Speech Behavior Research Articles

International research-to-practice conference "Text, speech, culture, speech behaviour in Russian language teaching methodology"

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Speech behavior of a bilingual in everyday discourse

The article deals with certain aspects of the Tatar-Russian bilingual individual’s speech behavior in everyday discourse. The object of our analysis is the language of everyday communication of the Tatar-Russian bilinguals belonging to the young, middle and older generations inside and outside the family, as well as the specifics of language use in these spheres. We conducted a comparative analysis of the linguistic behavior of the two categories of respondents on the basis of the factual material, collected through questionnaires and the recordings of spontaneous conversational speech fragments. The research was conducted using descriptive, statistical methods and a correlation analysis, which made it possible to establish the correlation between the language situation, competence and social parameters of the respondents. The first group of respondents was humanities students of Tatar nationality, among whom 67.6 % of the respondents came from rural families and 32.4% were from urban families. The second group of respondents were representatives of different age groups of mono-ethnic and mixed families, as well as two representatives of other ethnic groups who have an above-average level of Tatar language proficiency. The analysis showed that in today’s active bilingual society the language of everyday communication is complex and multidimensional in its nature. Its functionality and range depend on the language personality’s place of residence and a communicative situation. In the course of our research, we identified the specifics and reasons for language mixing in Tatar colloquial speech. As the respondents leave their family society, there is a noticeable increase in the number of Russian words and expressions in their speech, which is especially characteristic of the younger generation of bilinguals. As the research has shown, in modern conditions, Tatar-Russian bilingualism is actively developing, penetrating into such a stable sphere as a family society. This phenomenon is also observed in modern families, which implement Tatar-Russian bilingualism and whose members’ first language is their native Tatar language.

Linguistic and didactic description of TORFL-2: Priciples, structure, potential

The article characterizes a linguodidactic description of TORFL-2 and presents the principles of the description, the structure and content of each part. The linguodidactic description of TORFL-2 is based on the principle of text-centricity, as well as the thematic principle of description, reflecting such subject areas as “A Person and His Private / Personal Life”, “A Person and His Educational Activity”, “A Person and His Professional Activity”, “ Man and State”, “Man and Society”, “Man and His Spiritual Development” and “Nature and Man”. In the linguodidactic description, the situations of communication in the social, socio-cultural and official business spheres of communication are selected, taking into account the communicative needs of international students. The linguodidactic description reflects a hypothetical model of the speech behavior of an international student who speaks Russian as a foreign language at level B2. The structure of the linguodidactic description consists of three parts. The first part includes a description of the student’s communicative competence in all types of speech activities in different subject areas. Part 2 contains typical texts and their characteristics. Part 3 describes the content of language competence. The linguodidactic description of B2 determines the scope and content of the communicative competence that a student at level B2 should have, which forms the basis for compiling programs, textbooks and teaching aids, as well as developing test and measuring materials. The linguodidactic description creates an objective basis for creating a bank of test items and their detailed and unambiguous specification.

Colloquialism as a phenomenon in modern women’s prose (based on V. Tokareva’s novella “Nichevo osobennovo” (“Nothing Special”))

We associate the relevance of addressing the problem of the colloquial speech usage within the framework of a literary text and, in general, the consideration of individual techniques for creating colloquiality in the text with the need to determine the range of colloquial vocabulary use by masters of the word. Colloquiality is one of the most striking features of everyday speech related to spontaneity in communication. In everyday speech behavior of native speakers, colloquial speech clearly demonstrates both a function of communication and an expressive function. Colloquial speech is traditionally widely used by writers in a literary text to create a characters’ speech portrait and increase the impact of the author’s speech in works of fiction. The representatives of modern women’s Russian prose are no exception. The purpose of the study is to identify the specifics of creating colloquiality in a literary text in the works of outstanding authors of modern women’s prose. The study is based on V. Tokareva’s novella “Nothing Special”. This article uses descriptive and structural methods, as well as the method of linguistic and stylistic analysis in the study of the literary text. Particular attention is paid to individual techniques used for creating colloquialities in the text. We have come to the conclusion that V. Tokareva strives to bring the narrative closer to real life, to increase the expression of the narrative; therefore, she actively uses the elements of colloquial speech.

