Speech Correction Research Articles

Human right to language in constitutional law

Efforts made by Ukraine to develop the spiritual potential of its people contribute to increasing the cohesion of Ukrainian society, and to nationals’ awareness of the need to preserve and strengthen traditional values. In this regard, one of the goals of the state policy on the preservation and strengthening of traditional values is the protection and support of the Ukrainian language as the state language, ensuring compliance with the norms of the modern literary language, and countering the excessive use of foreign vocabulary.The Ukrainian language is the state language of Ukraine, which is used where formally established by law. Respectful attitude and all kinds of promotion for the development of the Ukrainian language are the task not only of the state, but also of each of us, nationals of Ukraine. The right to language is one of the fundamental human rights provided for by the Constitution of Ukraine. For Ukrainians who have been under the rule of several empires for a long time, the language is still a pillar of Ukrainian identity, a guarantee of the survival of the Ukrainian ethnos as a collective individuality and the preservation of its national face. Anyone has rights to language since birth, they are fundamental natural rights necessary for the realization of a number of other constitutional rights and freedoms, first of all the right to life (if interpreted broadly, not only as the right to physical existence), cultural and educational rights, the right to the recognition and realization of the dignity of the individual, the right to information, freedom of speech.The correct use of the Ukrainian language is of particular importance in the process of training legal professionals. Well-bred and stylistically correct speech is the key to successful law-making and law enforcement and is a guarantee of unconditional protection of human and national rights and freedoms and the legitimate interests of Ukrainian cnationals. Forming and formulating legal norms, protecting them in numerous legal documents and explaining them to people, a lawyer must perfectly master the norms of language and protect them. Inaccuracies in speech can lead to an inaccurate interpretation of the law. The effectiveness of the preliminary investigation and entering civil arrangements, the prestige of the justice system, and the lawyer’s performance of his or her high social function largely depend on the level of language culture.

Computational Approaches to Phonology: Advances in Speech Recognition and Synthesis

This article explores the field of computational approaches to phonology, with a particular focus on recent increases in popularity and speech synthesis. Phonology, as a department of linguistics, deals with the observation of sounds and their work in language. Recent improvements in this area have resulted in major improvements in accuracy and efficiency, towards the integration of deep recognition strategies together with recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and convolutional neural networks (CNNs). the models have tested the ability to capture complex phonetic patterns and decorate the overall performance of computerized speech reputation structures. These advances have seen packages in multiple domains, such as virtual assistants, text-to-speech structures, and language acquisition tools. This article looks at the main computational procedures used in phonology, along with characteristic-based representations, rule-based modes, and statistical methods. It explores demanding situations related to phonological evaluation, which include phoneme segmentation, pronunciation variants, and language-specific problems. In addition, this paper discusses mixing phonological knowledge with device learning strategies, which enables the development of robust and correct speech recognition and synthesis systems. As usual, this research represents remarkable advances from computational methods to phonology, particularly in the geographical area of speech recognition and synthesis. the combination of technology and linguistic insights has increased the accuracy, naturalness, and efficiency in processing spoken language. These enhancements open up new opportunities to enhance human-pc interaction, language recognition, and many other packages that rely on speech-based technologies.

Universal Design and Communication Rights: Meeting the Challenge of Linguistic and Communicative Diversity.

This essay discusses Universal Design (UD) with respect to language and communication rights. Because Universal Design approaches aim at meeting human variability from the get-go, they must be able to address linguistic and communicative variability. Variability must individual variation in language functions and communication activities in the absence of disability and variability when speech, language or communicative disorders are present. Current conceptualizations of speech, language and communication disabilities take a person-centered approach and a bio-psycho-social framework of health and disease (WHO-ICF) that encompass three ontological domains: body functions and structures, activities, and participation. The framework crucially lists environmental factors that interact with each domain. I illustrate how UD can successfully be integrated with an ICF framework in the domain of speech, language and communication impairments; I then propose that the ICF model can be extended beyond disability to non-clinical populations and settings, to meet the communication rights for all.

