use by delousing in factory-made autoclaves launched a wave of engineering ingenuity in Serbia. A coordination body of the Parliament and Government was formed on 13 February 1915 named the National Disease Containment Board, to manage the outbreaks. In those days, once foreign missions had been invited, in only two weeks the Serbian Military Medical Service made a scientific contribution worthy of global medical attention. The emergency caused by the growing epidemic led the doctors to improvise. Already in early March, the "central disinfection station" was commissioned, repurposed from an old brick factory and furbished with an oven with dry hot air, to which a bathroom had been added. It had a daily capacity of 1200 users, whose clothes were deloused in the chamber while they were bathing, so that they could put them back on again. Without the use of the bathroom, it could process 4-5000 items of clothing and bedding. It was the most valuable method world-wide to contain and prevent the spotted typhus in the upcoming 28 years, until the emergence of DDT.

The Effectiveness of Group Counseling Using a Humanistic Existential Approach in Reducing FOMO Learning in the New Normal Era

Indonesia, such as the increasing spending of money by the younger generation and the rise of social media applications, makes the younger generation always want to satisfy their emotional needs, but they don't have enough money so that it becomes social pressure for the younger generation. Anxiety about being left behind makes it difficult for this generation to say no, and this phenomenon is one of the factors why there is Fomo syndrome. This study contains problem solving from FOMO Learning in the New Normal Era, with Humanistic Existence through Group Counseling to increase student learning responsibility, assistance to individuals in group situations that are prevention and healing, and directed at providing convenience in class development and growth. This research is research designed using the library method. The results are in the form of Humanistic Existential counseling emphasizing core human conditions. Normal personality development is based on the uniqueness of each individual.