Differences in the effects of Task Repetition Techniques on the fluency development of ESL learners

In an attempt to compare the effects of interleaved and blocked practice on L2 fluency development, 44 adolescent Indian English as L2 learners were given fluency training in English for three months. The participants in the blocked group engaged in task repetition practice of speaking English sentences in a predictable sequence of task repetition, i.e., aaaa, bbbb, cccc, and dddd, in the first 16 sessions. The sequence of the task repetition practice in the interleaved group was arranged using the technique of spacing and mixing, i.e., abcd, abbd, aacc, and bdcd, in the first 16 sessions. The mean values of the English fluency scores of the interleaved and blocked group in the two intermediate fluency tests in the middle of the training and one achievement test at the end showed no statistically significant difference in fluency development as the p-value of the comparison in a repeated measures ANOVA test was .29 representing low F value of 1.16 and effect size of .05. The participants in the blocked group, however, demonstrated a minor growth in fluency development from slow and hesitant speech behavior to occasional self-correction or repetition in a long speech in the later stages of the fluency training in English. The systematic manipulation of the sequence of the tasks to be practiced incorporating high similarity or stimuli retrieval in blocked practice might be more effective in fluency development in L2 than interleaving. As interleaving causes anxiety among beginners, it might not be an appropriate method of task repetition in the initial stage of fluency practice in L2.

Реализация конструктивного речевого поведения педагога в конфликтной образовательной среде

The aim of the research is to identify the verbal means of constructive speech behaviour of a teacher in the implementation of skills set by the professional standard of a teacher in relation to the participants in a conflict educational environment. The paper substantiates the necessity and expediency of forming constructive speech behaviour in conflict situations as one of the most important components in the system of professional activity of a teacher. The paper is novel in that examining the problem of formation of a teacher’s constructive speech conflict behaviour, it identifies standardised educational and developmental skills, namely, the ability to manage students’ conduct to ensure the safety of the educational environment and the ability to provide pedagogical support to a student in a conflict situation. The developed speech means of implementing professional pedagogical actions in a conflict educational environment, considered as the verbal techniques for revealing the content of educational and professional tasks for educational modules in professional pedagogical education related to conflict resolution, are new as well. As a result, it has been proved that it is possible to ensure the safety of the educational environment and preserve the personal well-being of students in a conflict situation by realising the potential of the persuasion, argumentation, encouragement, empathy, prohibition speech tactics. This demonstrates the extent to which teachers master constructive speech behaviour in a conflict educational environment.

Вербальная эмпатия в функционально-прагматическом фокусе (на материале французского языка)

The aim of the research is to determine the functional-pragmatic structure of reactive empathetic messages in the situation of emotional suppression experienced by the initiator of communication. For the first time, an attempt has been made to consider the verbal manifestation of the empathetic sphere of compassion from the perspective of its functioning in combination with a speech act analysis of the mechanisms implementing the identified functions, based on the material of the French language. Unlike the previously proposed speech act representation of empathetic speech behavior within a pragmatic approach, the use of a functional method allows for the establishment of the previously unstudied functional-pragmatic structural organization of the verbal manifestation of empathetic response, thus explaining the scientific novelty of the work. As a result, the fundamental concepts characterizing the pragmatic structure of verbal empathy are refined: illocutionary empative, empathetic illocutionary function. The functional and speech-act tools for intentional realization of empathetic utterances by the reacting addressee are identified, which, according to the author, allows for the modeling of the functional-pragmatic structure of empathetic messages in compassionate communication. A dominant illocutionary function with subordinate empathetic subfunctions of various speech-act representations is distinguished.

VERBALISATION OF MASCULINITY IN THE PROTAGONISTS OF J. AUSTEN’S NOVEL «PRIDE AND PREJUDICE»