SEMG APPROACH FOR SPEECH RECOGNITION

Speech is the most familiar and habitual way of communication used by most of us. Due to speech disabilities, many people find it difficult to properly voice their views and thus are at a disadvantage. The research tackles the issue of lack of speech from a speech impaired user by recognizing it with the use of ML models such as Gaussian Mixture Model - GMM and Convolutional Neural Network - CNN. With properly recorded and cleaned muscle activity from the facial muscles it is possible to predict the words being uttered/whispered with a certain accuracy. The intended system will additionally also have a visual aid system which can provide better accuracy when used together with the facial muscle activity-based system. Neuromuscular signals from the speech articulating muscles are recorded using Surface Electro Myo Graphy (SEMG) sensors, which will be used to train the machine learning models. In this paper we have demonstrated various signals synthesized through the ElectroMyography system and how they can be classified using machine learning models such as Gaussian Mixture Model and Convolutional Neural Network for the visual-based lip-reading system.

The Combine Effect of Suvarnaprashan with Speech-Language Therapy in Children with Delayed Speech and Language Disorder

Suvarnaprashan is ancient oral vaccination technique describe Ayurvedic texts. Delayed in acquiring language are most common symptoms of childhood developmental disability affecting around 5 to 10% of all children. The effectiveness of Suvarnaprashan in various developmental disabilities in children was reported earlier studies. However, its effectiveness for children with pure delayed speech and language disorder without any associated developmental difficulties was not studied previously. Hence, the study taken with aim of the combine outcome of Suvarnaprashan with speech-language therapy in children with delayed speech and language disorder. Total no. of 50 participants with early diagnosed delayed speech and language disorder with age range from 02 to 05 were included for this study. The participants were divided in two subgroups in which group A underwent for speech language therapy only and group B underwent for both speech-language therapy and Suvarnayaprashan sanskara. Children with delayed speech and language disorder showed significant improvement with Speech language therapy plus Suvarnayaprashan intervention compare to speech and language therapy alone. Suvarnaprashan can be utilized effectively as a therapeutic tool for children with delayed speech and language disorder. It is very simple, cost effective, infrastructure compatible, safe and prevention–centric approach. Hence, it should be adopted globally as immunization program also for preventive measure of delayed speech and language disorders and disability. The present study opened new dimensions and need of further research in different area of disability with large sample and long term follow up.

Genotypes and phenotypes of DNM1 encephalopathy

BackgroundVariants in the dynamin-1 (DNM1) gene typically cause synaptopathy, leading to developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE). We aimed to determine the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of DNM1 encephalopathy beyond DEE.MethodsElectroclinical...

Some questions for the formation of grammatically correct speech of presschoolers

The child gradually learns the grammatical structure of the language by imitation. Soviet psychologists have studies the peculiarities of the acquisition of the grammatical structure of the language at preschool age, and the conditional-reflex basis of the acquisition of the grammatical side of children’s speech has been established in physiology. At preschool age, it can be obsefved that the child’s speech is characterized by both morphological and syntactic errors. A child’s complete acwuisition of the grammatical structure of the language becomes possible as a result of the purposeful work of the teacher at school. We recorded (partially) mistakes made in the speech of preschoolers and complited a system of exercises to eliminate them.

Late-onset mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes syndrome with mitochondrial DNA 3243A>G mutation masquerading as autoimmune encephalitis: A case report

Here, we present a unique case of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) syndrome, which initially appeared to be autoimmune encephalitis and was ultimately confirmed as MELAS with the mitochondrial DNA 3243A>G mutation. A 58-year-old female presented with acute-onset speech impediment and auditory hallucinations, symmetrical bitemporal lobe abnormalities, clinical and laboratory findings, and a lack of relevant prodromal history, which suggested diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis. Further work-up, in conjunction with the patient's medical history, family history, and lactate peak on brain lesions on magnetic resonance imaging, suggested a mitochondrial disorder. Mitochondrial genome analysis revealed the m.3243A>G variant in the MT-TL1 gene, which led to a diagnosis of MELAS syndrome. This case underscores the importance of considering MELAS as a potential cause of autoimmune encephalitis even if patients are over 40 years of age, as the symptoms and signs are atypical for MELAS syndrome.

