Speech Phenomena Research Articles

Hate speech detection on Twitter using transfer learning

Social Media has become an ultimate driver of social change in the global society. Implications of the events, that take place in one corner of the word, reverberate across the globe in various geographies. This is so because the huge amount of data generated on these platforms, reaches the far corners of the world in the blink of an eye. Developers of these platforms are facing numerous challenges to keep cyber space as inclusive and healthy as possible. However, in recent years, the phenomena of offensive speech and hate speech have risen their ugly heads. Despite manual efforts, the scope of this problem is so immense that it cannot be tackled by using concerted teams. In fact, there is a need that an automated technique is designed that detects and removes offensive and hateful comments before the materialization of their harmful impacts. In this research work, we develop an Urdu language hate lexicon, on the basis of this lexicon we formulate annotated dataset of 10,526 Urdu tweets. Furthermore, as baseline experiments, we use various machine learning techniques for hate speech detection. In addition, we use transfer learning to exploit pre-trained FastText Urdu word embeddings and multi-lingual BERT embeddings for our task. Finally, we experiment with four different variants of BERT to exploit transfer learning, and we show that BERT, xlm-roberta and distil-Bert are able to achieve encouraging F1-scores of 0.68, 0.68 and 0.69 respectively, on our multi class classification task. All these models exhibited success to varying degree but outperform a number of deep learning and machine learning baseline models.

Sexist Hate Speech and the International Human Rights Law: Towards Legal Recognition of the Phenomenon by the United Nations and the Council of Europe

For many women and girls sexist and misogynistic language is an everyday experience. Some instances of this speech can be categorized as ‘sexist hate speech’, as not only having an insulting or degrading character towards the individuals to whom the speech is addressed, but also resonating with the entire group, contributing to its silencing, marginalization and exclusion. The aim of this article is to examine how sexist hate speech is handled in international human rights law. The argument derives from the claim than that legal discourse should distinguish between ‘sexist speech’ and ‘sexist hate speech’, and that the later may be qualified as a form of violence against women. Then it analyses the approaches of two human rights protection systems—the United Nations and the Council of Europe system—towards the phenomenon of sexist hate speech, by taking their position towards hate speech in general as a point of reference. In both systems, sexist hate speech is being addressed more eagerly under the gender equality framework, including counteracting violence against women, than in their interpretation of hate speech under general human rights law. The article argues the importance of recognizing and addressing sexist hate speech both within the framework of gender equality instruments and anti-hate speech framework established by international human rights bodies.

Procesos fonológicos convergentes en el español hablado en Antioquia, a partir del Atlas Lingüístico de Antioquia y del Corpus PRESEEA-Medellín

This article presents a relationship between dialectological and sociolinguistic facts from the analysis of phonological processes based on two sources —the Atlas of Antioquia and the PRESEEA-Medellín Corpus, in order to find dialect convergences from rural to urban in segmental phenomena from Spanish spoken in Antioquia, Colombia. It starts with a question: what phonological processes found in the speech of Antioquia converge in the speech of Medellín? As a result, the Andean ALA (Lingüístic Atlas of Antioquia) Corpus of phonological processes was created, in which 741 cases of phonological variation were identified and 11 thousand occurences of phonological processes were systematized from 36 semidirected interviews of the PRESEEA-Medellín Corpus. The contrast of phonological processes between these two sources allowed to identify the similarities of phonic phenomena of speech, their exemplification and the description of phonic patterns. Finally, the spirantization of / d /, the pluralization of haber and the antihiatic tendency of / ea / were defined as convergent processes of high frequency, whose neutral assessment ease its spreading. The fact that these processes are noticed as aspects shared by other close varieties, such as Bogota’s speech, could represent a trend towards an Andean urban leveling.

VERBAL AGGRESSION IN THE POLITICAL DISCOURSE OF DONALD TRUMP AND JOE BIDEN

This article is devoted to the study of verbal aggression. This question has been little studied in modern linguistics so far. The study analyzed the statements of Donald Trump and Joe Biden in the framework of political discourse. Types of verbal aggression were identified using the methods of content analysis, discourse analysis and pragmalinguistic analysis. In addition, the characteristics of the linguistic personalities of Donald Trump and Joe Biden in terms of their use of tools to actualize verbal aggression are identified. Language, speech and communication means are distinguished as well. The results of the conducted investigation show that verbal aggression is often used by language personalities in combination with other communication tactics. In turn, verbal aggression is a means of implementing various communication strategies. Prospects for further research are the development of a classification of verbal aggression, as well as a comprehensive scheme for analyzing this phenomenon in speech.

