Speed Of Sound Data Research Articles

Volumetricand ultrasonic properties of thiamine hydrochloride drug in aqueous solutions of choline-based deep eutectic solvents at different temperatures

Important efforts have been made over the past years to improve the drug acts, which leads to the discovery of novel drug preparations and delivery systems. The optimal design of such processes requires a molecular-level understanding of the interactions between drug molecules and biological membranes. The thermodynamic investigation provides deep and complete knowledge of interactions and the choice of appropriate and suitable production compounds in pharmaceutical fields. Particularly, the analysis of drugs + co-solvents in aqueous media is the central issue in many types of research because they exert their impact by interacting with biological membranes. This work is aimed to measure the density and speed of sound for the thiamine hydrochloride in water + deep eutectic solvents (DESs) mixtures (choline chloride/urea, choline chloride/ethylene glycol and choline chloride/glycerol) at temperature range (293.15–308.15) K. By correlation of the evaluated parameters in some standard relations, the partial molar parameters i.e. apparent molar volumes, Vφ,m, and apparent molar isentropic compression, κs,φ,m, are calculated. In addition, apparent molar isobaric expansion, Eφ,m0, and Hepler’s constant are computed from the density and speed of sound data. For fitting the experimental Vφ,m and κs,φ,m the Redlich-Meyer equation was employed that the important quantities; standard partial molar volume, Vm0, and partial molar isentropic compression, κs,m0, were obtained. The thermodynamic analysis of the studied system also plays a crucial role in the pharmaceutical industry.

Measurement and prediction of the volumetric and acoustic properties of two biodiesel fuels up to 200 MPa

This work presents experimental data on sound velocities and densities for two biodiesel fuels, namely sunflower methyl ester and a blend of Palm, Rapeseed, and Soybean methyl esters at pressures ranging from atmospheric to 200 MPa and temperatures from 293.15 to 393.15 K. Speed of sound data were obtained up to 200 MPa using a pulsed echo method. Density was determined by measuring the period of a vibrating tube up to 100 MPa and by integrating the sound velocity between 100 and 200 MPa. These measurements were coupled to determine other properties, such as isothermal compressibility, isentropic compressibility, and acoustic impedance, which strongly influence the injection process in diesel engines. The experimental data were compared with a set of models previously developed to predict the density and sound velocity of biodiesels under high pressure based on their fatty acid ester composition.

Gaseous speed of sound, ideal-gas heat capacity, and virial coefficients for cis-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (R1336mzz(Z)) and cis-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoroprop-1-ene (R1225ye(Z))

The emerging low-global-warming-potential refrigerants cis-1,1,1,4,4,4-Hexafluoro-2-butene (R1336mzz(Z)) and cis-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoroprop-1-ene (R1225ye(Z)) are showing high application potential in refrigeration and organic Rankine cycle, but the necessary thermophysical property data are too scarce to support their commercial application. Among the thermophysical properties, the speed of sound is essential for engineering design and scientific research. In this study, the speed of sound of gaseous R1336mzz(Z) and R1225ye(Z) was determined experimentally by the acoustic resonance method with the help of a fixed-path cylindrical cavity. The sound speed data of R1336mzz(Z) covers the temperature range of (323 to 363) K and pressure range of (57 to 383) kPa, and that of R1225ye(Z) covers (298 to 363) K and (40 to 1022) kPa. The relative uncertainties of these measurements are within a few parts in 10−4, allowing accurate analysis to derive the ideal-gas heat capacity and the 2nd acoustic density virial coefficients. Further, the parameters of the hard-core square-well intermolecular potentials are fitted to the acoustic data, allowing us to infer an estimate of the 2nd density virial coefficient of these substances. Quantitative calculation of uncertainties is also performed for these derived thermophysical parameters. Comparison of all these results with other data in the existing literature and the predictions of dedicated equations of state shows good agreement, supporting the claimed uncertainty of the experimental results.

