Speech Strategies Research Articles

Irony as a characteristic feature of journalists’ speech behaviour

This article deals with studying the characteristic features of ironic statements functioning in the speech behaviour of German journalists. The article identifies the strategic aspects of ironic statements in the communicative space of the German-language media discourse. The article reveals the phenomenon of irony from the point of view of the pragmalinguistic approach. The authors analyze the speech behaviour of German journalists according to the speech strategy “the formation of an ironic meaning in the statement”. The tactics by which this strategy is realized in the newspaper texts are discussed in detail. The study covers various newspaper genres and includes the analysis of examples with irony in the journalists’ articles which are particularly characterized by an ironic presentation. Based on the above, it is concluded that irony can be a characteristic feature of journalists’ speech behaviour.

Word-building means in a political leader’s speech portrait (implicit pragmalinguistics)

Abstraсt. The article is concerned with the implicit pragmalinguistics which studies a person’s unconscious choice of verbal means to maximize the impact on the listener. The principles of hidden or implicit pragmalinguistics are put forward. They reveal the dependence of the actualization of hidden grammatical meanings on the speech situation of communication. The present article focuses on the characteristics of blogging as a form of comprehensive political communication. The paper aims at examining the specific features of political online written diaries in open social networks. It is established that the implicit speech influence on mass addressee is carried out by means of speech signals. These verbal signals actualize the plans of emotive and conative-aimed implied speech strategies of the hidden influence of the text sender on its recipient, so the author’s speech portrait is drawn up. Grammatical and textual forms of grammatical and textual categories are considered as speech signals. Along with them implicitly influencing derived lexical units formed by various word-building means are presented as verbal signals in the paper. It is formed the concept of speech behavior. According to the key features of a New Zealand politician’s speech behavior his personality is revealed. It has been developed in the form of the political leader’s speech habits based in the conditions of his national culture.

Techniques and Practices of Speech Expression in Arab Diplomatic Communication

The article is devoted to analysis of the techniques and practices of speech expression in Arab diplomatic communication through the example of speeches made by Arab diplomatic corps representatives and politicians at various UN venues. Original texts of speeches made by Permanent Representatives of Arab countries at the UN concerning the situation in the Middle East were chosen as the material for the study. The time frame covers the period from 2011 to 2018. The UN’s multimedia resources are one of the largest platforms for diplomatic dialogue open to the general public. Due to the intensification of relations between Russia and the Arab countries, it is necessary to identify the specifics of Arab diplomatic communication, as the speaker’s statements are not intended to express his or her own attitude and assessment, but the attitude of the state he or she represents. When analyzing the texts of speeches by diplomatic corps representatives in general, we observed the interpenetration and mutual influence of several types of language styles, which depend on the specifics of the issue under discussion: officialese style, inherent in diplomatic correspondence, and publicistic, which is found in public speeches. The intermingling of styles undoubtedly affects both the lexical and syntactic weight of the texts in a statement. In turn, Arab speakers cannot remain emotionally indifferent to the problems of their region due to the difficult political situation in the Middle East. For this reason, we noted not only a regular deviation from diplomatic speech standards, primarily the abundance of emotionally evaluative vocabulary in the texts of their speeches, but also special strategies for constructing texts that help to have a certain effect directed at listeners and opponents — expression. Among the most commonly used methods of speech expression, we have identified repetition, cohesion, convergence and the effect of defeated expectancy. By means of analysis of expressive syntaxes we studied the specifics of the use of these methods of speech expression at the level of usual-clichéd Arabic text and highlighted the specifics of tapping this speech strategy in the language of Arabic diplomacy.

CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF SPEECH STRATEGIES EMPLOYED BY D. TRUMP DURING THE FIRST PRESIDENTIAL DEBATE OF 2016

Modern international relations and the growing politicization of society have led to an increase in interest in the language of politicians and their speech behavior. The image of the country is formed on the basis of the ways of its presentation by politicians through their choice of expressive means and effective strategies of speech behavior. The discourse of D. Trump as a candidate for president of the United States of America is of interest from the point of view of the dichotomy of the unconventionality and effectiveness of the language means used by him. The analysis of the speech strategies used during the debate by the politician is based on the scientific works of I. Goffman, N. Fairclough, M. Halliday, and others. In the course of this research, the author found that D. Trump's speech combines four strategies of presidential debates: self-promotion, description of opponents through verbal attack, self-correction or improvement of one's own image through protection from the accusations of opponents, and extravocalization. Denoting the United States of America as an insecure country, vulnerable and full of threats, D. Trump resorted to a strategy similar to marketing – “fear motivation” – the use of fear-inducing metaphorical language. Simple language helped the politician to minimize the distance between himself and the audience: D. Trump's speech consists of simple words and short sentences, which is not always typical of political discourse, but is beneficial for business. The use of generally accepted strategies of political discourse by a politician, together with a more business-oriented approach, allows the researcher to consider the development of political discourse from a new perspective and draw attention to the further possibility of finding a set of language tools for politicians of the new time.

Potential for confliction in COVID-induced discourse in terms of training staff for law enforcement agencies

The purpose of this article is to construct a worldview model for a group of individuals prone to conflictive speech behaviour. This model can help law enforcement officers, including those still in training, to build an optimal communication strategy, even in unfavourable conditions. The material of the study is based on the comments in social media in respect of regional news items (TASS and Vesti-Kaliningrad press agencies). The relevant effective information engendered verbal reactions that proved to be most demonstrative for consideration and modelling. The article considers such aspects as various cognitive distortions inherent in individuals of a social medium at periods of maximum uncertainty; destructive speech strategies, manipulative strategies and manifestations of hostile rhetoric. A number of elements of the conspiratorial worldview, representing a constitutive role within the discourse in question, were considered and described.

Maintaining Language Politeness Through Learning Advice in Japanese

In the world of education, the ability and sensitivity in delivering advice is needed. This is because advice is a speech that is very often used in interactions with students in building character. With regard to various important factors that must be considered in delivering speech advice, especially in learning foreign languages which may have different speech cultures. This research aims to obtain an overview how the speakers maintaining politeness in advice utterance. The maintaining politeness of advice in terms of strategy, use of modifications, in term of politeness principle, in term of cooperative principle, type of expression and variety of language used in advice utterance, so it is hoped that used as instruments in maintaining politeness in the concept of learning. This research is based on a qualitative paradigm, with content analysis techniques and inductive procedures. Sharpening the focus of the study in this research is on its pragmatic competence. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the way to maintain politeness in speaking is to use a speech strategy, either directly or indirectly, followed by modifications in the speech. In giving advice, the most priority to pay attention to by speakers is the interests and benefits of the interlocutors, then sympathy for the interlocutors, then in giving advice, not to be arrogant, not criticizing the interlocutors and as much as possible praising the interlocutors, and to avoid disapproval of the interlocutors. Then in carrying out the conversation the speaker expresses what is needed, is relevant to the conversation, speaks the right thing, and speaks clearly. In addition to the use of these expressions and speech strategies, when delivering speeches, the ways of maintaining politeness also pay attention to the mental or psychological condition of the interlocutors.

Speech Act Strategies of Commands and Prohibitions in Hadiths

The aim of this article is to explain the strategy of speech acts of the commands and prohibitions of the prophet Muhammad in the hadith using Searle's speech acts theory. The purpose of this paper is focused on describing the strategies used by the prophet Muhammad in conveying commands and prohibitions. The results of this paper indicate that there are many speech act strategies used by the Prophet Muhammad in delivering commands and prohibitions, such as direct literal speech acts, indirect literal speech acts, and indirect literal speech acts.

Culture-bound words as a method of speech strategies in german political discourse

The article is devoted to the study of culture-bound words as a method of verbal strategies of political discourse, aimed at both maintaining a positive image and verbal attacks against opponents and competing political parties. The relevance of research is due to insufficient knowledge of the lexical units with a national-cultural component from the standpoint of political linguistics. The material for the study included the speeches of the ruling parties’ leaders in Germany: Angela Merkel (Christian Democratic Union) and Horst Seehofer (Christian Social Union) in the context of the “Political Ash Wednesday” 2017. Politicians’ statements containing culture-bound words were selected by continuous sampling method. The analysis revealed that the speakers deliberately used culture-bound words in order to implement their communicative intentions. Such units illustrate non-linguistic reality; they are directly related to the values of society and influence the recipient in communication. Using the statements of A. Merkel and H. Seehofer, the author identified five speech strategies (self-presentation and discredit strategies, informationinterpretation, manipulative and agitation strategies), and also established their relationship with the use of culture-bound words.

