Speech Strategies Research Articles

Directive Speech Acts Analysis in Teacher and Student Interaction during Thematic Learning in Elementary School

Directive speech acts in elementary schools are important because they are useful as a form of pragmatic scientific study that can enrich the development of pragmatics in elementary schools. The purpose of this study is to analyze the forms of directive speech acts used by teachers and to describe the strategies of directive speech acts of teachers and students during the learning process. This study uses a qualitative approach. The method used in this research is using descriptive qualitative method with data collection techniques, namely using observation techniques, recording techniques, listening and noting. The subjects in this study were teachers and students at public elementary schools who were observed during the learning process. To prove the suitability of the data using triangulation. The result of this research is that during the learning process, the teacher uses various kinds of directive speech acts which are quite good. The directive speech act used by the teacher is the question directive speech act. In addition, the teacher's most dominant directive speech act strategy is the directive speech act strategy of speaking frankly without further ado.

The Form of Speech Video Game Vlogger’s MiawAug in Perspective the Strategy of Speaking by Levinson

Referring to the success of MiawAug, many novice creators have created YouTube channels with the same theme (video game reviews). One of the most important parts of creating YouTube content about video game reviews is the way of speaking strategies. With good speaking techniques, the communication style spoken by the creator will be more focused and conceptualized. Therefore, this study aims to describe the speech form of MiawAug as a Video Game Youtuber using Levinson's speech strategy perspective. The method used in this study is qualitative with a note-taking technique. The data source for this research is a YouTube video from the creator of MiawAug with video samples taken at random. The data analysis technique begins with making listening, making transcriptions, data reduction and analysis, and drawing conclusions. The results show that speakers prefer a no-nonsense strategy to build intimacy and positively use small talk strategies to increase their intimacy with the video viewers.Keywords: Speaking strategies, Video game’s vlogger, YouTuber MiawAug.

Politeness Strategy in Commissive Speech Acts

Understanding comissive speech acts is important in oral or written communication because humans are often facing problems in communicating using language. So, someone can take action under the meaning, intention, and purpose of their utterance. In every speech act, not only the context, but also the utterance cannot be separated from the use of verbal utterance. This study specifically aims to describe and explain about politeness in commissive speech acts in a variety of speech situations. The research method used is the descriptive analysis method. The data in this study are the form of utterances contain in the conversation of film. The results of this study are founds 4 (four) types of commissive speech acts, they are: promise, swear, pledge (berniat), and vow (bernadar). While the politeness strategies in commissive speech acts include: (i) Cost-Benefit Scale found in promise, (ii) Optionally Scale in swear and pledge, (iii) Indirectness Scale found in promise, swear, and vow, (iv) Authority Scale found in swear that, (v) Social Distance Scale found in pledge.

ENGLISH TEACHERS’ STRATEGIES IN INCREASING STUDENTS’ LEARNING MOTIVATION: A CASE STUDY AT CAKE ENGLISH COURSE KAMPUNG INGGRIS PARE MATARAM

This research was conducted to find out and describe English Teachers’ strategies in increasing the students’ learning motivation. This is a descriptive qualitative study. Data sources were from three English teachers and first level students of Cake English Course Kampung Inggris Pare Mataram. Observation, interview, and questionnaire were used to collect the data from three teachers and students. It also used simple strategies to discuss inquiry strategy, expletory strategy, and instructional strategy applied by teacher in teaching. The results of observation, interview, and questionnaire proved that English teachers’ strategies in teaching have motivated the students to learn English. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that strategies used by the English teachers to increase the students’ learning motivation in teaching English are: speech strategy, discussion strategy, question and answer strategy, punish and reward strategy, homework strategy, group working, approach method, jokes, games, telling story, and using some media. Among those strategies, it is found that inquiry strategy could be used to increase and motivate their students’ learning moderately. The students of Cake English Course Kampung Inggris Pare Mataram have good responses to the English teachers who applied many kinds of strategies in teaching. The responses were shown from the students’ motivation – instrumental or innate - in following the teaching and learning activities.