A deep learning-based brain-computer interaction system for speech and motor impairment

Some people may experience accidents, strokes, or diseases that lead to both motor and speech disabilities, making it difficult to communicate with others. Those with paralysis face daily challenges in meeting their basic needs, particularly if they have difficulty speaking. Individuals with dysarthria, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and similar conditions may find it challenging to understand speech.The proposed system for automatic recognition of daily basic needs aims to improve the quality of life for individuals suffering from dysarthria and quadriplegic paralysis. The system achieves this by recognizing and analyzing brain signals and converting them to either audible voice commands or texts that can be sent to a healthcare provider's mobile phone based on the system settings.The proposed system uses a convolutional neural network (CNN) model to detect event-related potentials (ERPs) within the EEG signal to select one of six basic daily needs while displaying their images randomly. Ten volunteers participated in this study, contributing to the creation of the dataset used for training, testing, and validation. The proposed approach achieved an accuracy of 78.41%.

PUBLIC SPEAKING AND ITS VARIETIES IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS (NORMATIVITY AND CORRECTNESS OF PROFESSIONAL SPEECH)

The article is devoted to public speaking and its varieties in educational institutions. The author characterize public speaking as a genre of speech activity. In turn, the authors of the article understand academic public speaking, which is an integral part of pedagogical activity, as the oratory activity of a teacher who popularizes the achievements of science. The author of the article emphasize that the speech of teachers requires mastering the norms of the literary language, terminology, standard speech constructions in the field of education and the ability to use language means in accordance with the purpose and situation of communication. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to outline the normativity and correctness of pedagogical speech. It has been established that lectures and reports are the types of academic speech in educational institutions. The purpose of the article is to identify the mistakes made by educators in the preparation and delivery of lectures and to suggest ways to overcome them. The object of the study is academic public speaking, and the subject is its normativity and correctness of professional speech. The following components are distinguished in the structure of teachers’ public speech: cognitive, communicative and operational, expressive. The cognitive component is related to the knowledge of the norms of the modern Ukrainian literary language, including accent, vocabulary, syntax, stylistics, and professional terminology. The communicative-operational component ensures the use of language means in accordance with the purpose, conditions and situation of communication; as well as the possession of basic professional speech skills necessary for work in teaching positions. In turn, the expressive component is responsible for mastery of extralinguistic means of communication, i.e. melody, phrasal emphasis, pauses, rhythm, tempo, and voice power. Particular attention is paid to the effective presentation of presentations, which have become an integral part of the modern educational process.

Prevalence and Auditory Characteristics of Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder in Adult Population with Sensory Neural Hearing Loss: A Hospital Based Study in South India.

Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD) is a heterogenous group of disorder characterized by abnormalities in auditory brainstem responses (ABR) with preserved otoacoustic emissions and/or cochlear microphonics. The aim of the study is to estimate the prevalence and evaluate the audiological characteristics of ANSD in adult population with sensory neural hearing loss. A prospective study was conducted on the adult population (≥ 18 years) attending ENT outpatients clinic at Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital, Chennai. All patients reported to the department with auditory and vestibular symptoms underwent case history, otoscopic examination, and routine audiological evaluation (pure tone audiometry, speech audiometry and immittance audiometry). Patients with indications of ANSD in case history and routine audiological evaluation were further evaluated using distortion product otoacoustic emissions and ABR. A total of 8682 adult population was evaluated during the period of 2017 to 2018. Out of 8682 patients, 1343 (15.46%) of them had sensory neural hearing loss of varying degrees. Out of 1343 adults with sensory neural hearing loss, 24 (1.78%) adults were diagnosed as ANSD. The prevalence of ANSD in adult population with sensory neural hearing loss in our study is 1.32% per 1000 adults. The clinical characteristics of ANSD shows impairment in speech perception irrespective of degree of hearing loss, preserved cochlear functions and abnormal ABR. Hence ANSD is not a rare clinical finding in adults with sensory neural hearing loss, but its prevalence was estimated to be lower in Indian population. Often young females are affected causing significant impairment in speech perception and disability.