Tindak Tutur Ekspresif dalam Novel Bumi Manusia karya Pramoedya Ananta Toer

This study aims to describe the types of expressive speech acts and strategy used in the novel Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. This type of research is qualitative research using descriptive methods. The data contained in this study are words, phrases, clauses, and sentences that refer to expressive speech acts contained in the novel Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. The data source of this research is the novel Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. The research instrument is the researcher himself with a note taking tool to record things that indicate expessive speech acts found in the novel . Data collection techniques were carried out in several stages including reading and understanding the novel Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer; (2) identifying data containing expressive speech acts in the novel Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer; and (3) inventorizing data containing expressive speech acts in the novel Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. The data validation technique used in this study is a detailed description technique. The data analysis technique is done by classifying the data, analyzing the data, and concluding the results of the research. The research results found, namely (1) types of expressive speech acts in the novel Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer in the from of saying thanks, saying congratulations, apologizing, praising, accusing, exressing anger, expressing pleasure, feeling embarrased, and feeling surprised; (2) the storytelling strategy used by the characters Minke, Annalies, dan Nyai Ontosoroh is in the form of a stratedy without the nonsense, a strategy of a speaking with pleasantries of positive courtesy, a strategy of speaking with small talk of negative politeness, vague speech strategies, and strategies that speak silently

The use of refusal strategies in interlanguage speech act performance of Korean and Norwegian users of English

The present paper describes a contrastive study of interlanguage refusal strategies employed by Korean and Norwegian learners of English as an additional language. The data were collected from multilingual first-year students at an American university in South Korea and in an English-medium program at a Norwegian university by means of an online open discourse completion task and analyzed using the coding categories based on Beebe, Takahashi, and Uliss-Welts (1990), and Salazar Campillo, Safont-Jordà, and Codina Espurz (2009). The data were analyzed to compare the average frequencies of refusal strategies used by the two groups, and the types of direct, indirect, and adjunct strategies that they employed. Independent samples t-tests revealed significant differences in the use of direct and indirect strategies with small effect sizes. The differences in the use of adjunct strategies were not statistically significant, and the effect sizes were negligible. Descriptive statistics of the differences in the types of direct, indirect, and adjunct strategies also revealed interesting patterns. The findings suggest that multilinguals’ pragmatic performance is a complex phenomenon that cannot be explained by the differences in cultural and pragmatic norms of their first language alone.

Speech Act Strategy In Early Children With The Autism Spectrum Disorder

Speech acts are utterances or something that is said by the speaker while taking a certain meaningful action to get the expected response from the speech partner. The speech act chosen depends on several factors related to the function of language as a means of conveying messages. The speech acts used by early childhood speakers, especially for children with special needs (ASD) in this study, are interesting because especially how children with ASD choose speech strategies that are based on the context. This study aims to describe the speech strategies found in the speech acts of children with special needs. The research method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. Data collection through (1) interviews, (2) observation, (3) documentation. The result of this study is a form of strategy in language speech acts used by children with special needs.

«When I am a Grandma – in Ten Years or So...»: Schoolchildren’s Compositions about Elderly and Old Age