Tindak Tutur Direktif dalam Kumpulan Cerpen Pandawa Kurawa Karya Agus Hiplunudin

A language is a communication tool used by humans to exchange information between individuals, both in the form of ideas, feelings, and emotions. Every communication process carried out by humans produces speech acts. This study aimed to describe the communication function and strategy for realizing directive speech acts in the collection of short stories Pandawa Kurawa by Agus Hiplunudin. The method used was descriptive qualitative with a pragmatic theory approach. The data source was a collection of Pandawa Kurawa short stories by Agus Hiplunudin. The data was collected through a reading-note technique which was then analyzed descriptively. The research data analysis was carried out by identifying the data, reducing the data, presenting the data, interpreting the data, and concluding the interpretation results. The results showed that the collection of Pandawa Kurawa short stories by Agus Hiplunudin contains a variety of communication functions and strategies for the realization of directive speech acts. The directive speech act was found in communication functions including advising, asking, demanding, ordering, forcing, suggesting, challenging, complaining, encouraging, and asking. Further, the strategies used to realize directive speech acts include a speech strategy without small talk, a speech strategy with positive politeness, and a speech strategy with negative politeness.

Speech strategies used in teaching German

This article provides a comprehensive overview of speech strategies and their general classification in English language teaching, which is widespread around the world today. This article also looked at the extent to which body movements, such as facial expressions that affect speech. In addition, paying attention the educational process in today’s Uzbekistan, various strategies for the development of speech in a foreign language are presented.

Speech Strategies and Speech Tactics of the Webinar Genre (on the example of the analysis of one webinar)

The article discusses speech strategies and speech tactics, the use of which is typical for the webinar genre in its educational (training) implementation. It was revealed that the addresser and addressees of the webinar mainly resort to constructive speech strategies and tactics. The leading strategies are informing, imperativeness and cooperation, also strategies of argumentation, positive presentation, self-presentation, gaining authority, “distance management”, comic impact, etc. are used with appropriate constructive speech tactics aimed at establishing contact, productive joint activities of the addresser and addressee. Potentially, the strategy of manipulation and discrediting, the tactics of discrediting someone else’s authority (in the strategy of gaining authority), etc. can also be used. Note that examples of the use of destructive strategies and tactics are very rare.

ВІДОБРАЖЕННЯ МОВЛЕННЄВИХ СТРАТЕГІЙ У АНГЛОМОВНОМУ ДІЛОВОМУ ДИСКУРСІ

The research is dedicated to the reflection of speech strategies used in English discourse. The English language of business communication, which has become global in recent decades due to the internationalization of the business community and the steady growth of international business contacts, serves as a tool for intercultural communication. Target settings and typical strategic models of language behavior of interacting parties together with specific features of the functional space of English business discourse determine its generally regulated (vocabulary, pragmatics, stylistics), conventional nature, which implies the existence of a well-established communicative norm and orders. Formal business discourse is characterized by strict accuracy, objectivity, specificity, conciseness, lack of imagery and emotionality, and the choice of means for it will be determined by the same features. In business discourse, as well as the types of institutional type, we can name a number of such properties as: specific strategies, values ​​and specific characteristics of texts. Discursive action is verbalized in a certain type of text, the genre specificity of which is determined by the type of discourse (eg, employment, personnel, operational interaction), institutional and professional sphere of its functioning (eg, higher education). Compositional-thematic, visual-graphic and stylistic features of the text (ie everything that is usually meant by the genre of the text) are also largely due to the typological characteristics of the discourse. In real discursive practice, it is difficult to distinguish between the concepts of genre, discursive event, genre of text and type of text. The strategy of communication is implemented in language tactics – language techniques that allow you to achieve goals in a particular situation.

„ВЪВ ВЕЧНО ДВИЖЕНИЕ БЪДЕЩЕТО Е“ (МЕТАФОРИЧНА РЕПРЕЗЕНТАЦИЯ НА КОНЦЕПТА COVID-19 В БЪЛГАРСКИЯ МЕДИЕН ДИСКУРС) / “ALWAYS IN MOTION IS THE FUTURE” (METAPHORICAL REPRESENTATION OF COVID-19 IN BULGARIAN MEDIA DISCOURSE)

