Variation In Speech Research Articles

Acoustic indicators of voice quality in the context of social support

Is social support communicated throught the subtle, yet powerful, acoustic variations in speech? This study attempted to answer this question by testing whether acoustic parameters vary when expressing social support. Participants underwent an experiment in which they watched video testimonials of a woman describing either a neutral subject or a sensitive, emotionally-charged experience. After this, participants provided voice messages to the person appearing in the testimony. Employing the openSMILE toolkit, we extracted from these speech responses the Geneva Minimalistic Acoustic Parameter Set (GeMAPS), a set of emotion-related acoustic features. Our investigation reveals an acoustic profile characteristic of supportive speech, distinguished by changes in the Alpha ratio, spectral slope, and the Hammarberg index — parameters representing the high-frequency content and spectral balance. These acoustic differences not only help to differentiate supportive utterances but also characterize its voice quality, thereby enhancing the emotional richness of this affective stance. Our research findings have potential applications in therapeutic and communication settings and open avenues for further exploration in speech science.

The overview of social security reforms between the 90's and 2000

The present study aims to study the successive and debatable reforms that the Brazilian Social Security system has undergone since its formatting in its current form and constitutionalization, concluding that despite the variety of speeches in favor and against the 2019 Social Security Reform, it is It is possible to observe that all political parties that assumed the Executive Branch of the Federal Government imposed reforms or changes to the social protection system. It will be analyzed whether the social protection system really needs the reforms introduced. To achieve the intended objective, the methodology applied is the theoretical review of Social State theories.

Socioeconomic and geographic variations of disabilities in India: evidence from the National Family Health Survey, 2019–21

BackgroundIncreasing disability is of global and national concern. Lack of evidence on disability across socioeconomic groups and geographic levels (especially small areas) impeded interventions for these disadvantaged subgroups. We aimed to examine the socioeconomic and geographic variations in disabilities, namely hearing, speech, visual, mental, and locomotor, in Indian participants using cross-sectional data from the National Family Health Survey 2019–2021.MethodsUsing data from 27,93,971 individuals, we estimated age-sex-adjusted disability rates at the national and sub-national levels. The extent of socioeconomic variations in disabilities was explored using the Erreygers Concentration Index and presented graphically through a concentration curve. We adopted a four-level random intercept logit model to compute the variance partitioning coefficient (VPC) to assess the significance of each geographical unit in total variability. We also calculated precision-weighted disability estimates of individuals across 707 districts and showed their correlation with within-district or between-cluster standard deviation.ResultsWe estimated the prevalence of any disability of 10 per 1000 population. The locomotor disability was common, followed by mental, speech, hearing, and visual. The concentration index of each type of disability was highest in the poorest wealth quintile households and illiterate 18 + individuals, confirming higher socioeconomic variations in disability rates. Clusters share the largest source of geographic variation for any disability (6.5%), hearing (5.8%), visual (24.3%), and locomotor (17.4%). However, States/Union Territories (UTs) account for the highest variation in speech (3.7%) and mental (6.5%) disabilities, where the variation at the cluster level becomes negligible. Districts with the highest disability rates were clustered in Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, and Punjab. Further, we found positive correlations between the district rates and cluster standard deviations (SDs) for disabilities.ConclusionsThough the growing disability condition in India is itself a concerning issue, wide variations across socioeconomic groups and geographic locations indicate the implementation of several policy-relevant implications focusing on these vulnerable chunks of the population. Further, the critical importance of small-area variations within districts suggests the design of strategies targeting these high-burden areas of disabilities.

Novel Genetic and Phenotypic Expansion in Ameliorated PUF60-Related Disorders.

Heterozygous variants in the Poly(U) Binding Splicing Factor 60kDa gene (PUF60) have been associated with Verheij syndrome, which has the key features of coloboma, short stature, skeletal abnormalities, developmental delay, palatal abnormalities, and congenital heart and kidney defects. Here, we report five novel patients from unrelated families with PUF60-related disorders exhibiting novel genetic and clinical findings with three truncating variants, one splice-site variant with likely reduced protein expression, and one missense variant. Protein modeling of the patient's missense variant in the PUF60 AlphaFold structure revealed a loss of polar bonds to the surrounding residues. Neurodevelopmental disorders were present in all patients, with variability in speech, motor, cognitive, social-emotional and behavioral features. Novel phenotypic expansions included movement disorders as well as immunological findings with recurrent respiratory, urinary and ear infections, atopic diseases, and skin abnormalities. We discuss the role of PUF60 in immunity with and without infection based on recent organismic and cellular studies. As our five patients showed less-severe phenotypes than classical Verheij syndrome, particularly with the absence of key features such as coloboma or palatal abnormalities, we propose a reclassification as PUF60-related neurodevelopmental disorders with multi-system involvement. These findings will aid in the genetic counseling of patients and families.