Computation of thermodynamic and thermoacoustical properties of binary mixtures of ionic liquids – Applications of Flory’s statistical theory

For the first time, widely employed Flory’s statistical theory of binary liquid mixtures has been successfully applied to six binary ionic liquid mixtures. Only density and sound speed data have been used to compute a number of useful and important thermodynamic and thermoacoustical properties of DEAA + H2O, DEAS + H2O, TEAA + H2O, TEAS + H2O, TMAA + H2O and TMAS + H2O at 298.15 K. Experimental values of density and sound speed were taken from the recent work of Venkatesu et al [J P C 118B (2014) 5971].Their data are rare, very precise and accurate. The validity of FST for pure ionic liquids (RTIL’s) and their binary mixtures has been tested from the theoretical values of surface tension and sound speed. The magnitudes of sound speed, internal pressure, energy and heat of vaporization, cohesive energy density, solubility parameter and polarity factor obtained from FST demonstrate the excellent agreement with the available values of the experimental properties.

Spatial clustering of sound speed distributions

It is increasingly important to our understanding of the effects of climate change on our oceans that we can model sound propagation in the future environments that are being predicted. This brings conflicting demands to increase the fidelity of sound propagation models, to account for a greater number of dynamic ocean properties, and their efficiency, in particular, to account for the spatial and temporal distribution of sound speed data. In this paper, different spatial clustering methods are developed to group similar sound speed data into a small number of clusters based on acoustically relevant properties of the sound speed structure. The clusters then represent the sound speed distribution, derived from thousands of individual sound speed profiles, with a small number of effective sound speed profiles which have similar properties. This is illustrated on data for the Norwegian Sea where the performance of each method is evaluated, using measures of the separation between clusters, and by comparing sound speed predictions using profiles sampled from each cluster and using the effective sound speed profile. We show that spatial clustering is an effective tool for reducing the number of sound speed profiles that are needed to represent their spatial distribution.

Estimation of thermal conductivity of Na–K liquid metal alloy

For the first time the thermal conductivity of Na–K alloy has been computed using eight theoretical equations, already developed for binary liquid mixtures. The thermal conductivity values of Na–K alloy were obtained at three different temperatures (308,348,423) K, and at four different compositions of alloy. We have employed density and sound speed data for calculating λ alloy with the help of recently developed correlation. Density-Sound speed-thermal conductivity correlation gave excellent results.

Thermodynamic and spectral studies of molecular interactions in binary liquid mixtures of 1-butoxy-2-propanol with amines at different temperatures

ABSTRACT Binary liquid mixtures of 1-butoxy-2-propanol with amines namely diethylamine, dipropylamine and triethylamine have been discussed in the present discussion. Measurements of density and speed of sound of pure liquids and their binary mixtures have been carried out over the entire composition range and temperatures (298.15, 303.15 and 308.15) K. To study the thermodynamic behaviour of these liquid mixtures, various parameters were calculated using the experimentally measured data. Strong intermolecular interactions among the components of binary liquid mixtures were confirmed by calculated parameters. Various excess and deviation properties were correlated to composition using the Redlich–Kister polynomial. Further, density and speed of sound data were correlated with composition using Jouyban–Acree model. The experimental results have been analysed by using Prigogine–Flory–Patterson (PFP) theory. 1H-NMR spectra of binary mixtures at equimolar composition has also been studied.

Graph-guided Bayesian matrix completion for ocean sound speed field reconstruction.

Reconstructing ocean sound speed field (SSF) from limited and noisy measurements/estimates is crucial for many ocean acoustic applications, including underwater tomography, target localization/tracking, and communications. Classical reconstruction methods include deterministic approaches (e.g., spline interpolation) and geostatistical methods (e.g., kriging). They exhibit a strong link to linear regression and Gaussian process regression in machine learning (ML) literature, by uniformly viewing them as supervised regression models that learn the mapping from the geographical locations to the sound speed outputs. From a unified ML perspective, theoretical analysis indicates that classical reconstruction methods have several drawbacks, such as the sensitivity to noises and high computational cost. To overcome these drawbacks, inspired by the recent thriving development of graph machine learning, we introduce graph-guided Bayesian low-rank matrix completions (LRMCs) for fine-scale and accurate ocean SSF reconstruction. In particular, a more general graph-guided LRMC model is proposed that encompasses the state-of-the-art one as a special case. The proposed model and the associated inference algorithm simultaneously exploit the global (low-rankness) and local (graph structure) information of ocean sound speed data, thus striking an outstanding balance of reconstruction accuracy and computational complexity. Numerical results using real-life ocean SSF data have demonstrated the encouraging performances of the proposed approaches.