The coronavirus pandemic declared in March 2020 has caused a global crisis not only in the health, economic and psychological spheres but also in the cognitive do-main. Due to the rapid exchange of information in the electronic media, the “new reality” has emerged in clear outlines in just a few weeks. The virus has been described in both international and Bulgarian media mostly figuratively, by means of known conceptual metaphors. The language material for this study was excerpted from items published on the news websites dir.bg, blitz.bg and novini.bg over the period March – July 2020 – the time of the most heated public de-bates, in which the metaphorical concept of COVID-19 took its basic shape. The rich illustrative material allows for a relatively complete reconstruction of the concept, one that highlights elements both universal and specific to the Bulgarian linguistic picture of the world. The figurative representation is interpreted within a particular stylistic frame-work defined by a specific speech strategy. Keywords: the concept of COVID-19, metaphorical representation, Bulgarian me-dia discourse

Стратегии, тактики и средства их реализации в валеологическом психологическом дискурсе (на материале немецкого языка)

The aim of the study is to determine the main strategies in the valeological psychological discourse, as well as tactics and means of their implementation. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the author of the article for the first time conducts a study of the valeological psychological discourse, its speech strategies, tactics and means of implementation. The results of the research have shown that the main strategies in the valeological psychological discourse are the strategies of persuasion and suggestion aimed at encouraging a reader to maintain and strengthen mental health. They are represented by four tactics: the tactic of referring to expert opinion, the tactic of gaining trust, the tactic of changing the narrator’s perspective, and the tactic of recreating an imaginary situation.

Система стратегий речевого манипулирования в электронном тексте (на материале фейковых вирусных текстов первого года пандемии)

The article attempts to systematize the devices and tactics of speech manipulation typical of fake viral texts. It describes linguistic features of electronic texts of the first year of COVID-19 pandemic, identifies the differences between viral text and fake viral text. It generalizes presented in the current academic literature methods of identification of fakes, among which the most relevant for the present research markers and indicators are selected. The article also analyzes the approaches to the definition of strategies and tactics offered by modern linguists. It is concluded that communicative technologies are the most urgent for the analysis of the complex of speech manipulation strategies in electronic text, which are understood as the body of split-level devices and methods of producing communicative impact on the recipient aimed at achieving the intended purposes of communication. Based on the analysis of the factual material, texts of fake viral postings of the first year of COVID-19 pandemic, the most widespread combinations of devices are detected, which are classified by the authors as models typical of fake viral postings devoted to the topic of coronavirus pandemic. The totality of the detected models comprises the system of speech manipulation strategies typical of fake viral text. Further research of the corpora of electronic texts on various topics will allow identifying speech manipulation strategies typical of separate genres of electronic text.

Key Words as Markers of the Communicative Behavior of the Discursive Personality of the Nominee to the USA Presidency (Based on the Genre of Pre-Election Debates)

Introduction. This paper presents an analysis of the language indicators of communicative behavior of US presidential candidates during election debates. The scientific novelty consists of determining the specifics of the characteristics of the communicative behavior of the discursive personality, which form the basis of the corresponding social type, which can be identified using the methods of linguistic analysis. The study of the discursive personality is reduced to a description of the types of its performative actions; identification of types of communicative tonality that characterize the manner of behavior of a discursive personality and make it recognizable; identification of axiological characteristics of the studied discursive personality. The relevance of the work lies in the study of the problematic aspects of the discursive personality, explaining the specifics of the models of communicative behavior in situations of political communication.Methodology and sources. This study used the methods of corpus linguistics and the interpretative method of discourse analysis. The texts of the genre of election debates, which took place from 2000 to 2020, became the empirical basis of this study. The volume of the corpus of these texts amounted to more than 1.5 million words. A corpus method of keywords, which allows to identify unique tokens of pre-election speeches of each of the presidential candidates; a qualitative analysis method that explains typical communicative actions that representatives of the two ruling parties of the United States, were used to establish the characteristics of the communicative behavior of US presidential candidates.Results and discussion. The results of a comparative study of the discursive personality of the US presidential candidate representatives of the Republican and Democratic parties are presented. The study of keywords showed typical tactics of communicative behavior of candidates for US presidential candidates of the Democratic and Republican parties. It is established that presidential candidates from both parties use prosecution tactics in election debates, Republicans are more likely to resort to direct accusation tactics accusations of violating pragmatic, instrumental values, Democrats prefer indirect accusation tactics, which are based on accusations of violation of moral norms and values by political opponents.Conclusion. The discursive personality of the US presidential candidate reflects the variable socio-ideological component of political discourse, which is manifested in a specific set of speech strategies and tactics and language structures that implement them.