ETHNOLECTS IS THE STUDY OF ETHNIC DIALECTS

The article deals with the problems of dialect which is a variety of language that is characteristic of a particular group among the language speakers. The groups of people who are the speakers of a dialect are usually bound to each other by social identity. This is what differentiates a dialect from a register or a discourse, where in the latter case, cultural identity does not always play a role. Summing up the results, it can be concluded that dialects are speech varieties that have their own grammatical and phonological rules, linguistic features, and stylistic aspects, but have not been given an official status as a language.

A mobile Deep Sparse Wavelet autoencoder for Arabic acoustic unit modeling and recognition

In this manuscript, we introduce a novel methodology for modeling acoustic units within a mobile architecture, employing a synergistic combination of various motivating techniques, including deep learning, sparse coding, and wavelet networks. The core concept involves constructing a Deep Sparse Wavelet Network (DSWN) through the integration of stacked wavelet autoencoders. The DSWN is designed to classify a specific class and discern it from other classes within a dataset of acoustic units. Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC) and perceptual linear predictive (PLP) features are utilized for encoding speech units. This approach is tailored to leverage the computational capabilities of mobile devices by establishing deep networks with minimal connections, thereby immediately reducing computational overhead. The experimental findings demonstrate the efficacy of our system when applied to a segmented corpus of Arabic words. Notwithstanding promising results, we will explore the limitations of our methodology. One limitation concerns the use of a specific dataset of Arabic words. The generalizability of the sparse deep wavelet network (DSWN) to various contexts requires further investigation “We will evaluate the impact of speech variations, such as accents, on the performance of our model, for a nuanced understanding.

A Systematic Literature Review on Acoustic of Speech Variables for Measuring Cognitive Function

A Systematic Literature Review on Acoustic of Speech Variables for Measuring Cognitive Function

Speech Act in a Courtroom: An Analysis of Chris Watts’ Trial

The utterances produced by participants in a trial relates to their role and the trial stage. Therefore, everyone involved in the trial will produce a variety of speech acts. This research aims to describe the types of speech act in Chris Watts’ trial and to describe the functions of the speech act used in the trial. The analysis is based on Searle's theory of speech act (1979). The researchers used descriptive qualitative method to describe the types of speech act and the functions of the speech acts by analyzing each utterance produced by all of the participants in courtroom. The finding shows that there are 176 utterances of speech acts which consist of 79 representatives, 23 directives, 14 commissives, 51 expressive, and 9 declarations. The researchers also found 26 functions of speech act. The dominant speech act in Chris Watts’ trial is representative, because all the participants give statements of fact about the case during the trial. Moreover, the most frequently used function of speech act in Chris Watts’ trial is stating, because, most of the participants' utterance is used to state their belief and thought regarding Chris Watts’ case. In this research, the specific position of the speaker in the courtroom creates specific function of speech act used. The witnesses’ utterance is used to condemn the defendant, the judge’s utterance is used to sentence the defendant, while the prosecutor’s utterance is used to restate the witness’s statement.

Toxic Speech and Limited Demand for Content Moderation on Social Media

When is speech on social media toxic enough to warrant content moderation? Platforms impose limits on what can be posted online, but also rely on users’ reports of potentially harmful content. Yet we know little about what users consider inadmissible to public discourse and what measures they wish to see implemented. Building on past work, we conceptualize three variants of toxic speech: incivility, intolerance, and violent threats. We present results from two studies with pre-registered randomized experiments (Study 1, $ N=\mathrm{5,130} $ ; Study 2, $ N=\mathrm{3,734} $ ) to examine how these variants causally affect users’ content moderation preferences. We find that while both the severity of toxicity and the target of the attack matter, the demand for content moderation of toxic speech is limited. We discuss implications for the study of toxicity and content moderation as an emerging area of research in political science with critical implications for platforms, policymakers, and democracy more broadly.