Volumetric, UV–Visible, and computational analysis of molecular interactions between L-ascorbic acid and L-histidine in aqueous solutions

In this work, we have performed the physiochemical, spectroscopic, and computational analysis of L-ascorbic acid (AA) in aqueous solutions of L-histidine (L-His). The physicochemical properties were evaluated by measuring density and speed of sound of AA in (0.01, 0.04, 0.08, and 0.12) mol.kg−1 aqueous L-His at temperatures (298.15 to 313.15) K. UV–Visible absorbance of AA was recorded by varying the concentration of L-His and the electrostatic interactions among these components were also evaluated by molecular dynamics. Derived thermodynamic parameters such as apparent molar volumes (V2ϕ), apparent molar isentropic compressibilities (Ks,2,ϕ), partial molar volumes and partial molar compressibilities at infinite dilution (V2° and K°s,2), Helper’s constants were calculated from density and speed of sound data. The experimental and computational results indicate the presence of strong hydrophilic-ionic types of interactions between AA and L-His in aqueous solutions. Studies of these interactions can help in understanding solvation behaviour of ascorbic acid, which is responsible for food flavoring and aroma owing to formation of Maillard reaction products.

Determining the speed dependent source level of a snowmobile traveling on sea-ice

As part of the Sustainable Nunatsiavut Futures project, a field experiment to determine the acoustic properties and underwater radiated sound level of a snowmobile was designed and executed. The fieldwork consists of lowering acoustic recorders under the sea ice and driving a snowmobile with a known position and velocity to evaluate its speed-dependent source level. This experiment is the first step toward collaborative Dalhousie and community research on underwater sound as it relates to the marine habitat, human use of the ocean, and sea-ice in Nunatsiavut. Due to COVID-19, the planning stages were coordinated virtually, and the fieldwork in Nunatsiavut was conducted by local Inuit Research Coordinators (IRCs), while a twin Dalhousie-led experiment was conducted in Caraquet, New Brunswick. A single hydrophone sensor was used in Nunatsiavut, and a vertical array of hydrophones was used in Caraquet to obtain underwater sound data from a moving snowmobile. Skidoo specifications for each site were recorded as well as sea-ice thickness, temperature, salinity, and sound-speed data were collected. Spectrograms of skidoos traveling at different speeds were computed. Comparisons between received levels at different velocities, sites, and ranges are shown, and the impact of sea ice and snowmobile specifications on received levels are discussed.

Experimental speed of sound for cis-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R1234ze(Z)) and hexafluoropropene (R1216) in gaseous phase

cis-1,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene (R1234ze(Z)) and hexafluoropropylene (R1216) are considered the alternative low-global-warming-potential working fluids due to their good performance in high-temperature heat pumps and organic Rankine cycle (ORC) systems. Thermodynamic data with high precision are required for performance analysis and industrial application, among which speed of sound data are essential for designing the system components and deriving other thermodynamic properties. In this work, we measured the speed of sound in the gaseous phase of R1234ze(Z) and R1216 using a fixed-path cylindrical acoustic resonator. The experimental temperature and pressure ranges of R1234ze(Z) are (303.15 to 363.15) K and (129 to 730) kPa, respectively; and those for R1216 are (293.15 to 363.15) K and (130 to 1001) kPa. The ideal-gas heat capacity and the virial coefficients up to 3th order were calculated from the experimental data. The uncertainties of the measured and derived properties are exhaustively analyzed and calculated. The combined expanded relative uncertainties (k=2) of the measured sound of speed are 2.8×10−4 for R1234ze(Z) and 2.4×10−4 for R1216. The combined expanded relative uncertainties (k=2) of the derived ideal-gas heat capacity are 0.018 for R1234ze(Z) and 0.010 for R1216. The combined expanded relative uncertainties (k=2) of the second density virial coefficient are 0.033 for R1234ze(Z) and 0.013 for R1216.