A database of North American double modals and self-repairs from YouTube

AbstractSequences of two modal verbs in spoken English can represent use of a nonstandard syntactic feature (double modal) or a corrected utterance in which a speaker begins with one modal auxiliary, but switches to another (self-repair). This article presents the Double Modals and Self-Repairs (DMSR) database, a table of naturalistic double modals and self-repairs in videos from local government entities in North America, created from theCorpus of North American Spoken English(CoNASE). The paper describes the procedures used for the database’s creation, discusses potential uses, and presents an exploratory analysis in which a logistic regression classifier is trained withCoNASEdata to distinguish authentic double modals from self-repair sequences on the basis of local discourse context. The analysis demonstrates how large corpora of speech can be used to investigate the links between syntactic and pragmatic phenomena and shows specifically that double modals are an interactive device, while two-modal sequences as self-repairs may be the result of high cognitive load. The paper concludes with a discussion of multimodal corpus creation from YouTube for the study of lexical, syntactic, and interactional phenomena in speech as well as for the analysis of complex, multilevel computer-mediated communication (CMC) phenomena.

Automatic Speech Recognition Post-Processing for Readability: Task, Dataset and a Two-Stage Pre-Trained Approach

Nowadays Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems can accurately recognize which words are said. However, due to the disfluency, grammatical error, and other phenomena in spontaneous speech, the verbatim transcription of ASR impairs its readability, which is crucial for human comprehension and downstream tasks processing that need to understand the meaning and purpose of what is spoken. In this work, we formulate the ASR post-processing for readability (APR) as a sequence-to-sequence text generation problem that aims to transform the incorrect and noisy ASR output into readable text for humans and downstream tasks. We leverage the Metadata Extraction (MDE) corpus to construct a task-specific dataset for our study. To solve the problem of too little training data, we propose a novel data augmentation method that synthesizes large-scale training data from the grammatical error correction dataset. We propose a model based on the pre-trained language model to perform the APR task and train the model with a two-stage training strategy to better exploit the augmented data. On the constructed test set, our approach outperforms the best baseline system by a large margin of 17.53 on BLEU and 13.26 on readability-aware WER (RA-WER). The human evaluation also shows that our model can generate more human-readable transcripts than the baseline method.

Indirect speech acts of modern communication: speech genre of hidden request

This article analyzes the phenomena that have developed in the field of expressing will in contemporary speech communication. Namely, the illocutionary goals of imperative indirect speech and ways of implementing indirect imperativeness at the lexical and grammatical levels. Additionally, the authors describe markers of hidden forms of motivation and factors, which determine the degree of motivation, and reveal non-imperative forms of motivation. The theoretical basis of the work includes the works by N. I. Formanovskaya, A. Vezhbitskaya, J. Searle, M. Ya. Blokh , G. G. Yarmarkina and other researchers of the phenomenon of directive speech acts. The article analyzes request forms in indirect speech presented as declarative and interrogative sentences. The authors establish that communicative acts expressing will are implemented by a variety of linguistic means and models aimed at softening the expression of a request. For example, among declarative sentences, there are constructions with the lexeme хочу (“I want”), predicative adverbs надо (“need”), нужно (“necessary”), etc.; among interrogative sentences — interrogatives with the modal part правда (“truth”), modal constructions with хотеть (“want”) and мочь (“to be able”), indirect directives containing the interrogative indicative of the verb of the causal action with the negative particle не (“not”). A speaker’s choice of a specific means and form of request affects its assessment as categorical, neutral, polite and over-polite.

EUPHEMISM IS A MENTAL FIND (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE POETRY OF HALIMA KHUDOIBERDIYEVA)

To achieve spiritual maturity, it is necessary to correctly, rationally and effectively use the language, which is a cultural heritage, to study it deeply and enjoy it. After all, the interaction of any person with people in the environment in which he lives, his beliefs, adherence to traditions, aspirations, national values ensure his formation as a person. Every aspect of this process is associated with language, or language acts as a vehicle in any situation. It is not enough to define the various descriptions of linguistic systems only theoretically. Considering that the study of speech phenomena of linguistic units in the communication system increases attention to the human factor, below we will consider the features of the euphemisms of Uzbek speech. Because national, cultural identity is reflected in the behavior, culture and communication of these people.