Analisis Tindak Tutur Ilokusi dalam Video “Merdeka Belajar” pada Kanal Youtube KEMENDIKBUD RI

The research focuses on analyzing one part of a speech act, especially illocutions. The author analyzes how illocutions are used in a certain context in the video "Merdeka Belajar" on the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture's YouTube channel. The research aims to analyze the use of illocutionary speech acts in the video "Merdeka Belajar" on the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture's YouTube channel, with a focus on the illocutionary theory developed by J. L. Austin, which includes five main forms; representative (assertive), commissive, directive, expressive, and declarative. Research was conducted to better understand how messages and communication are conveyed in the context of the video. This research combines methodological and theoretical approaches. From a methodological aspect, the research applies qualitative methods with descriptive analysis. Theoretically, research is related to the field of pragmatics. The type of research used is a pragmatic study that uses qualitative descriptive methods which include examining documents, listening, and taking notes as data collection tools. The technique for collecting data was carried out using SBLC techniques and recording. Apart from that, the research also used the distribution and matching method for data analysis. This research is useful for knowing how to classify speech acts and increasing knowledge in the field of pragmatics, especially in illocutionary speech acts. In the results of data analysis, 41 data were found from various types of illocutionary speech acts. The number of data for each speech act, namely assertive, is 22 data, directive 7 data, declarative 2 data, commissive 1 data, and expressive 9 data. Based on the research results, the variety of speech acts that are often used in speech on the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture's YouTube channel videos are assertive speech acts. The assertive speech acts that appear in the video are statements stating, opinions, showing, reporting, speculating, mentioning, and asserting.

Analisis Tindak Tutur Ekspresif dan Direktif pada Video Edukasi Bertema Sains dalam Kanal YouTube Kok Bisa?

Language is a communication tool used to express an idea or emotion. In linguistics, language is comprehensively explored with the aim of developing understanding and is also used for research. In analyzing the meaning of language, a pragmatic understanding is required. Pragmatics is a linguistic field that examines the interplay between the function and form of speech acts. This research primarily focuses on the analysis of expressive and directive speech acts. Expressive speech acts involve utterances that convey the feelings or thoughts experienced by the speaker. On the other hand, directive speech acts involve utterances intended to encourage or trigger action from the listener. This research aims to obtain, examine, and discuss a variety of speech acts found in educational science-themed videos on the YouTube channel "Kok Bisa?". This research is a qualitative descriptive study using a theoretical approach, namely a pragmatic approach. The data used consists of a number of utterances in the videos. The data collection technique used is observation and note-taking. Data analysis is carried out using distributional and correlational techniques. Data presentation is done formally and informally. The potential value of this study lies in its capacity to offer insights to the author and researchers concerning expressive and directive speech acts found in utterances. The practical benefits of this research will be obtained by those in the field of science, educators, learners, and language researchers as a basis, reference, and teaching material concerning expressive and directive speech acts found within utterances. In the science videos on the "Kok Bisa?" YouTube channel, 26 expressive speech acts and 36 directive speech acts were identified from nine selected videos. This analysis reveals that directive speech acts in the form of questioning dominate these videos, enabling two-way interaction through viewer comments.

Directive Speech Acts in the Dialogue of the Film Heaven That Is Not Missed 3 Director Pritagita Arianegara

Speech acts in general are not only used in the process of interaction between individuals, but can also be used in literary works, one of which is film. Film is a literary work that has a dominant use of speech acts. This is proven by the variety of speech acts shown through communication between characters in the film. One form of speech act is a directive speech act. This research discusses directive speech acts and speaking strategies used in the film Surga Yang Tak Missed 3 directed by Pritagita Arianegara. This research aims to describe the forms of directive speech acts and the speaking strategies used in each form of directive speech. The theory used is Searle's theory (2005). This research uses a content analysis method with a qualitative approach. The data source for this research is the dialogue from the film Heaven Yang Not Missed 3 directed by Pritagita Arianegara. This research data is oral data that contains directive speech acts and fulfills speaking strategies. Based on the results of this research, it can be concluded that commanding speech and direct and literal speaking strategies are the most frequently occurring forms of directive speech acts. This is because commanding speech dominates some forms of directive speech acts and is generally conveyed explicitly in the dialogue of this film. Meanwhile, pleading speech and indirect and non-literal speaking strategies were the fewest data found. This is because there are not many pleading words uttered by the characters and there are not many implied statements in this film