Речеви стратегии и пандемията от COVID-19

The interest in monitoring and analyzing the speech messages in the context of the coronavirus pandemic is due to two hypotheses related to the responsible Bulgarian institutions, some medical workers and media. The first is that they do not have enough knowledge and skills to select and direct useful and correct information in crisis situation. The second hypothesis is that they do not present appropriate mechanisms for the formation of socially useful behavior in moments of required mass mobilization in a certain direction. I look for a reason for both hypotheses in the media messages related to the pandemic. That is why in this article I make the comparison between two French and two Bulgarian newspapers, as the excerpted material was taken only within one day, something like a snapshot. The comparison shows that the French have a unified speech strategy for reaching the reader and forming public opinion, while in the Bulgarian ones it is partially or completely absent.

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF LANGUAGE TOLERANCE RULES IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE LEARNINGAS CHARACTER EDUCATION REPRESENTATION

Students character-building needs continuous coaching and mentoring to make it finally embedded within the students souls. The character is eventually expected to be a culture in interacting with society. It cannot be separated from the orientation shift of the national character as the impact of the rapid development of information and communication technology. In the interpersonal interaction with various social dimension differences, language tolerance rules are needed to actualize agreement and understanding of the information delivered. There is no need to worry about the emergence of language forms however, the important thing is how to manage them according to the convention. In the learning context, language tolerance rules become essential in teaching the students about language ethics and character building. This article aimed at describing the implementation of language tolerance rules in the learning process, covering the actualization and speech strategies of language tolerance. The result of this study was obtained through the pragmatic approach. The data were collected using observation and analyzed interactively through some stages, including identification and classification, interpretation, and data synthesis. The results of this study indicated that the representations of The implementation forms in this article are regards, greetings, joking, explaining, interrogative, interjection, and reinforcement speeches. The implementation of language tolerance rules in this learning can be used to build the character of the speech participants. Meanwhile, the implementation strategy is carried out with phatic strategies, joking, repetition, and focusing.

Alternative Opinions about Vaccination in Religious Discourse

This article examines speech strategies and tactics in religious communication in the context of the coronavirus pandemic. The purpose of the work is to consider the features of the speech behaviour of communicants during the pandemic crisis. The research methodology is based on the theory of speech communication to some extent present in modern works on the study of discourses of various types, the study of the peculiarities of religious communication, communicative/speech strategies, and tactics applied to different speech material. The researcher refers to texts published in Orthodox media and on Orthodox websites: sermons, comments in Orthodox forums, and posts in social networks. As a result, the author reveals the polemical nature of this segment of religious discourse. For instance, it contains neologisms with evaluative connotations, such as цифровой концлагерь (digital concentration camp), псевдопандемия (pseudo-pandemic), коронобесие (corona-frenzy), коронокризис (corona-crisis), ковид-диссиденты (covid-dissidents), антипрививочники (anti-vaccinators), антиваксеры (antivaxers), ковидиоты (covidiots), антивакс-сектанты (anti-vax sectarians), ковидофобы (covidophobes), вакциноборцы (vaccine fighters), вакцина каннибала (cannibal vaccine), вакциноскептики (vaccine sceptics), etc. The author characterises two types of addressees: 1) those denying the existence of the pandemic and/or the need for preventive measures and/or vaccination; 2) those recognising the fact of the pandemic and/or the need for preventive measures and/or vaccination. The former are characterised by a confrontational type of communication, as they choose strategies of discrediting and manipulation by means of accusations, insults, slander, sarcasm, appeals to “authority”, etc. They violate the principles of cooperative communication and show verbal aggression. The various phobias that the communicants of this group demonstrate are due to a misunderstanding of the soteriological and eschatological teachings of the Church. The addressees of the second group use a speech strategy of persuasion through interpretation, explanation, references to their own experience, and the authority of the Church. The communicants of this group obviously aim for conflict-free communication.