The media language as an object of journalism science: To the history of the formation of St Petersburg media linguistics scientific school

The article is devoted to the history of Soviet journalism science and the isolation of the mass media language research industry in it. The purpose of the study is to identify the national and cultural specificity of the Russian science of journalism and to popularize its achievements. Based on a comparative analysis of the European, American and Soviet models of the journalism science, it was proved that the important factors in the development of global science was the exchange of research practices both between scientists from different countries and between generations of researchers within the same state. The importance of the personal factor in determining the professional ideology of the science of journalism and its disciplinary structure was established. When addressing of the disciplinary affiliation of media linguistics as a theoretical and methodological basis for speech phenomena of mass communication studying, it was noted that the attribution of media language research to the subject field of journalism theory can be considered the specifics of the national model of science on journalism. Using the example of the history of the development of the Leningrad Scientific and Educational School of Journalism, it was shown that the reproduction of research personnel of narrow media linguistic specialization took place at Leningrad University with specialists with classical philological education. Unique practices of studying media texts in Department of Stylistics and Editing of the Faculty of Journalism of Leningrad State University have developed, as a result of the implementation of an experiment at the university to develop methods for teaching and studying the language of the specialty.

ANALYZING 'HATE SPEECH PHENOMENON' RESEARCH IN INDONESIA: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

This study aims to analyze some hate speech phenomenon reviews in Indonesia. It compares how these two reviews are carried out to indicate how each source contributes and integrates the topic. The research uses a qualitative method with a systematic review. They were analyzed using a literature review matrix with the abstract data, such as author, years published, topic, and effects and findings. The PRISMA checklist (reporting guide for systematic review) is also applied to validate the observed systemic review. The research findings demonstrate that the clarity and transparency of the observed literature reviews need to be improved.

On Simulating the Propagation and Countermeasures of Hate Speech in Social Networks

Hate speech expresses prejudice and discrimination based on actual or perceived innate characteristics such as gender, race, religion, ethnicity, colour, national origin, disability or sexual orientation. Research has proven that the amount of hateful messages increases inevitably on online social media. Although hate propagators constitute a tiny minority—with less than 1% participants—they create an unproportionally high amount of hate motivated content. Thus, if not countered properly, hate speech can propagate through the whole society. In this paper we apply agent-based modelling to reproduce how the hate speech phenomenon spreads within social networks. We reuse insights from the research literature to construct and validate a baseline model for the propagation of hate speech. From this, three countermeasures are modelled and simulated to investigate their effectiveness in containing the spread of hatred: Education, deferring hateful content, and cyber activism. Our simulations suggest that: (1) Education consititutes a very successful countermeasure, but it is long term and still cannot eliminate hatred completely; (2) Deferring hateful content has a similar—although lower—positive effect than education, and it has the advantage of being a short-term countermeasure; (3) In our simulations, extreme cyber activism against hatred shows the poorest performance as a countermeasure, since it seems to increase the likelihood of resulting in highly polarised societies.

ОБЗОР НАУЧНО-ПОПУЛЯРНЫХ ИЗДАНИЙ ДЛЯ ПРЕПОДАВАНИЯ ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКИХ ДИСЦИПЛИН

Statement of the problem. The most important place in the school curriculum should belong to the teaching of the Russian language. This is explained by its constitutionally fixed status, cultural and historical role, and the function of a means of interethnic communication, and the fact that Russian is a native language for the majority of the population of the Russian Federation. Account of objective realities focuses on the training of qualified subject teachers (and not the graduates who are almost helpless in linguo-didactic terms, excessively loaded with information of the psychological and pedagogical cycle). There is no doubt that when teaching future Russian linguists at the university, officially approved textbooks and textbooks are used first of all, sometimes supplemented also by the results of teachers’ own research. However, with the growth of the pedagogical baggage, it becomes clear that it is not enough to limit oneself to a circle of well-tested specialized literature, since changes are constantly taking place in the life of society and in the living speech and new phenomena are emerging. Having been unchecked earlier, they are often overlooked by some teachers, but may be well known to students. Such an imbalance is unacceptable. The purpose of the article is to analyze the texts of popular science sources regarding the possibilities of using publications of this genre in the practice of teaching linguistic disciplines. Research results. Popular scientific publications, especially those written by truly outstanding researchers, can become a significant help in teaching practice. This article discusses a number of popular science books devoted to the Russian language. When assessing their advantages or disadvantages (that is, the degree of usefulness of their application in the educational process), the author refers to his own scientific and pedagogical experience.