Construct and discriminant validity testing of the FACE-Q Head and Neck Cancer Module for assessing speech and swallowing outcomes for patients undergoing maxillectomy or mandibulectomy.

The FACE-Q H&N is a patient reported outcome measure covering multiple constructs for patients with head and neck tumors. Additional testing is needed to determine suitability in assessing speech- and swallowing-related quality of life and function. FACE-Q H&N, The M. D. Anderson Dysphagia Inventory (MDADI), and Speech Handicap Index (SHI) scores were collected from two patient cohorts who had undergone jaw reconstruction. Construct validity was assessed using convergent validity testing and known groups testing to assess discriminant validity. A priori hypotheses testing demonstrated strong correlations (ρ > 0.6, p < 0.05) between FACE-Q H&N eating and drinking, swallowing and eating distress scales with MDADI subscales, and between FACE-Q H&N speech function and distress scales and the SHI. Known groups testing demonstrated all instruments could delineate outcomes among patients who had radiation, advanced tumors, and tracheostomy. The FACE-Q H&N may be an alternative for the SHI and MDADI in this patient cohort.

A simple smartphone-aided program to support meaningful occupation in people with severe neuro-motor and speech disabilities.

We assessed a simple smartphone-aided program to help three participants with severe neuro-motor and speech disabilities access preferred songs, call or send messages to distant partners, and call the caregiver. The program relied on the use of a smartphone, five cards with identification tags, and a mini speaker. The participants could select one of the cards (engagement options) by touching it with the smartphone. Using the program, all participants managed to access songs, reach partners, and call the caregiver independently and engaged in the related forms of leisure and communication/interaction throughout the 10-min sessions available. The results suggest that the program might be a valuable aid for people with severe neuro-motor and speech disabilities.

Обеспечение участия лиц, имеющих психические расстройства и нарушения речи, в оценке их навыков и возможностей при помощи средств альтернативной и дополнительной коммуникации

&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Determination of skills and capabilities of the individuals with mental disorders and speech disabilities is an impor&amp;shy;tant task for specialists. At the experimental stage, 50 respondents were interviewed to reveal the possibilities of their participation in the follow-up evaluation of the independent living skills and level of required support. The methods of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) and visual support were used. The study of the process of development of special conditions for the interview was carried out in the setting of psychoneurological residential institutions. We identified conditions, which are required for the participants: establishing of the primary contact, determining the communication means and the level of understanding of oral speech etc. Methods of directed obser&amp;shy;vation, learning game situations, and practical tasks were used. The case study method was used to analyze the opti&amp;shy;mal choice of AAC and visibility means. A productive contact was established with 92% of respondents, they agreed to participate in the interview. Full understanding of the interview&amp;rsquo;s objectives was achieved in 33% cases. 74% of respondents were able to complete the interview. It was determined that the development of special conditions for the participation of the respondents in an interview and the choice of AAС methods involves the following factors: assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the communicative abilities; available means of communication; pos&amp;shy;sibilities of using AAC symbols and teaching the respondents to use them etc. The results can be used in carrying out further stages of research to determine the skills and capabilities of persons who do not use speech as the main means of communication.&lt;/p&gt;

Speech disorders in patients with Tongue squamous cell carcinoma: A longitudinal observational study based on a questionnaire and acoustic analysis