The purpose of the presented study is to analyse the speech behaviour of the young men — the protagonists of J. Austen’s novel “Pride and Prejudice”, Charles Bingley and Fitzwilliam Darcy, in order to identify the manifestations of the linguistic “patriarchy” in the English aristocratic society of the nineteenth century. The object of the study was the different types of masculinity embodied in the characters of Bingley and Darcy in the context of the novel, and the subject was the linguistic manifestations of masculinity stereotypes in the behaviour of the male protagonists. The study results show that Darcy and Bingley represent two different types of masculinity: the traditional stereotype of an English aristocrat, refined and delicate, is presented in Bingley’s speech behaviour; Darcy’s behaviour at the beginning of the novel illustrates the traditional stereotype of masculinity, and at the end, certain transformations of this stereotype are noticeable, which are due to the protagonist’s love, as well as good upbringing, including the example of his father, who was a role model for his son. As a result, Darcy listens to his feelings and makes an offer to a girl from a poor family, which was not typical for the wealthy aristocrats of English society in the nineteenth century, preferring a happy future to material values. The protagonist performs deep introspection, which results in his sincere apology for his behaviour at the beginning of his relationship with his beloved girl. The prospects of the research are seen in the further study of stereotypes of femininity and masculinity on the basis of texts of both national and foreign women’s prose.

Прагмалингвистический подход к описанию речевого поведения ораторов в жанре научно-популярного дискурса «видеолекция»

The aim of the paper is to describe the implementation of the strategic speech behaviour of two groups of speakers, German-language ones and English-language ones, from the perspective of pragmalinguistics in the genre of popular science discourse “video lecture”. The paper describes the pragmalinguistic characteristics of the video lecture genre as a typical communication situation, examines fragments of stereotypical and individual speech behaviour of TED Talks speakers and TED Talks Germany speakers and also conducts their comparative analysis. The scientific novelty of the research lies in applying a pragmalinguistic approach to the study of speakers’ modern discourse practices in the genre of scientific video lectures. It is the first time that a comparative analysis of the discourse practices of the German-language and English-language groups of speakers has been carried out in order to identify the specifics of their speech behaviour aimed at providing the most effective speech impact on the audience and the components of the communicative situation of the video lecture have been described. As a result, fragments of lecturers’ stereotypical and individual speech behaviour actualised by three communicative strategies, the strategy of attraction, the strategy of new knowledge presentation, the strategy of persuasion, as well as and their constituent tactics have been identified and presented.

Политическое «доминирование» Дж. Байдена в контексте технологий коммуникативного манипулирования (на материале английского языка)

The research is a communicative analysis based on the interpretative model of speech behaviour of the incumbent US President J. Biden, demonstrating the implementation of an attempt of political dominance in the international context of the highest state level. The constructed form of communicative representation finds expression on the verbal and nonverbal levels. Specific communicative moves determined allow us to fully perceive the multidimensionality of the embedded meaning. Both the broad macro-textual and narrow micro-textual levels of political discourse are subjected to communicative analysis. The study of a political domination structure, the threat, interpreted through the means of communicative manipulation, acquires a deep consideration. One of the forms of psychological and tactical violence within the framework of political discourse is a threat. The latter receives a pragmatic implementation, reflecting the ways of manifestation in the context of communicative manipulation means – both of direct and indirect expression. Media materials in text and video formats are being studied. The conducted research introduces a number of clarifying theoretical positions in understanding the theory and practice of communicative manipulation technologies.

Языковые особенности англоязычных переговоров в условиях захвата заложников (на материале фильма “The Negotiator” («Переговорщик»))

The aim of the study is to reveal the linguistic forms of expression of the mechanisms of influencing the speaker using the example of the screenplay of the English-language film “The Negotiator”. The study is novel in that it is the first to analyze the features of the linguistic means used by the negotiator and the hostage taker based on the material of the English-language feature film and identify the lexical, modal and syntactic features peculiar to the speech of both sides of the negotiations. As a result of analysing the text of the screenplay, the linguistic features characteristic of the negotiator and the hostage taker were found. The dominant speech behavior of the opponents of negotiations in the conditions of hostage-taking, namely, the strengthening of categorical statements on the part of the hostage taker and the reduction of distance, stress relief on the part of the negotiator, was identified, compared and correlated. In both episodes under consideration, a positive development of the situation is noted, expressed in a change in the speech behavior of the hostage takers, which is caused to a large extent by the tactics used by the negotiator, as a result of which the hostage takers begin to trust the interlocutor and perform the required actions.

The DAIS-C: A small, specialised, spoken, schizophrenia corpus

This paper describes the design and development of the DAIS-C (Discussing Abstract Ideas in Schizophrenia Corpus), a small, specialised corpus of spoken language in which speakers with a diagnosis of schizophrenia and those with no self-reported psychiatric or neuroleptic history were interviewed on the same topics. The corpus was constructed to allow for comparative analyses of speech behaviour in relation to linguistic creativity and formal thought disorder (FTD), but additional steps were taken to ensure that the corpus could be of use to other researchers and research questions. The present paper covers design decisions relevant to the construction of clinical corpora alongside information about the corpus of potential use to researchers interested in its use.

