Speech Phenomena Research Articles

‘WHAT KIND OF MOTHER ARE YOU?!’ AI-supported psychological analysis of the phenomenon of online hate speech against women giving birth by caesarean section

ObjectivesIn recent years, Poland has seen the emergence of online hate speech against women giving birth by caesarean section. This phenomenon appears to warrant exploration, given the negative impact it may have both on women who have already given birth in this way and on those who are about to choose how to give birth.Material and methodsBrand24 and Worditout, both AI-based tools, were used to analyse the online space related to pregnancy and motherhood topics in terms of hate speech against women giving birth by caesarean section.ResultsThe analysis revealed high levels of hate speech against this group. The sample utterances that have been analysed meet the criteria of interpersonal aggression. The haters focused not on the argumentative quality of their interaction with the antagonist, but on the attack intended to undermine the addressee’s psychological wellbeing through such linguistic strategies as stigmatisation, dehumanisation and depersonalisation.ConclusionsThe presented AI-based tools appear likely to become a viable option among contemporary instruments for monitoring psychological and social phenomena that may have a major impact on the wellbeing and functioning of large social groups.

Dynamics of Hate Speech in Media Politics Social: Analysis of Fufufafa's Case Footprint on Facebook

Social media has become a platform that facilitates global interaction instantly. However, with this ease of access, the phenomenon of hate speech has emerged that affects political and social dynamics. The study analyzed the trail of "Fufufafa" cases on Facebook, focusing on the impact of hate speech in political discourse on social media. The study aims to understand how hate speech is spread and received by Facebook users, as well as its impact on social polarization. Using a content analysis approach, this study identifies communication patterns related to hate speech in the case, as well as how social media reinforces those narratives. The findings suggest that hate speech is often used as a political tool to mobilize support, incite hatred, and exacerbate social polarization. The study also highlights the role of social media algorithms in accelerating the spread of negative content and increasing exposure to certain groups. Thus, the results of this study are expected to provide insight for policymakers in dealing with the problem of hate speech in the digital space, especially in the political context on social media.

Reverse hate speech, pragmatics, and the authority problem

Applying speech act theory to the phenomenon of hate speech, some philosophers seek to explain how even ordinary people can obtain the capacity, power, or authority to oppress, subordinate, or marginalise the targets of their verbal attacks. Such explanations are answers to what is called the authority problem. However, hitherto these philosophers have focused exclusively on standard examples of racist speech in which members of historically oppressor groups verbally attack members of oppressed groups. In this paper, I address the (or an) authority problem in relation to examples of reverse hate speech, where members of historically oppressed groups verbally attack members of oppressor groups. I critically examine two conventional answers to the authority problem: the first is that even ordinary people can successfully perform prototypical hate speech acts by virtue of being participants in norm-governed social practices of racism; the second is that such people can do so by virtue of the silence of bystanders granting them licensed authority. I argue these conventional answers have lesser explanatory heft as applied to examples of reverse hate speech. I then introduce and defend a third answer to the authority problem, which I believe can adequately account for examples of both standard and reverse hate speech, namely the possession of informal social authority.

Online hate speech in the new digital public sphere

This article explores the social phenomenon of online hate speech in the contemporary digital public sphere, focusing on the intersection between free speech and the proliferation of misinformation on the Facebook. Two main objectives guide the research: first, to analyse how hate speech manifests itself in the new digital public sphere, where one of the main stages is on Facebook, exploring the dynamics that amplify the dissemination of harmful content; second, evaluate Facebook’s role in the digital misinformation ecosystem, considering its impact on free speech. The methodology is theoretical-conceptual, following exploratory qualitative research, with bibliographical review and documentary research. The research explores the specific case of hate speech on Facebook, involving the dissemination of discriminatory messages and content against the Rohingya, a Muslim ethnic minority in Myanmar, highlighting patterns, narratives, and impacts. The research considers Facebook’s policy responses and their effectiveness in mitigating hate speech. This article seeks to contribute to the critical understanding of the tensions between free speech and digital responsibility, offering valuable insights into the challenges of digital misinformation in the era of Facebook, as well as for a deeper understanding of the dynamics between free speech, social media networks, hate speech and digital misinformation.