Multi-technique approach to explore the mixed micellization behavior of promazine hydrochloride drug and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide surfactant in aqueous glycine, glycylglycine (dipeptide) and glycylglycylglycine (tripeptide) solutions

The aggregation properties of amphiphiles and their mixtures are of theoretical and applied importance. Therefore, mixed micellization behavior of promazine hydrochloride (PMZ) drug and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) surfactant at different mole fractions, α PMZ = (0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8) has been scrutinized in water and (0.025, 0.050 and 0.100) mol·kg −1 aqueous solutions of glycine, glycylglycine (dipeptide) and glycylglycylglycine (tripeptide) at T = (298.15 to 318.15) K, by means of multiple techniques. Thermodynamic parameters of micellization (ΔG°m, ΔH°m, and ΔS°m) along with excess Gibbs free energy of mixing (ΔG m ex), the molecular interaction parameter (β int), and the degree of ionization (α), have been attained from the conductivity measurements. The partial specific volumes (φ v), partial specific isentropic compression (φ κ) as well as isentropic compressibilities (κ s) were computed from the measured density and speed of sound data. UV-Visible absorption, fluorescence emission and proton (1H) NMR spectra were recorded for the pure PMZ and mixed (PMZ + CTAB) system in the presence of glycine(aq), glycylglycine(aq) and glycylglycylglycine(aq) solutions. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) study was carried out to measure the hydrodynamic diameters (D H) of mixed micellar systems. The prevalence of hydrophobic-hydrophobic interactions amid the hydrophobic groups of PMZ drug (tricyclic scaffolding), CTAB (–C16H33), glycine, di- and tri-peptides (–CH2), and electrostatic interactions amid the hydrophilic/ionic groups of PMZ{tertiary amine part and +NH (CH3)2, Cl−}, CTAB (–N (CH3)3 +, Br‒) and glycine, di- and tri-peptides {zwitterion (NH3 +, COO−} have been depicted from the aforementioned studies.

The curious temperature dependence of fluoride molten salt thermal conductivity

To optimize the efficiency and safety of molten salt-based energy applications, accurate molten salt thermophysical property data are required. For molten fluorides, existing thermal conductivity results have large uncertainties and contradict the current theory by eliciting a positive temperature coefficient. Transient grating spectroscopy (TGS), a technique previously deemed reliable by the theoretical community, has been used to measure the thermal conductivity of fluorides (FLiNaK) for the first time. Results show a fairly flat but slightly increasing thermal conductivity as a function of temperature. The technique has been shown to not suffer from contributions from convection and radiation, an explanation used to discount the results of alternative experimental techniques. In addition to thermal conductivity, sound speed data as a function of temperature have also been obtained for the first time in FLiNaK. The use of accurate sound speed data in theoretical models of thermal conductivity provides better but not complete agreement with the results from TGS. The continued existence of a positive temperature coefficient highlights the need for new mechanistic proposals for why TGS, or current theoretical models, are unable to capture the correct temperature dependence for fluoride molten salt thermal conductivity.

Molecular interaction study of glycols in water and sodium ethylparaben mixtures using acoustic method

Volumetric and acoustic analysis is used to study the interaction between sodium ethylparaben and ethylene glycol and propylene glycol as a function of temperature. Taking densities and speed of sound measurements at 0.1MPa and T=303.15 and 308.15K completes the approximation of apparent molar volume and apparent molar isentropic compression of glycols in aqueous solutions of sodium ethylparaben. At 303.15K and 308.15K, various parameters such as acoustic impedance, intermolecular free length, adiabatic compressibility, relaxation time, ultrasonic attenuation, relative association, and Gibbs’s free energy of glycols with sodium methyl in aqueous medium were investigated using density, viscosity, and sound speed data. Acoustic parameters such as adiabatic compressibility and intermolecular free lengths have the same behaviour as these assessed parameters, however acoustic impedance has the opposite behaviour. Between the solute and the solvent, there is a strong contact.