BackgroundSpeech disorders are common dysfunctions in patients with tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) that can diminish their quality of life. There are few studies with multidimensional and longitudinal assessments of speech function in TSCC patients.MethodsThis longitudinal observational study was conducted at the Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, China, from January 2018 to March 2021. A cohort of 92 patients (53 males, age range: 24–77 years) diagnosed with TSCC participated in this study. Speech function was assessed from preoperatively to one year postoperatively using the Speech Handicap Index questionnaire and acoustic parameters. The risk factors for postoperative speech disorder were analyzed by a linear mixed-effects model. A t test or Mann‒Whitney U test was applied to analyze the differences in acoustic parameters under the influence of risk factors to determine the pathophysiological mechanisms of speech disorders in patients with TSCC.ResultsThe incidence of preoperative speech disorders was 58.7%, which increased up to 91.4% after surgery. Higher T stage (P＜0.001) and larger range of tongue resection (P = 0.002) were risk factors for postoperative speech disorders. Among the acoustic parameters, F2/i/decreased remarkably with higher T stage (P = 0.021) and larger range of tongue resection (P = 0.009), indicating restricted tongue movement in the anterior-posterior direction. The acoustic parameters analysis during the follow-up period showed that F1 and F2 were not significantly different of the patients with subtotal or total glossectomy over time.ConclusionsSpeech disorders in TSCC patients is common and persistent. Less residual tongue volume led to worse speech-related QoL, indicating that surgically restoring the length of the tongue and strengthening tongue extension postoperatively may be important.

Design and application of VR-based college English game teaching

With the deepening of international exchanges, colleges and universities have higher and higher requirements for the quality of English teaching. In order to improve the quality of English teaching in colleges and universities, the research proposes to design and construct an English game education and teaching system based on virtual reality technology. First, the modern VR technology is used to build the initial English game teaching system, and then the HMM-DNN algorithm is introduced to improve the virtual system. In the process, the CMUShinx speech recognition platform is used to build a robot control command speech recognition system, in order to obtain a good voice acoustic model and achieve correct speech recognition in the virtual environment. Finally, the performance analysis of the built system is carried out to verify the feasibility of the system model. The results show that the step response coefficient of the model built by the research institute can be kept within 1 M for a long time; When the speech type is White and Cafe1, the correct recognition rate of the constructed model for English speech is as high as 98 % and 95 %, and is always higher than other algorithms; In the comparison of the accuracy of students' oral speech recognition scores by different models, the lowest error of the research model is 2.23 %, which is significantly smaller than the other models. The above results indicate that the overall teaching effect of the system built by the research institute is stable, and it has high feasibility for college students' English teaching, which helps to further improve students' interest and ability in English learning, and is of great significance for college English talent training.

Elevated ROS levels during the early development of Angelman syndrome alter the apoptotic capacity of the developing neural precursor cells

Angelman syndrome (AS) is a rare genetic neurodevelopmental disorder caused by the maternally inherited loss of function of the UBE3A gene. AS is characterized by a developmental delay, lack of speech, motor dysfunction, epilepsy, autistic features, happy demeanor, and intellectual disability. While the cellular roles of UBE3A are not fully understood, studies suggest that the lack of UBE3A function is associated with elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Despite the accumulating evidence emphasizing the importance of ROS during early brain development and its involvement in different neurodevelopmental disorders, up to date, the levels of ROS in AS neural precursor cells (NPCs) and the consequences on AS embryonic neural development have not been elucidated. In this study we show multifaceted mitochondrial aberration in AS brain-derived embryonic NPCs, which exhibit elevated mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), lower levels of endogenous reduced glutathione, excessive mitochondrial ROS (mROS) levels, and increased apoptosis compared to wild-type (WT) littermates. In addition, we report that glutathione replenishment by glutathione-reduced ethyl ester (GSH-EE) corrects the excessive mROS levels and attenuates the enhanced apoptosis in AS NPCs. Studying the glutathione redox imbalance and mitochondrial abnormalities in embryonic AS NPCs provides an essential insight into the involvement of UBE3A in early neural development, information that can serve as a powerful avenue towards a broader view of AS pathogenesis. Moreover, since mitochondrial dysfunction and elevated ROS levels were associated with other neurodevelopmental disorders, the findings herein suggest some potential shared underlying mechanisms for these disorders as well.