Detecting Deception Using MCI in Twitter

The purpose of the study was to test whether Modified Cognitive Interviewing (MCI) is an effective method for detecting deceptive human eyewitness accounts in a computer-mediated computer platform with limited text space (such as in Twitter). 44 college students were the participants in this study, where they either had to perform, or pretend that they had performed a cognitive task. Of the 44 participants, 15 performed the task and reported truthfully about their activities; 16 performed the task and denied having participated in the task; 13 read the instructions about the cognitive task and when interviewed claimed to have actually performed the task. The transcripts of interviews, conducted in Twitter, were rated by individuals trained in cognitive interviewing; forensic speech variables (response length (RL), unique word (UW) count and type-token ratio (TTR) were coded from transcripts. Human rater judgments and computer-based speech analysis performed better than chance; computer based judgments were superior to the human judgments (i.e., 79% vs. 54%, respectively). Speech content variables derived from MCI differed significantly, and in different ways, between the truthful and false claimant participants and also between the truthful and denial type participants. MCI derived statement analysis methods are a scientifically valid method, when used in Twitter, that can be used by professionals tasked with distinguishing between true claims, false claims and denials.

Demographic, neuropsychological, and speech variables that impact iconic and supplementary-to-speech gesturing in aphasia

Abstract We model the role of demographic, neuropsychological and speech variables in characterizing iconic gesture use in speakers with aphasia, especially gestures that supplement speech and are essential for understanding the spoken message. Using backward regression modelling with cross validation in 37 speakers with aphasia, literature-derived demographic (e.g., age), neuropsychological (e.g., aphasia and anomia severity), and speech (e.g., speaking duration) variables were used to predict frequency and rate (per minute) of iconic, supplementary, and essential gesturing. We identified that nearly 60% of iconic gestures produced by speakers were supplementary to speech with 38% being essential for understanding the speech. Generally, those with more severe aphasia, anomia, and with nonfluent aphasia tended to produce fewer tokens and a slower rate of speech, and these were the speakers who produced more and a higher rate of supplementary and essential gestures. These findings underline the importance of iconic gestures to improve communication.

Gus Bahauddin Nursalim’s Speech and Language Politeness Strategy on YouTube

This study aims to describe the form of language politeness strategies in Gus Bahauddin Nursalim's video lectures on Youtube. This research focuses on Gus Bahauddin Nursalim's lectures on Youtube, Santri Gayeng, with the most views in the last six months. This research uses a descriptive-qualitative approach that seeks to collect descriptive information and present it in text about the subject under study. The collected data is then analysed with Brown and Levinson's theory of language politeness. The results of this study show that there are 23 videos that fall into the category of language politeness strategies. The data shows a variety of positive politeness strategies, indirect strategies or vague speech, and straightforward strategies without preamble. The form of language politeness strategy is inseparable from Gus Baha's social influence in the community. He is known to have the characteristic of giving lectures with a speech that can have an influence on his listeners. Through the study of the language politeness of a preacher, this article contributes to the discussion of language studies and preacing activities in Indonesia.

НАЗВИ ЧАСТИНИ ВІД ЦІЛОГО В УКРАЇНСЬКІЙ МОВІ

In the article the peculiarities of use and spatial distribution of lexemes denoting parts of a whole, their variants, as well as phraseological units with such components have been researched. The Ukrainian language dictionary, modern dictionaries of dialectal speech were used as a material; for the diachronic analysis, lexicographical works of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and an etymological dictionary were used. It has been noted that Ivan Ohiienko;s dictionaries have valuable informa-tion for diachronic studies of both literary and dialectal vocabulary and phraseology, their stability or temporality of use, and description of the ways of the Ukrainian language development at many levels.Phraseological units with dialectal components encode general ideas of a person, the ability to characterise or evaluate something. In certain territories, we identify the specifi cs of not only metaphorical transfers, but also diff erences in the use of lexeme variants in colloquial speech and as part of fi xed expressions, and accents on diff erent scales of feature manifestation.It should be noted that the analysed sources help to identify the phenomena of erasure or preservation of dialectal features, in particular, it is important to fi nd out their stability at the phraseological and lexical levels. The information on the territo-rial distribution of a particular phraseological unit and its dialectal component, on interlingual relations in general and interdialect relations in particular is incomplete.It has been defi ned that the names of the part from the whole are distinguished by their local use, have variants (phonetic, word-formation, lexical, morphological), testify to the cognitive processes that connect the meaning of a free phrase with the phraseological one, and serve as a source for determining associative, ethnolinguistic and cultural bases.The analysis of the use of the studied nominations in phraseological units is only preliminary, but it shows that the widest semantic possibilities of phraseological units in general and their components in particular are revealed in the live speech of native speakers of dialects, examples of both expressions of human states and feelings and realisers of communicative potential