Experimental speed of sound for trans-1-Chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-ene (R1233zd(E)) and trans-1,1,1,4,4,4-Hexafluorobut-2-ene (R1336mzz(E)) in gaseous phase

trans-1-Chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-ene (R1233zd(E)) and trans-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobut-2-ene (R1336mzz(E)) have gained increasing momentum due to their low global warming potential (GWP) and good performance in heat pumps and organic Rankine cycle (ORC) systems. Accurate thermodynamic property data are required for industrial and commercial applications. Speed of sound data with high precision are vital to developing dedicated equations of state (EoS) and calculating other thermodynamic properties. In this work, we measured the speed of sound in the gas phase of R1233zd(E) and R1336mzz(E) by the fixed-path acoustic resonance method using a cylindrical resonator. The dimensions of the resonator are calibrated by Ar, Kr and He. The speeds of sound of R1233zd(E) were obtained at temperatures ranging from 313.15 to 363.15 K and pressures up to 550 kPa, and those of R1336mzz(E) were obtained in the temperature range from 298.15 to 363.15 K and the pressure up to 805 kPa. The combined expanded relative uncertainty (k = 2) of the sound of speed is 2.1 × 10−4 for R1233zd(E) and 1.5 × 10−4 for R1336mzz(E). The sound-speed data of R1233zd(E) agree with the EoS developed by Mondejar with an average relative deviation of −0.003%, which is the most accurate. The R1336mzz(E) data are the first set of published experimental sound-speed data. The ideal-gas heat capacity at constant pressure and the second acoustic virial coefficient were derived and compared to published data. The data measured and derived in this work can be used to establish the dedicated EoS of R1336mzz(E) for better prediction of thermodynamic properties.

An insight into the thermodynamic investigation of important metabolite(KCl)-methyl nicotinate in aqueous solution at various temperatures

We report in this communication, the data on density and speed of sound measurements for methyl nicotinate in aqueous and in 0.1 mol.kg−1 aqueous potassium chloride solutions and potassium chloride (KCl) in water and in mixture containing fixed concentration (0.1 mol.kg−1) of Methyl nicotinate (MN) solution and varying the concentration (0.01 mol.kg−1 to 0.16 mol.kg−1) at 288.15, 293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, 313.15 and 318.15 K and atmospheric pressure. The density data are used to measure apparent molar volume of solute at finite concentrations(Vϕ) and apparent molar volume of solute at infinitely dilute solutions (Vϕ0) in binary and ternary mixtures. The speed of sound data are used to measure isentropic compressibility (κS), apparent molar isentropic compressibility of solute at finite concentrations (KS,ϕ) and apparent molar compressibility of solute at infinitely dilute solutions (KS,ϕ0) for binary and ternary mixtures . The coefficient of thermal expansion (α), apparent molar expansivity of solute (Eϕ) and limiting apparent molar expansivity (Eϕ0) of solute for binary and ternary solutions at 293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15 K have also been measured. These parameters are being used to assist in the exploration of feasible intermolecular interactions in studied binary and ternary mixtures. The structure making/breaking ability of solute in binary and ternary solutions were also examined using Hepler's constant. All these results are analyzed and discussed on the basis of solute–solute and solute–solvent interactions.

Volumetric and acoustic properties of L-phenyl glycine and L-phenylalanine in aqueous solution of 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide [C12mim] [Br

To study the molecular interactions between the ternary mixtures containing long chain imidazolium based ionic liquid as a common solvent with substituted amino acids L-phenyl glycine and L-phenylalanine respectively, densities and speed of sound have been measured at three different temperatures viz. T = 288.15 K, 298.15 K, 318.15 and 318.15 K under 0.1 MPa pressure. The density and speed of sound data have been further utilized to calculate the apparent molar volume and apparent molar isentropic compression. From the data obtained, apparent molar volume (Vϕ), partial molar volume (Vϕ0), and standard partial molar volumes of transfer (ΔVϕ0). Positive values of apparent molar volume indicate strong interactions. Also, partial molar isentropic compression of transfer (ΔKϕ,S0) and partial molar isentropic compression (Kϕ,s) have been calculated from the sound of speed. Furthermore, structure making and structure breaking ability of solute have been discussed by evaluation of apparent molar expansivity, (ϕE0), Hepler's constant values ∂/∂Tp. The obtained results have been discussed in terms of solvation behavior, structural changes and various interactions present in different ternary mixtures (1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide + amino acids + water).