The study is aimed at assessing communicative, semantic and structural aspects of schoolchildren’s text-based activity; determining the actual semantic structure of the conceptual area connected with an old age, as well as the types of vocal acts applied to verbalisation of senses in the process of extemporaneous written speech production. Resources: texts of the compositions «An old man, what is he?»; «Old age, what is it?», «In old age I will be...», written by seventh- grade Russian students in Omsk in 2020. The applied methodology involves complex analysis for identifying communicative (speech strategies and tactics, type of communication), cognitive (actualisation of meaning and cognitive structures), semantic (selection of words, distribution of subjective features, selection of predicates, etc.) parameters. Results of the research: the author reveals certain dominance of variably developing typical scenarios associated with specific cognitive fragments in the linguistic consciousness as well as particular impact of social stereotypes associated with age, old age, old person. The author comes to the following conclusions: competence in communicative norms and structure of reasoning, predominance of self-communication, lack of dependence between the choice of the communication model and stating of the topic; actual semantic spaces and cognitive structures in the old age conceptual area: family – «love for children and grandchildren, care, help» / «abandonment»; lifestyle – «physical and intellectual activity », «health» / «lack of interest», «illness»; life as past – present – future – «work, money, business», «joy, fun, pleasure », «sadness, weakness»; a person – «different types of elderly people», «optimism» / «grumpiness», «experience», «wisdom»; the nature of the written speech actions consists in endowing with quality, transferring the activity of the subject – a person and his age state with the help of a restricted vocabulary basic for the semantic field of age (elderly, old, an old man, grandmother, grandfather, getting old); presentation of stereotypes of a multi-generational family and mutual care traditional for Russian culture, as well as formation of new stereotypes of active, joyful and happy old age.

Artistic Functions of Distorted Speech in the “Fandorin corpus” by B. Akunin

The speech characteristics of the characters of Boris Akunin’s “Fandorin corpus” as a cycleforming principle are analyzed. Attention is paid to distorted speech, analyzed in terms of language levels. The results of a comparative analysis of the speech characteristics of four characters, in whose speech there are examples of distortion, are presented. The question is raised about the status of the language they speak: in fact, despite the external similarity of their speech, the structural principles of distortion are significantly different. Attention is paid to such types of distortions as phonetic, lexical, grammatical. A classification of speech distortions characteristic of characters from Akunin’s works is proposed. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that the speech characteristics of the characters are considered in the light of the structuralist concept of the levels of the language system and serves as a key to identifying the criminal in those works in which the author does not reveal his name to the reader until the last lines. The analysis of speech strategies of the characters is carried out. The relevance of the study is due to the identification of the cyclical role of these strategies in the plot of the works included in the “Fandorin corpus”. Various distortion strategies have been proven to be used as a postmodern game with the reader and represent the key to understanding the essence of the character. Key words:

Linguistic Manipulation Means in English Political Discourse

The scientific article presents a study of the ways of expressing manipulation in politics, which is performed in English political discourse by means of language. Carefully selected language units, used by politicians in public speaking, in combination with social factors, can be a powerful instrument for managing public opinion, i.e. manipulation. The authors analyze public speeches delivered by English politicians. Manipulation is an integral part of American political discourse, all speech strategies of which are aimed at one purpose: to influence a recipient, persuade him or her to make a decision that will be beneficial for a politician. The article considers the main strategies, tactics and types of manipulation used in the modern political sphere. An analysis of public speeches of English politicians proves the importance of speech manipulative techniques for successful achievement of political goals.

Synchronous personal method of language studying speech behavior in implicit pragmalinguistics

Any speech behavior reflects personal characteristics of the speakers. In speech, communicants actualize their individual, social, national, and cultural characteristics, which are in an inseparable unity and represent a specific linguistic behavior. However, the authors note that the features of the actualization of these characteristics and their combination change, which depends on the communication situation and on a particular speech genre. The main approach of the research is the synchronouspersonal approach. The authors examined and analyzed examples of the speech behavior of a particular prosecutor. They studied his speeches in a jury, in a professional court, and a newspaper article written by him. All speeches have similar features: 1) the same parameters of the personal, social and objective planes of the implicit speech strategy “Participation / Nonparticipation of members of communication in a speech event”, 2) almost similar indicators of certain / uncertain statements of the implicit speech strategy “Sure/Unsure speech behavior of an author” in the speech to professionals in the court and in the newspaper text. All three speeches have more negative attitudes to the speech event. The study distinguished significant differences. The indexes of all the planes in the speech before the jury differ in comparison with the speech before the professionals and in the newspaper article. The authors revealed a strict connection between the sender’s speech behavior and various targets of the addressee. Speech behavior also depends on the recipients of these texts. It has been proved that human speech behavior is not a static system, and it can change, which depends on communicants’ interaction.