Strategi Bertutur Media Daring Kompas Selama Masa Pilpres 2019

This study aims to explain the strategy of online media speech acts as a medium for providing information to the public, especially in the election process. This needs to be investigated as a form of media views in providing appropriate and appropriate opinions, especially during the election period. One of them is viewed from the editorial in the online media. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method using Brown and Levinson's theory of speech. Data from the utterances in the editorial column of Kompas online media during the 2019 election period. Based on the data found, the key is that the speech strategies used by the online media Kompas, include: a frank strategy without further ado, a frank strategy with positive politeness, and a frank strategy with negative politeness. The speaking strategy that is widely used is the strategy of speaking frankly with positive politeness. The use of frank speaking strategies with positive politeness is used because of the social distance factor between the speaker and the speech partner, which in this case is the editor of the Kompas electronic media, while the speech partner is the reader of the Kompas electronic media.

Individual differences in processing non-speech acoustic signals influence cue weighting strategies for L2 speech contrasts.

How could individual differences in processing non-speech acoustic signals influence their cue weighting strategies for L2 speech contrasts? The present study investigated this question by testing forty L1 Chinese-L2 English listeners with two tasks: one for testing the listeners' sensitivity to pitch and temporal information of non-speech acoustic signals; the other for testing their cue weighting (VOT, F0) strategies for distinguishing voicing contrasts in English stop consonants. The results showed that the more sensitive the listeners were to temporal differences of non-speech acoustic signals, the more they relied on VOT to differentiate between the voicing contrasts in English stop consonants. No such association was found between listeners' differences in sensitivity to pitch changes of non-speech acoustic signals and their reliance on F0 to cue the voicing contrasts. The results could shed light on the different processing mechanisms for pitch and temporal information of acoustic signals.

Requesting Strategies in The Doorman Movie Using the Trosbrog's Theory (1995)

In conducting this research, the researcher uses the descriptive qualitative method. This research is qualitative because the data are in the form of words and are analyzed based on the natural setting or context. this research to show the division of request strategy in speech act in the doorman movie. The doorman movie is an action genre movie which mostly from the data obtained is imperative. , the results reveal eight of Trosbrog's (1995) seven types of speech act techniques used by the characters in dialog in the movie entitled "The Doorman". Questioning the imperative strategy type of request speech act has the most data that is 16 data, and the willingness about 7 data and mild request and suggestory formulae, Statement of Obligation, Requesting as a statement of wish, permission and Statement of Speaker Wishes have the fewest data. Furthermore, the imperative strategy is very dominant in this case because the movie that Researcher uses is in the action genre, and what is unique is that the interlocutor after being given an imperative sentence or phrase and willingness and there are several or even indicating that there is no verbal answer but in a non-verbal way or we can say it as action as the answer.

Slang and verbal aggression

Abstract While lexical and discourse strategies of hate speech have widely been studied hitherto, there is limited research devoted to the contribution of grammatical and morphological aspects to verbal aggression. This paper provides a corpus-assisted analysis of slang morphological means used in verbal aggression. The focus is on four compound families (X-ass, X-brain, X-face, X-head), which are often used in slang to form compound words referring to specific groups, such as homosexuals, fools, or ineffectual people. The paper adopts a morphopragmatic approach to investigate three pragmatic meanings/functions – namely, derisive, critical, and offensive – of slang words in situations of conflict. The combination of quantitative and qualitative analyses of data drawn from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) shows the frequency of the morphological processes, their privileged genres and contexts, as well as their negative potential and face-threatening power.

A Discoursal Study of Turn Taking in Political Interviews

A political interview or any type of conversation is a collaborative effort between all speakers involved. That is, participants, take turns, and the control of a conversation is negotiated by the parties involved. According to Richards (1980: 424), it is governed by turn-taking conventions that determine who talks, when, and for how long. For a successful collaboration to ensue, it is important for speakers to know how and when to take, hold onto, and relinquish their turns in conversation. This study highlights turn-taking as a strategy in Trump's speech. The study tries to show the importance of turn-taking use in political discourse and how it is dominated. The results of the study revealed that there are three strategies of turn-taking: taking the turn, holding the turn and yielding the turn, which Trump used them. Also, the study found that on some occasions, politicians make use of gestures and facial expressions to employ as turn-taking strategies.