Communicative approach to the languages’ learning as a way of speech competence’s formation by children with speech and mental retardation

The article deals with the process language learning as a means of social interaction, which is the result of the society’s demand formation for the latest researches in the field of psychology, sociolinguistics, correctional psychology; revealed a number of important issues to the problem of children with special educational needs speech and mental retardation. Using of the term «communicative competence» in the methodology of people with special educational needs providing support is directly related to the focus on communicatively oriented language learning, with the transfer of emphasis from the forms of speech phenomena to their function. The complication of communicative approach to language learning concerning in the process of communication and it is extremely unpredictable, out of linguistic analysis. The process of speech competence isan extremely complex and multicomponent phenomenon, so its analysis is not possible within one science. The process of children with language and mental retardation communication skills’ adoption will be intense, as it requires the development of methodologically sound recommendations forasmuch the latest research in special psychology, correctional pedagogy, neurolinguistics, sociolinguistics and more. The formation of people with special educational needs’ speech competence in is aimed to the skills’ developing in practical use of language structures with their communicative functions in familiar communication situations. Thus, for successful communication, students with language and mental retardation must assimilate not only knowledges of philological nature, general concepts of language, language structures, but also be able to apply knowledges in practice, because in communication it is impossible to separate phonetics, vocabulary or grammar. The formation of children with language and mental retardation speech competence opens important prospects for the correctional and developmental process in educational institutions. In particular, consideration of the phenomena of language not only from the point of view of language structures, grammar, vocabulary, and also performance of a number of communicative functions. The formation of speech competence does not mean abandoning the study of grammar or vocabulary, but significantly expands the possibilities of traditional teaching methods based on knowledge and use of language structures and determines the choice of language material in accordance with the purpose and objectives of communication.

The Concept of Grammatical Organon in the Star of Redemption by Rosenzweig

In his book The Star of Redemption, F. Rosenzweig formulated a new philosophical system, which is based not on thinking, or being, but on language. At the same time, Rosenzweig not only postulates language but deduces it as a procedural reality that is currently unfolding in relation to perfect and closed elements—the world, God and man. Language fundamentally changes our attitude not only toward the world, God and man but in general toward all objects of knowledge and action. The world ceases to be perceived as an equal given, a person ceases to be a generic definition for subjectivity and acquires singularity and uniqueness. God is not defined as the Absolute Reality but becomes a live interlocutor. One of the central points of Rosenzweig’s system is its grammatical organon—a method that allows one to consider linguistic processes. Rosenzweig unfolds his organon in three books of the second part of The Star of Redemption. This article discusses the philosophical foundations of Rosenzweig’s grammatical organon and the features of its application to various linguistic and speech phenomena.

Teenager Attitude Toward Hate Speech Phenomenon in Aceh Society

This research deals with Teenager Attitude toward Hate Speech in Aceh Society. This research aims to describe teenager attitude toward the phenomenon of Hate speech in society and How their motivation to share the hoax information. This research instruments are: observation and questioner, the questioner was used to obtain the Teenager attitude toward hate speech phenomenon in society. Research design that used in this study was descriptive qualitative research. There are fifty teenagers as respondents in this research, the research analysis by using an interactive model of miles and Huberman. Based on data analysis, it was found that there are three kinds of attitude that response by English Foreign Language Learners (EFL) In Langsa;1 cognitive attitude, 2) affective attitude, and the motivation in sharing the information found into three categories :1) social need,2) Self Actualization, 3) Just for fun.

HATE SPEECH ON SOCIAL NETWORK SITES: PERPETRATOR AND SERVICE PROVIDERS’ LIABILITY

The article investigates the phenomenon of hate speech on social network sites and gives an overview of the national and international legal instruments which are available to combat hate speech. After an overview of the nature of hate speech andthe early international attempts to curb it, hate speech in South Africa is investigated. The question is posed whether statements of hatred made on the Internet, especially if published from sites such as Facebook which is external to South Africa, can leadto liability for perpetrators in South Africa. International responses to hate speech in cyberspace are then investigated with specific reference to the possible liability of Internet service providers for hate speech posted by third parties on their websites. Itis shown that, although service providers in the United States enjoy more protection than those in European Union, Canada and South Africa, hate speech on social network sites can be legally curbed. It is concluded that the myth that the Internet as a godless, lawless zone can and must be dismissed.