The implication of humor discourse in the Tonight Show television program

Humor discourse is a form of language that deviates from the rules of speech and conversation principles. Humor is a form of contradiction or deviation from the constraints of language. One of the humor discourse that presents language use conditions with a particular speech strategy is NET TV Tonight Show. This television program may contain speech offenses at the event. This study aims to describe and explain the implicature of humor discourse in the Tonight Show. In this study, researchers used a qualitative approach with the content analysis method and the pragmatic theory approach. The data is in the form of humor discourse in the Tonight Show television program, which is aired on NET TV. Still, researchers take the data from the Tonight Show uploaded on YouTube, collected by recording and recorded techniques. The data is analyzed by using an interactive model. The results showed that the implicature of humor discourse in the Tonight Show was in the form of mentioning, insinuating, revealing, protesting, informing, rejecting, accusing, asking, and saying. The benefit of this study is to know the humor discourse contained in the Tonight Show.

EXPRESSIVE SPEECH ACT FOR SLB NEGERI 1 PADANG TEACHERS IN THE TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCESS OF PSYCHO-PRAGMATIC STUDIES

The problem in this research is that there are various expressive forms of the teacher's ability to create an interesting learning process through speech conveyed in an interesting learning process through speeches conveyed in the learning process at SLB Negeri 1 Padang. This study aims to describe the form and meaning of expressive speech acts of SLB Negeri 1 Padang teachers during the learning process. This type of research is qualitative research using descriptive methods. The data source of this research is the teachers of SLB Negeri 1 Padang. The data in this study is a recording of the teacher's speech strategy during the learning process. Data were collected using recording techniques and note taking techniques. The results of the data analysis show that the expressive speech acts of SLB Negeri 1 Padang teachers during the learning process were found in 40 expressive speech acts which were found in the teachers of SLB Negeri 1 Padang during the learning process, namely First, praising speech acts. Second, the speech act of saying thank you. Third, the speech act criticizes. Based on the speech acts found, the meaning contained in this study is referential meaning. So it can be concluded that when the learning process took place the SLB Negeri I Padang teacher used expressive speech, the speech used occurred there was no formal language provision, only the rules were language that could be understood between the two and did not use harsh language. The psychopragmatic study contained in the speech of the SLB Negeri 1 Padang teacher is seen from the situation in the context of the speech it uses, where when the teacher speaks the teacher's psychological state is good and happy, so this can also have a positive pragmatic psychological impact on his speech partners.

Conversational Coordination of Articulation Responds to Context: A Clinical Test Case With Traumatic Brain Injury

Purpose Coordination of communicative behavior supports shared understanding in conversation. The current study brings together analysis of two speech coordination strategies, entrainment and compensation of articulation, in a preliminary investigation into whether strategy organization is shaped by a challenging communicative context-conversing with a person who has a communication disorder. Method As an initial clinical test case, an automated measure of articulatory precision was analyzed in a corpus of spoken dialogue, where a confederate conversed with participants with traumatic brain injury (n = 28) and participants with no brain injury (n = 48). Results Overall, the confederate engaged in significant entrainment and high compensation (hyperarticulation) in conversations with participants with traumatic brain injury relative to significant entrainment and low compensation (hypoarticulation) in conversations with participants with no brain injury. Furthermore, the confederate's articulatory precision changed over the course of the conversations. Conclusions Findings suggest that the organization of conversational coordination is sensitive to context, supporting synergistic models of spoken dialogue. While corpus limitations are acknowledged, these initial results point to differences in the way in which speech strategies are realized in challenging communicative contexts, highlighting a viable and important target for investigation with clinical populations. A framework for investigating speech coordination strategies in tandem and ideas for advancing this line of inquiry serve as key contributions of this work.