Considerations of dialect on the identification of speech sound disorder in Vietnamese‐speaking children

AbstractBackgroundThe dialect spoken by children influences diagnostic decision‐making regarding the identification and severity of speech sound disorder (SSD).AimsThe primary objective was to review papers that examined the influence of dialect on the identification of SSD in Vietnamese‐speaking children.Methods & ProceduresFive studies of mono‐ and multilingual Vietnamese‐speaking children living in Vietnam and Australia were reviewed to examine the influence of dialect on the assessment and analysis children's speech. The main Vietnamese dialects (Standard, Northern, Central, Southern) differ in the production of consonants, vowels and tones.Main contributionMost speech assessments define correct production using the standard dialect of a language. Insights from recent studies of Vietnamese provide recommendations for also considering dialect in diagnostic decision‐making. First, we recommend adding column(s) to the assessment score sheet that includes the dialectal variants spoken by adults in the child's family or community. Second, we calculate the accuracy of production twice, based on the standard form and dialectal form. Third, we report the percentage of consonants correct—standard (PCC‐S) and percentage of consonants correct—dialect (PCC‐D).Conclusions & ImplicationsDiagnostic decision‐making is influenced by dialectal variation in children's speech, so speech and language therapists need to compare standard and dialectal productions when undertaking assessments, analysis and diagnostic decision‐making.WHAT THIS PAPER ADDSWhat is already known on the subject Most speech assessments use the standard form of a dialect as the correct production. The standard dialect is used for diagnosis of SSD and identification of intervention targets.What this paper adds to the existing knowledge This paper examines five research studies of Vietnamese to identify ways to consider dialect in speech and language therapy assessment and analysis. Vietnamese provides a complex environment for this examination since there are numerous Vietnamese dialects and they differ according to consonants, vowels and tones.What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? Speech and language therapists are encouraged to add column(s) to their assessment score sheet that includes the dialectal variants spoken by adults and to report the PCC‐S and PCC‐D.

Interrogatives, inquiries, and exam questions

AbstractThe speech act of inquiry is generally treated as a default kind of asking questions. The widespread norm states that one inquires whether p only if one does not know that p. However, the fact that inquiring is just one kind of asking questions has received little to no attention. Just as in the declarative mood we can perform not only assertions, but various other speech acts, like guesses or predictions, so in the interrogative mood we can also make various speech act types. I propose a speech-act-theoretic account of a distinct kind of question that I label exam questions. According to the proposed account, one performs an exam question p only if (i) one has access to the answer to p, and (ii) one does not officially know whether the hearer knows the answer to p. Exam questions satisfy all the necessary requirements of being a distinct kind of speech act. Additionally, my proposal contributes to the recent expansion of the normative approach to a variety of speech acts.

Sociolinguistic Survey of the Chin Speech Varieties Spoken along the Dalet Stream, Ann Township, Rakhine State, Myanmar

This report presents the results of a sociolinguistic survey fieldwork trip to the language groups along the Dalet Stream in Ann Township, Rakhine State, Myanmar. The primary purpose of this survey was to determine the need for additional language development among these speakers. A secondary purpose was to investigate how ready these groups are for language development and how unified they are. The third purpose was to determine how many and which varieties might best be selected for additional literature development among these groups. The survey team investigated these questions through wordlists, questionnaires, participatory tools, and recorded text testing (RTT). The team learned that the Dalet Stream people are not adequately served by Burmese literature. There is a need and desire for additional vernacular language development. The Dalet Stream people are interested in literature development; however, promotion is needed. Language vitality is robust among most speech varieties, and there is a sizable population of speakers. Some educated people are interested in helping develop literature to maintain their people group’s culture and language. However, interest in language development and literacy must still be built in the broader community.

The Mediating Role of the Varieties of Inner Speech in the Relationship of Decision-Making and Stress Coping Styles With Suicidal Ideation Among High School Students

The Mediating Role of the Varieties of Inner Speech in the Relationship of Decision-Making and Stress Coping Styles With Suicidal Ideation Among High School Students