Volumetric, acoustic and viscometric studies of solute-solute and solute-solvent interactions of glycine and its peptides in aqueous solutions of an antidepressant drug at different temperatures

From the density (ρ), speed of sound (u) and viscosity (η) measurements, the interactions of glycine, glycylglycine and glycylglycylglycine with antidepressant drug, nortriptyline hydrochloride have been investigated in aqueous medium at temperatures, T = (293.15–313.15) K and experimental pressure p = 0.1 MPa. From the experimental density measurements, apparent molar volume (VΦ), limiting apparent molar volume (VoΦ) and partial molar volumes of transfer (VoΦ,tr) have been determined for various solutions of glycine, glycylglycine and glycylglycylglycine in aqueous nortriptyline hydrochloride. In addition, using speed of sound data, apparent molar isentropic compression (Ks,Φ), limiting apparent molar isentropic compression (Kos,Φ) and partial molar isentropic compression of transfer (Kos,Φ,tr) have been calculated. Pair and triplet interaction coefficients are also determined from VoΦ,tr values using McMillan-Mayer theory. Further, apparent molar expansibility (EoΦ) and Hepler's constant values ∂EoΦ∂TP have been evaluated to assist the interpretations earned from the volumetric and acoustic analysis. The viscosity coefficients A and B, viscosity B-coefficient of transfer (Btr) and temperature derivative of B-coefficients (dB/dT) have been determined from viscosity data. The results were interpreted in terms of different kinds of intermolecular interactions present in the ternary systems (amino acid/peptides + water + nortriptyline hydrochloride) through a cosphere overlap model. The Hepler’s constant and temperature derivative of B-coefficients (dB/dT) confirms the structure breaking nature of the solute.

Speed of Sound Measurements of Binary Mixtures of Difluoromethane (R-32) with 2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene (R-1234yf) or trans-1,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene (R-1234ze(E)) Refrigerants.

Sound speed data measured using a dual-path pulse-echo instrument are reported for binary mixtures of difluoromethane (R-32) with 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234yf) or trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234ze(E)). The sound speed is reported at two compositions for each binary mixture of approximately (0.33/67) and (0.67/0.33) mole fraction at temperatures between 230 K and 345 K. Data are reported from pressures slightly above the bubble point to 12 MPa for R-32/1234yf mixtures to avoid potential polymerization reactions and to 53 MPa for the R-32/1234ze(E) mixtures. The mean uncertainty of the sound speed data are less than 0.1% of the measured value where uncertainties at individual state points range from 0.04% to 0.5% of the measured value as the conditions approach the mixture critical region. The reported data are compared to available Helmholtz-energy-explicit EOS included in REFPROP and all systems studied have average absolute deviations greater than 2%. The comparisons show that further adjustments to the mixture models are needed to provide a reasonable representation of the data within its experimental uncertainty.

Physical and chemical properties of binary mixtures of dibutylammonium-based ionic liquids and water

Ionic liquids are used in different processes owing to their low vapor pressure, large viscosity range, chemical and thermal stability, and superior conductance even without water. These features make them flexible and tunable, indicating their possible use as substitutes for commonly used compounds in many processes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the properties of aqueous binary solutions for three different ionic liquids (ILs): dibutylammonium acetate, dibutylammonium propanoate, and dibutylammonium butanoate. The measured properties were density, speed of sound, and conductivity, and their isentropic compressibility and thermal expansion coefficient were calculated based on these properties. The temperature range used for measurements was 293.15–323.15 K. Mathematical models were used for each ionic liquid + water mixture to fit the density and speed of sound data. The increase in the alkyl chain leads to a tendency to decrease the values of density, speed of sound, and conductivity of the solutions. However, decreasing the dilution in water, the density, the conductivity and the speed of sound initially increase and then decrease, exhibiting a maximum in the initial water concentration range which indicates the formation of aggregates. Critical micellar concentrations at 298 K were determined through conductivity data. Enhancing the temperature leads to a decrease on density and sound velocity.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43153-021-00174-7.