The functions of pauses in penginyongan daily conversation

The role of language in daily communication is undoubtedly important because language as a means of communication convey message from speaker to hearer. In the process of transferring message, particularly in oral communication, speaker and hearer may undergo some hesitation and silence cannot be avoided. Silence becomes one specific feature in oral communication. Pause and other phenomenon of spontaneous speech are commonly connected to changes in speakers’ responsiveness in a stable interpersonal situation. Daily conversation is a social praxis that encompasses human life and it is usually conducted in local or indegenous language. Pauses are widely found in this type of exchange and thus the importance of pause in oral talk is worth-analyzing. This paper tries to find out the functions of pauses in Penginyongan daily conversation. Penginyongan is a variant of Javanese language spoken along Serayu River. This research was conducted by using empirical data which were collected by using recording and in-depth interview. Participants of the research were native speaker without considering their sexes. Pauses in Penginyongan daily conversation are used for keeping a secret, refusal, acceptance, end a conversation, and changing topic. A further research needs to develop to gain the insight of pause phenomenon in Penginyongan related to participants’ sexes.

Islam dan Hate Speech (Studi Fenomenologi atas Ujaran Kebencian di Indonesia)

This paper discusses the phenomenon of hated speech or hate speech which in the last five years has dominated social media in Indonesia. The state ispreoccupied with dispelling it by issuing several rules, because hate speech has exceeded the limits of reasonableness—besides cursing into the private sphere, it has also entered the realm of large organizations in the country that threaten the disintegration of the nation. This paper presents the phenomenon of hate speech in the last few years in Indonesia, then the perspective of Islam in dealing with it, as well as several solutions to overcome the proliferation of hate speech behavior. This study with a phenomenological approach to the phenomenon of hate speech in Indonesia is motivated by the threat of national disintegration due to the proliferation of hate speech behavior in Indonesia. There are three discussions, namely the phenomenon of hate speech in Indonesia, hate speech in an Islamic perspective, and the rehabilitation of hate speech addicts. Keywords: Islam, hate speech, rehabilitation.

CYBERCULTURE AND HATE SPEECH: A CASE STUDY ABOUT THE POLICIES AGAINST HATE SPEECH LEAD BY THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE

Social networks are interactive platforms developed to facilitate relations and exchanges of information between people who share the same interests, experiences and opinions (Recuero, 2009). The main goal of this study is to know the definition of cyberculture and cyberspace and understand the phenomenon of hate speech on social networks. The theoretical framework of the article is about the understanding of cyberculture and cyberspace, the evolution of social networks and the definition of hate speech and its targets. Finally, a case study is carried on the combat policies against hate speech lead by the Council of Europe. The methodology will include state of art analysis, literature review and the observation of the Council of Europe website.
 
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Intergroup Dialogues in the Landscape of Digital Societies: How Does the Dialogical Self Affect Intercultural Relations in Online Contexts?

The effects of intergroup dialogues on intercultural relations in digital societies and the growing conflict, inflammatory and hate speech phenomena characterizing these environments are receiving increasing attention in socio-psychological studies. Based on Allport’s contact theory, scholars have shown that online intercultural contact reduces ethnic prejudice and discrimination, although it is not yet clear when and how this occurs. By analyzing the role of the Dialogical Self in online intercultural dialogues, we aim to understand how individuals position themselves and others at three levels of inclusiveness—personal, social, and human—and how this process is associated with attitudes towards the interlocutor, intergroup bias and prejudice, whilst also considering the inclusion of the Other in the Self and ethnic/racial identity. An experimental procedure was administered via the Qualtrics platform, and data were collected among 118 undergraduate Italian students through an anonymous questionnaire. From ANOVA and moderation analysis, it emerged that the social level of inclusiveness was positively associated with ethnic/racial identity and intergroup bias. Furthermore, the human level of inclusiveness was associated with the inclusion of the Other in the Self and ethnic/racial identity, and unexpectedly, also with intergroup bias. We conclude that when people interact online as “human beings”, the positive effect of online dialogue fails, hindering the differentiation processes necessary to define one’s own and the interlocutor’s identities. We discuss the effects of intercultural dialogue in the landscape of digital societies and the relevance of our findings for theory, research and practice.