Субжанр «обращение» в речи героев-интеллигентов (на материале советской драматургии 1950–1980-х годов)

The present article deals with the subgenre ‘address’ in the speech behavior of members of the Soviet intelligentsia. The research is based on 9 Soviet plays of V. Azernikov, S. Aleshin, A. Arbuzov, L. Zorin, S. Mikhalkov, M. Roshchin. The character’s education, profession, the author’s description, the actual speech portrait of the character (lexical, stylistic, communicative content), moral qualities of the character were important criteria for definition of a member of intelligentsia. All the selected characters were divided into three generational groups. The analysis showed that the subgenre “address” is a polyfunctional communicative unit, one of the components of the genres “greeting”, “farewell”, “congratulation”, “gratitude”, “apology”, “compliment”, “consolation”, “reproach”, “argument”, “declaration of love”. Addresses with possessive pronouns, ameliorative adjectives, metaphors and precedent names are actively used in the speech of members of the intelligentsia.

Toeing the Party Line: Indexicality and Regional Andalusian Phonetic Features in Political Speech

Performative style is an important sociolinguistic variable among politicians, who accomplish agentive goals through speech. Examining 32 Spanish politicians, this article focuses on four Andalusian Spanish phenomena: the fronting of /t͡ʃ/ and the deletion of coda /s/, resyllabified intervocalic onset /s/, and intervocalic /d/. The analysis first looks at overall community production norms for the variants then turns to examine the style-shifting patterns of one individual who deviates from these norms. This individual is examined through a consideration of lectal focusing in interaction to track moment-by-moment variation. While coda /s/ and intervocalic /d/ deletion show usage patterns governed by regional and contextual factors, the deletion of onset /s/ and fronted /t͡ʃ/ reflect social variation and style-shifting. While politicians do not blindly follow partisan norms, normative expectations exist at the regional level that they can choose to depart from due to individual motivations and political affiliation in order to carry out identity work. This study combines quantitative examinations of community and individual variation to contribute to our understanding of style-shifting behavior in political speech and how politicians use linguistic tools to take on oppositional identities in the public sphere.

Дискурсивная личность политика в жанре американских политических дебатов: интертекстуальные отсылки как средство актуализации дискредитирующих тактик

The aim of the study is to identify the role of intertextual references as a means of implementing discrediting tactics in the discourse of an American politician – presidential candidate. The study is novel in that it is the first to consider intertextual references in media political discourse as an effective tool for the implementation of discrediting tactics based on a three-stage analysis of the discourse of debates within the framework of N. Fairclough’s model. In addition, the scientific novelty of the study consists in identifying the features of the speech behaviour of each of the political figures, including some gender-specific characteristics. In particular, it was found that gender differences between candidates can serve as a basis for the implementation of discrediting tactics. The results showed that the dominant types of intertextual references as a means of implementing discrediting tactics were reference, allusion and quotation. Speech aggression can be considered the leading communicative tone of the discursive personality of a politician participating in the debates. It was proved that the discursive personality of a politician influences the choice and nature of the implementation of communicative tactics.

TINDAK TUTUR ILOKUSI DALAM TALKSHOW MATA NAJWA PADA MEDIA SOSIAL YOUTUBE EDISI JULI-SEPTEMBER 2022

Illocutional Actions in Mata Najwa Talkshow on Youtube Social Media, July–September 2022 Edition. A speech act is a speech behavior that will affect the effectiveness of communication. The purpose of this study was to describe the illocutionary speech acts contained in the video talkshow Mata Najwa on the July–September 2022 edition of YouTube social media. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative with content analysis. The source of the data used in this study was the video talk show Mata Najwa on the social media site Youtube. The data for this study is in the form of illocutionary speech acts contained in the video talk show using Austin's theory. The results of the data found were 3 assertive speech acts, 9 directive speech acts, 2 declarative speech acts, 3 commissive speech acts, and 7 expressive speech acts. The results of this study can be used as a medium for learning to speak Indonesian. For example, in story reading material as well as news reading material.