Motivation for stuttering therapy and its concept and other determinants

Aim of the studyPurpose: The objective of this research was to determine the level of motivation for stutter treatment and its dependence on age, gender, and the conception of stuttering.Subject or material and methodsMethods: In our study, the Conception of Stuttering Scale (CSS) and the Motivation for Stutter Therapy Scale (MSTS) were used. Participants: The research involved 297 participants, 81 women and 216 men, all aged from 18 to 54 years. All participants had started to stutter before the age of 7, they all had stutter symptoms (confirmed by an experienced speech therapist), thought themselves to be stutterers, and had undergone at least one therapy.ResultsOverall, the respondents were likely to consider stuttering a speech impediment, logoneurosis, communication disorder, or an illness. They mostly supported the idea of comprehensively diagnosing stuttering and they did not have a uniform conception of stutter therapy. They were most likely to opt for therapies based on speech practice or psychotherapy. Their motivation for speech therapy was mostly moderate. Motivation for stutter therapy was markedly higher in women than in men.. A significant positive correlation was revealed between speech practice and non-acceptance of stuttering.DiscussionStuttering persons have differing conceptions of the etiology, basis, diagnosis, and treatment of stuttering. Motivation for stutter therapy in adults is moderate and is not associated with their concept of stuttering.ConclusionsStuttering persons have differing conceptions of the etiology, basis, diagnosis, and treatment of stuttering. Motivation for stutter therapy in adults is moderate and is not associated with their concept of stuttering.

How the Charter Members of ASHA Responded to the Social and Political Circumstances of Their Time

This article examines the responses of the founders of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA; original name, the American Academy of Speech Correction) to the social trends of their day in the United States. Those trends included migrations from Europe and the rural South, the emergence of new scientific methodologies, and the birth of a professional class. Our aims are to reveal how the founders reacted to these select social changes, to show how their reactions served to shape the newly formed profession in and around 1925, and to describe how that profession is still grappling with their choices even today. The writings of the founding members of ASHA were examined for evidence of their views in relation to 20th century historical trends, specifically examining their attitudes toward clients and clinical practice. We identified elitist, ethnocentric, racist, regionalist, classist, and ableist statements in the writings of the founders. They promoted practices that denigrated those speaking dialects that were deemed nonstandard, including linguistic patterns originating from ethnic, racial, regional, and class differences. They also used ableist language in writing about people with communication disabilities, adopting a medical model that elevated the professional practitioner over the client. Our founders' response to social and political trends led to their creation of oppressive professional practices rather than to work within a more positive social model of professional practice, which was readily available to them at the time, one that would have embraced differences rather than seeking to erase them. Once again, we are experiencing sea changes in our society, ones that offer us the opportunity to reverse the practices shaped by our predecessors. We can learn from the missteps of our founders to create practices that empower and respect those with communication differences or disabilities. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.22213738.

E2E-DASR: End-to-end deep learning-based dysarthric automatic speech recognition

Dysarthria is a motor speech disability caused by weak muscles and organs involved in the articulation process, thereby affecting the speech intelligibility of individuals. Because this condition is linked to physical exhaustion disabilities, individuals not only have communication difficulties, but also have difficulty interacting with digital devices. Automatic speech recognition (ASR) makes an important difference for individuals with dysarthria since modern digital devices offer a better interaction medium that enables them to interact with their community and computers. Still, the performance of ASR technologies is poor in recognizing dysarthric speech, particularly for acute dysarthria. Multiple challenges, including dysarthric phoneme inaccuracy and labeling imperfection, are facing dysarthric ASR technologies. This paper proposes a spatio-temporal dysarthric ASR (DASR) system using Spatial Convolutional Neural Network (SCNN) and Multi-Head Attention Transformer (MHAT) to visually extract the speech features, and DASR learns the shapes of phonemes pronounced by dysarthric individuals. This visual DASR feature modeling eliminates phoneme-related challenges. The UA-Speech database is utilized in this paper, including different speakers with different speech intelligibility levels. However, because the proportion of usable speech data to the number of distinctive classes in the UA-speech database was small, the proposed DASR system leverages transfer learning to generate synthetic leverage and visuals. In benchmarking with other DASRs examined in this study, the proposed DASR system outperformed and improved the recognition accuracy for 20.72% of the UA-Speech database. The largest improvements were achieved for very-low (25.75%) and low intelligibility (33.67%).