DEVELOPMENT OF SPEECH CULTURE OF FUTURE TEACHERS

This article provides information on language and speech phenomena, knowledge and skills that future teachers should acquire in the development of speech culture.

Gesture and speech in variation sets directed to Spanish-learning toddlers in adult–child interactions

The study adopts a multimodal perspective, looking at adults’ use of gestures in variation sets (VS; i.e. sequences of partial self-repetitions occurring in successive utterances of varying form) addressed to Spanish-learning toddlers in adult–child interactions. We seek to address the following question: Do adults make simultaneous use of VS and gestures to amplify their effect while interacting with toddlers? We consider the proportion of bimodal utterances, the types of gestures, the pragmatic function of the utterances, and the ongoing activity. Thirty 18-month-old children (17 Argentinian and 13 Spanish) and their principal caregivers were video recorded for 15 minutes in spontaneous reading and playing situations. Transcriptions and annotations were done with ELAN. Results showed that verbal utterances were more frequent than bimodal utterances in VS. Gestures were mostly used in VS with a regulatory function. Pointing was the type of gesture most frequently used, and its proportion increased in VS. Gestures were employed more frequently in book-sharing activities. Findings revealed that although VS are a bimodal (gesture and speech) phenomenon they are predominantly verbal and that regulatory pragmatic function explains adults’ use of gesture.

Japanese Speech Acts and Politeness in Hospitality Services

In the world of hospitality, staff provide service to guests through verbal communication. The purpose of this research is to determine the phenomenon of speech acts that are often used by hotel staff when communicating directly with Japanese guests. Conversation data is obtained through recording dialogue between hotel staff and guests when providing services. Data were analysed using Searle's (1969) speech act theory and Brown & Levinson's (1987) politeness theory. From the data analysis, it was known that in hotel services, direct voice is most widely used by hotel staff. Speech acts used by the staff are directive (50.9%) and expressive (25.4%) speech acts, assertive speech 21.8%, and commissive speech 1.8%. Judging from the principle of politeness, directive speech acts that were delivered directly by the hotel staff have the potential to threaten guests' faces. However, because hotel staff use teineigo (standard polite) form of Japanese, it can be said that the speech of hotel staff in Bali is relatively polite and safe (does not threaten the face) of guests and staff as service providers. Considering that body posture is also part of politeness in hotel guest service, this element needs to be studied further.

«The Trouble with Bias» in Neural Networks: Conflict and Ethical Challenges

This article is devoted to the analysis of ethical and conflict challenges related to the trouble with bias in neural networks. The necessity of a correct, scientifically based explication of the phenomenon of bias is postulated in order to build models correcting this problem as a necessary element of the software development process based on artificial intelligence algorithms. The history of the development of neural networks is considered from the origin of the idea of a mechanical organism to the construction of modern models of an artificial neuron. The most significant characteristics of modern neural networks are highlighted: architecture, weights and offsets, activation functions, inferences, and learning methods.A detailed description of natural language as a neural network learning resource is given, and programming in natural language is analyzed. The specificity of the natural language of the neural network as a set of linguistic practices reflecting the entire digitized experience of mankind, including stereotypes, inequalities, hate speech and other phenomena, ultimately producing the trouble with bias, is emphasized.Considerable attention is paid to the analysis of the phenomena of “politics classification”, “power discourse”, “cultural violence” in the context of the search for methodological foundations of natural language filtering and censorship strategies in the process of constructing a neural network.Separately, it is emphasized how the errors in neural networks are reflected in the existing ethical and conflict studies debates around the problem of artificial intelligence. It is concluded that the current assessment of the moral aspects of the problem does not imply granting neural networks the status of a moral agent and places the ethical expertise of the product on its developers. It is particularly noted that the conflict aspect of the trouble with bias lies in its recognition exclusively in relation to groups that have now acquired the “sensitive” status of discriminated against as a result of social conflicts.In conclusion, the paper substantiates the urgent need to optimize artificial intelligence in order to reduce the destructive potential of the trouble with bias, which necessarily implies the modification of social relations in the broader context of the struggle of excluded groups for the right to be recognized as discriminated against.