مُشَکِّلات الاستراتیجیّة التوجیهیَّة فی کتاب: (فی رأیی المتواضع) لغازی القصیبی

الملخص المرسل والمرسل إليه طرفا عملية التواصل التي لا تتم إلا بوجودهما معا، ونجاح التواصل قائم على مدى التفاعل المشترک بينهما، والمرسل هو الطرف الأول الذي تبدأ به عملية التواصل، إذ يتعرض المرسل عادة لمثيرات تدفعه إلى کتابة رسالة موجهة، يقصد من خلالها تحقيق غايات تأثيرية بأسلوب يراعي الحالة الاجتماعية والثقافية للمرسل إليه، وموقفه من الموضوع الذي سيناقشه، فالخطاب عبارة عن أفعال کلامية ينجزها المرسل لتحقيق قصده، والتأثير المرسل إليه، بما يعمد إليه من استراتيجيات الخطاب التي تسهم إنجاح عملية التواصل. من هذا المنطلق عنيت هذه الدراسة بالکشف عن مشکلات الاستراتيجية التوجيهية مقالات غازي القصيبي المجموعة کتابه في رأيي المتواضع بعدها خطابا لغويا تواصليا بحتا؛ للکشف عن مدى قدرة القصيبي على تمرير قصده للمرسل إليه والتأثير فيه من خلال الاستراتيجية التوجيهية. إن ترکيز البحث على کيفية توظيف القصيبي للاستراتيجية التوجيهية تواصله مع الآخر المقالات، ومحاولة التأثير فيه، دفعني إلى اتباع المنهج الوصفي التحليلي الذي يقوم على وصف الظواهر والأساليب الواردة المقالات بتحديد خصائصها، ومن ثم تحليلها لاستکناه المقاصد المتضمنة فيها. Abstract The sender and the addressee are the two parties of the communication process that does not take place unless they exist together, and the success of the communication is based on the extent of the joint interaction between them, and the sender is the first party that begins the communication process. The sender is usually exposed to stimuli that lead him to write a directed message, through which he intends to achieve influential goals in a manner that he takes into account the social and cultural situation of the addressee, and his position on the subject to be discussed. The speech is verbal actions that the sender accomplishes to achieve his intent, and influence the addressee, with what he intends from the speech strategies that contribute to the success of the communication process. From this standpoint, this study was concerned with exposing the problems of guiding strategy in the articles of Ghazi Al-Qossabi, collected in his book “In My Humble Opinion”, which is considered a purely communicative language speech to reveal the extent to which Al-Gosaibi is able to pass his intent to the addressee and influence him through the guiding strategy. The focus of the research, on how Al-Gosaibi used the guiding strategy in his communication with the other in the articles, and trying to influence him, led me to follow the descriptive analytical approach, which is based on describing the phenomena and methods mentioned in the articles by defining their characteristics, and then analyzing them for the intent of the purposes included in them.

Linguistic and Cultural Features of the Russian Public Service Advertising Discourse on Road Safety

Public service advertising discourse is a multilayer construct, whose main aim is to influence the recipient and create a certain opinion about social phenomena. Despite being a subtype of advertising discourse, it has its own peculiarities and differs from the commercial advertising discourse. The hypothesis of the research is the supposition that the key feature of the Russian public service advertising discourse on road safety is intimidation on linguistic and extralinguistic levels. This hypothesis is based on previous research that shows that intimidation strategy is one of the main strategies in this type of discourse and is connected to the ‘safety’ concept. The article focuses on key features of public service advertising on road safety since this topic remains one of the most wide-spread in Russian public service advertising due to the vast number of accidents on Russian roads. The authors identify the main concepts used together with the concept ‘road safety’ and examine the reasons of their appearance in public service advertising. They also study speech strategies used in this type of discourse and determine that intimidation strategy and dialogue strategy are the most common for this type of advertising, though other strategies can also be observed. The linguistic side of the research includes a study of typical syntax, punctuation, and word choice and usage. For example, public service advertisements are usually characterized as short, succinct, and easy to understand. On the non-verbal layer, the authors look at typical patterns of text and image organization and design, use of colors, and the connection between the text and the image. An important feature of a public service advertising text is its creolization or heterogeneity: the presence of two heterogeneous components, verbal and non-verbal. Finally, the authors take a look at the cultural component: specific features of the Russian culture which can be observed in advertising. Overall, public service advertising is a crucial tool for influencing public opinion, so further research of this phenomenon implies studying reactions of recipients to separate components of advertisements and the appropriateness and effectiveness of specific speech strategies in connection with given concepts.