Open-Plan Offices: Comparison of Methods for Measuring Psychoacoustic Intelligibility Parameters

The acoustic conditions of open-plan office spaces influence the well-being and productivity perceived by users. However, with an inadequate evaluation of the workspace, acoustic design in open-plan offices can be a factor that alters user performance. Such is the case in Mexico, where there are no adequate standards to evaluate specific acoustic conditions such as intelligibility. For this reason, this case study aims to evaluate different types of measurement methods for intelligibility. This study was carried out at a university in northern Mexico. The sound measurements were based on the Mexican standard for noise analysis and the ISO 3382-part 3 standards for acoustic measurements for open-plan offices. The psychoacoustic parameters evaluated were reverberation and intelligibility, using objective methods determined on S/N and subjective methods based on loss of consonant, where it was analyzed the distance between the sound source and zones classified by building design characteristics. The results indicated at which points the intelligibility effects increased. We also observed that reverberation remained stable in this office and that the subjective methods presented a larger measured sound effect than the objective methods. This finding establishes that subjective methods conform to Lognormal behavior, which is applicable to other linguistic elements describing speech behavior.

Speech and Music – Nonlinear Acoustical Decoding in Neurocognitive Scenario

Speech and music signals are multifractal phenomena. The time displacement profile of speech and music signal show strikingly different scaling behaviour. However, a full complexity analysis of their frequency and amplitude has not been made so far. We propose a novel complex network based approach (Visibility Graph) to study the scaling behaviour of frequency wise amplitude variation of speech and music signals over time and then extract their PSVG (Power of Scale freeness of Visibility Graph). From this analysis it emerges that the scaling behaviour of amplitude-profile of music varies a lot from frequency to frequency whereas it’s almost consistent for the speech signal. Our left auditory cortical areas are proposed to be neurocognitively specialised in speech perception and right ones in music. Hence we can conclude that human brain might have adapted to the distinctly different scaling behaviour of speech and music signals and developed different decoding mechanisms, as if following the so called Fractal Darwinism. Using this method, we can capture all non-stationary aspects of the acoustic properties of the source signal to the deepest level, which has huge neurocognitive significance. Further, we propose a novel non-invasive application to detect neurological illness (here autism spectrum disorder, ASD), using the quantitative parameters deduced from the variation of scaling behaviour for speech and music.

Анализ рисков возникновения коммуникативных девиаций у будущих педагогов

The aim of the study is to analyze the risks of occurrence of communicative deviations in students of pedagogi-cal universities for their further prevention and leveling. Based on the methodology of the competence ap-proach, the author’s definition of professional communicative deviations of teaching staff is given. The risks of occurrence of this type of deviations in future teachers are theoretically substantiated. Empirical research with the participation of students of pedagogical university verified the hypothesis about the presence of threats. Among the most common prerequisites for the emergence of professional communicative deviations in future teachers are identified: the lack of a critical position regarding their contact with schoolchildren; lack of under-standing of what this contact should be (perhaps some respondents had a traumatic experience of communi-cation with teachers or learned distorted norms of communication); psychological defense mechanisms of the psyche. This prospect is complemented by consideration of the results of the study and recommendations for the prevention of deviant speech behavior of pedagogical university students.

Validation of the multidimensional bystander responses to racist hate speech scale and its association with empathy and moral disengagement among adolescents.

Our understanding of how bystanders respond to hate speech is limited. This may be due, in part, to the lack of available measurement tools. However, understanding adolescents' responses to hate speech is critical because this kind of research can support schools in empowering students to exhibit courageous moral behavior. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the newly developed Multidimensional Bystander Responses to Hate Speech Scale (MBRHS) and to explore demographic differences and correlates of bystander behavior in school hate speech. The sample consisted of 3225 seventh to ninth graders from Germany and Switzerland. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported a model with seven factors. We found that adolescents with immigrant background and boys showed particularly unfavorable response patterns. In addition, our study suggests that empathy is positively correlated with the factors comforting the victim, seeking help at school, and countering hate speech but negatively correlated with helplessness, revenge, reinforcing, and ignoring. Moral disengagement showed the opposite correlational pattern. The findings indicate that the MBRHS is a psychometrically valid and reliable measure that could aid in measuring varied responses to hate speech. In addition, this work highlights the relevance of empathy and moral engagement training in anti-hate speech prevention programs.