Husserl’s Notion of Solitary Speech Reconsidered: In Conversation with Vygotsky

ABSTRACT This paper clarifies the phenomenon Edmund Husserl referred to as “solitary speech,” defending his account against the deconstructionist claim that it serves as a mere prop for his transcendental project. To do this, first, I examine how this idea has been misunderstood by Jacques Derrida in Speech and Phenomena. Second, I present Husserl's account of solitary speech as a strictly phenomenological-psychological analysis of a concrete unit of psychic experience, drawing on Husserl's broader view on the relationship between psychology and phenomenology. Third, I compare Husserl's account to Lev Vygotsky's empirical psychological account of “inner speech” to demonstrate their affinity, and to re-establish the misunderstood theme of solitary speech as a concrete linguistic and cognitive phenomenon. This not only corrects the deconstructionist bias but sets a proper approach to the phenomenon of solitary speech, which can contribute to a broader account of the linguistic and cultural formation of human consciousness.

*Corresponding author: suwandi.sumartias@unpad.ac.id E-ISSN: 2289-1528 https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2024-4002-01 Portrait of Hate Speech Propagators' Behaviour in Indonesia Twittersphere: A Comparative Virtual Ethnography Study

Political life in Indonesia today cannot be separated from the social media platform Twitter (X) because it is often used to express opinions freely. Unfortunately, a handful of parties misused the freedom of communication and expression offered by Twitter (X) to spread hate speech. One of the biggest phenomena is “Cebong” and “Kadrun”. This research examines the characteristics of hate speech spreaders in the political context of "Cebong" and "Kadrun". This study employed virtual ethnography to interpret the phenomenon of political hate speech on Twitter (X) in May 2022. The hate speech made by "Cebong" and "Kadrun" can be concluded as two hostile political camps. They argued with each other to show their identity as supporters of one of the camps and aimed to bring down the opposing political camp. The tweets made by “Cebong” were dominated by arguments classified as arguments by analogy; meanwhile, "Kadrun" was dominated by discovery arguments: arguments from cause to effect. The manipulation strategy carried out by "Cebong" is dominated by connotations, and "Kadrun" is dominated by specific warrants and connotations. The fallacy expressed by "Cebong" is dominated by persuasive definitions; meanwhile, "Kadrun" is dominated by hasty generalizations. These findings could be suggestions for creating a healthier ecosystem in the digital public sphere in Indonesia. Twitter (X) users should be more aware of reporting content that indicates hate speech. By knowing the characteristics of hate speech and the characteristics of hate speech spreaders, Twitter users can stop the spread of hate speech. Keywords: Cebong, Kadrun, hate speech, propagators, Twitter.

SOCIOPRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF HATE SPEECH IN HILARION HEAGY’S CONVERSION NEWS ON TWITTER

This research discusses the phenomenon of hate speech in Hilarion Heagy's conversion news on Twitter. Hilarion Heagy, a former Orthodox priest who later embraced Eastern Catholicism before ultimately converting to Islam, has sparked significant controversy within religious circles, eliciting varied reactions, especially on social media. This research addresses a significant gap in the literature by examining hate speech in the context of religious conversion. Therefore, this research aims to identify types of hate speech and find out the intent behind hate speech. This research utilizes the National Police Chief's circular number SE/6/X/2015 to identify types of hate expressions and uses Searle's illocutionary speech act theory to explain the meaning behind hate expressions. In this research, data was taken from comments on Twitter related to the news of Hilarion Heagy's conversion. The results of the research found that the expressions of hatred in the news about Hilarion Heagy's conversion were related to religious issues. The outcomes found five types of hate speech, with the most performed being Blasphemy (17 times), followed by Provoking (11 times), Defamation (10 times), Insult (7 times), then the least one being Spreading fake news (5 times). As for the types of illocutionary acts, the most dominant was Assertive (40 times), followed by Directive (7 times) and Expressive (3 times). There were no Commissive and Declaration types found at all.

О некоторых фонетических особенностях спонтанной речи (на материале английского и ка-бардино-черкесского языков)

The article examines two phonetic phenomena of English and Kabardino-Circassian spontaneous speech – assimilation of consonants and elimination of consonants and vowels in the flow of speech. In general, the processes occurring in live speech, if they are not known, can turn into a factor that complicates the perceptual assessment of the utterance. This circumstance results in various kinds of difficulties in communication, especially in a situation of casual communication, a characteristic feature of which is reliance on an incomplete communication style. In the course of the study, the works of authoritative Russian and foreign phoneticians have been analyzed, at-tention has drawn to the overload of the concept of assimilation in the presence of terms that can more accurately describe a certain phonetic phenomenon, an attempt is made to systematize the presented data and answer the question of how regular the phenomena of assimilation and elision are: in English spontaneous speech, assimilation often occurs at the junction of morphemes, and consonant elision occurs with a large confluence (clusters) of consonants, vowel elision occurs in an unstressed position; Kabardian spontaneous speech is characterized by regressive assimilation, the elimination of the vowel at the end of the morpheme.

Internalisasi Nilai-Nilai Karakter Keislaman Dari Qs Al Hujurat Ayat 11-12 Dalam Menghadapi Fenomena Hate speech Di Lingkungan Pergaulan Peserta Didik

The verses of Qur’an, which are the way of life for a Muslim, teach the rules for communicating in relationships. In the midst of the flow of digital communication and the shift in Islamic and national character values that we are currently facing, language styles and ways of communicating between individuals have deviated from what they should be. The aim of this research is to conduct a literature review related to instilling character values based on QS. Al Hujurat verses 11-12 in dealing with the phenomenon of hate speech in students' social environment. The research method used is a literature review. Data was obtained by collecting various research articles that have similar research interests. The results of this research show that the phenomenon of hate speech or hate speech in simple form among students can be prevented by instilling character values based on QS. Al Hujurat verses 11-12 so as to minimize disputes between students.

Tatar Dialectological School in Kazan University: Origins, formation and development

One of the well-developed scientific areas in Tatar linguistics is dialectology, its main task being the study of the living spoken language of indigenous peoples, that is, local dialects. It studies the phenomena of folk speech that are not included in the literary language, conducts the scientific analysis in this field and determines the territory of their usage.For several centuries, consistent and systematic research workhas been carried out in the area of Tatar people's spiritual culture, the history of various ethnic groups, the characteristics of their language, their way of life and customs. This work, devoted to studying live speech, to recording materials related to individual subdialects and dialects of the Tatar language, to collecting factual material and its scientific interpretation, began in the first half of the 18th century. The scientific study of Tatar dialectology at Kazan University has a history of more than two centuries, so a wealth of experience has been accumulated in this area; the tradition of studying Tatar dialects and subdialects at the university continues to this day, being one of the most relevant and sought-after scientific trends followed by the Department of Tatar Linguistics. For the first time providing its systematic study, this article describes the formation and development of the Kazan University Dialectological School, which is the main object of our research. This constitutes the scientific novelty and relevance of the article. The study of the history of this scientific school in an educational institution goes hand in hand with the study of the scientific research of the outstanding scholars, who made great contributions to Tatar dialectology, leaving rich scientific and methodological heritage.

Expressive oppositions in the strange love affairs from Phanariot Bucharest, by Doina Rusti

In this article, the expressive oppositions from the collection of stories The strange love affairs from Phanariot Bucharest by Doina Rusti are analyzed. The expressive phenomena in speech or in a literary work are characterized by diversity. In common speech and fiction, there is a core of communication (what is communicated) and an expressive area (how to communicate). Frequently, the facts of style are generated by the contrast between the elements of the core and those of the expressive area. The stylistic highlighting of some text sequences takes place through various expressive oppositions, within a context. In the analysis of a text under this aspect, stylistic processes will be considered as bipolar structures formed by context (predictable element) and contrast (unpredictable element), as well as stylistic marks (implicit and explicit). The most common way is to insert a word in the text that is different from the code used by the writer (borrowing, archaism, neologism, regionalism).

THE ROLE OF PRAGMATIC FACTORS IN THE SOCIALIZATION OF SPEECH

In the article, thoughts about the role of pragmatic factors and forms of manifestation in the social character of speech are expressed through examples. Pragmatic factors in the social character of speech are first of all manifested in intercultural communication.In the multifaceted process of intercultural communication, linguistic and cultural levels of mutual understanding between representatives of different language communities are distinguished, in other words, linguistic and extralinguistic. intercultural communication is a two-way process of foreign language and foreign cultural understanding, and in this regard, the act of speech implies interlinguistic and intercultural translation, the adequacy of which is at the level of pragmatic meaning of language units. It should be noted that sThe object of study of both sociolinguistics and pragmalinguistics is speech phenomena, which cannot be separated from each other in the analysis of speech processes. Both of these areas of linguistics have their own place in the social character of speech. That is why it is impossible to sharply separate them from each other.

Considerations on the status of nonce words

This article reviews various interpretations on the status of nonce words, as well as the similarities and differences between the nonce words and the neologisms. On the basis of existing research in the specialized literature, there is formulated a definition of this speech phenomenon which, although it is placed in the peripheral area of the vocabulary, is an indispensable part of communicative acts.

Online anti-immigrant discourse in Germany: ethnographically backed analysis of user comments

This article investigates discourse- and language-specific features of online anti-immigrant extreme speech in Germany. We analyze a context rich dataset collected and annotated through a collaborative effort involving fact-checkers, ethnographers and natural language processing (NLP) researchers. Using a bottom-up annotation scheme, we capture the nuances of the discourse and develop a typology of lexical innovations. The analysis combines thematic and critical discourse analysis with a linguistic perspective, revealing that direct forms of racism intertwine with argumentative forms of antagonism and playful word games within anti-immigrant discourses, in ways that center around narratives of victimhood and perceived threats from migrants. We further show how the specific conditions in Germany, including strict legal regulations of speech, have shaped the emergence of a non-standard language variety in and through anti-immigrant discourse, which helps the discourse community maintain group identity. The ethnographically backed analysis provides a granular understanding of the phenomenon of online extreme speech in the German context, contributing to the broader field of discourse studies and offering insights into the varieties within anti-immigrant discourse.

Проблемы восприятия речи с признаками иноязычного акцента в современной англоязычной коммуникации

The article is devoted to the problems of perception of foreign-accented speech in modern English-language communication. The theoretical aspects of foreign language accent typology and potential difficulties of perception are considered. The article describes the course of preparation and conduct of an experiment on the auditory perception of East Asian and European accent types in English by Russian-speaking and foreign students. The results show that the typology of foreign accent phenomena in English speech of bilinguals according to the global regional standards is objectively perceived by the participants of the perception experiment, while identifying the speaker’s nationality within these standards is likely to be problematic. The proximity of one's own accent in non-native speech to the perceived one contributes to the success of communication.

Analisis Cyberbullying: Komentar Kebencian Terhadap Pembuat Konten Beauty Influencer di Media Sosial Tiktok

This research discusses cyberbullying in the form of hate comments that befell beauty influencers on Tiktok social media. The phenomenon of cyberbullying and hate speech often occurs on social media and affects content creators, with the aim of convincing, hurting and intimidating someone with the comments they make. The theory used in this research is Routine Activity Theory put forward by Cohen & Felson. According to Cohen & Felson, crime can occur due to 3 factors, namely a motivated perpetrator: a motivated perpetrator, a suitable target: the presence of a suitable target, and a capable guardian: the absence of a guard or supervisor to protect the victim from criminal acts. Data collection techniques were carried out in three ways, namely observation, interviews and literature review. The purpose of this writing is to provide knowledge to readers about the problem of cyberbullying and hate speech and what impacts the victims feel after receiving these hate comments. The results of this research show that the daily routine activities carried out by beauty influencers on social media, both for their work and social life, are vulnerable to making them victims of cyberbullying in the form of hate speech. The hate speech they receive makes them mentally down, making them feel stressed and useless. And the reason the perpetrators make comments like that is because they are motivated by the content from beauty influencers that they see and it creates a feeling of dislike in them.