Spectrophotometric Techniques Research Articles

Estimation of Potassium Bromate- an Alarming Carcinogen in Commercial Bread Samples Around Dhaka City

The primary goal of this study was to determine the presence of potassium bromate in bread samples both qualitatively and quantitatively, as well as to investigate the composition of the bread (moisture, ash, and sugar contents). Thirty different commercial bread samples from different areas of Dhaka city were collected for analysis. The ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometric technique was employed in this study to estimate potassium bromate in bread samples. It was based on the redox interaction of bromate and promethazine hydrocloride in an acidic medium which generate a red-pink coloration with maximum absorbance at 515nm. The amount of potassium bromate was found in the range of 1.24 to 24.91µg/g. Moisture and ash content were found to be 15.37 to 29.8% and 1.75 to 2.94%, respectively. The total sugar content was determined by the ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometric method by the modified phenol-sulfuric acid test and the maximum absorbance was obtained at 489 nm. Total sugar content was found in different types of white bread samples ranging from 3.33 to 11.31g per 100g. The average recovery (n=5) of potassium bromate was 91.58 ± 5.61% at a dosage of 10 μg/mL. Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 72(1): 1-6, 2024 (January)

Computational, spectroscopic, sensor and biological studies of Cu(II) complex of Fluoro substituted Schiff base

Schiff base ligand (FHPB - 2-[N-(fluorophenyl)-4‑hydroxy-4-phenyl] 3-butene), and its copper complex Cu[FHPB]2 were prepared and the structural framework of prepared compounds were characterized by analytical, spectroscopic and DFT calculation techniques. The result suggests that, prepared Cu[FPB]2 complex possesses square planar geometry. Electrochemical studies reveal that Cu[FPB]2 complex is quasi reversible in nature. Sensing ability of prepared ligand with various cations were analyzed by absorption and emission spectral techniques and infer that the ligand FHPB is highly sensitive and selective sensor for the Cu2+ ion as compared to other selected metal ions. Antimicrobial activities of FHPB and Cu[FPB]2 against selected bacterial and fungal strains were checked by Disc Diffusion method. DNA interaction of prepared compounds were analyzed by spectrophotometric and spectrofluorometric techniques. The analysis illustrates that the synthesized compounds interact with calf thymus DNA by the way of an intercalation mode. Moreover, the binding ability of FHPB and Cu[FPB]2 were demonstrated by molecular docking and it evidences the strong binding with CT-DNA double helix.

Validation of spectrophotometric and colorimetric methods for determination of efavirenz in various biological matrices: Application to the development of dissolvable microneedle-based efavirenz complex inclusion for vaginal delivery

One of the antiretroviral treatments (ART) used to treat Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) disease is efavirenz (EFV). EFV itself has bioavailability issues during oral therapy due to its poor solubility. When injected, administration issues arise. Hence, creating medication delivery methods was crucial to creating EFV delivery. HIV therapy benefits from the vaginal medication delivery system's ease of use, higher bioavailability, and quick systemic absorption in the surface folds. In this study, an inclusion complex (IC) was added to the EFV formulation to increase solubility, and dissolving microneedles (DMN) was used for delivery to increase penetration. Here, in support of this formulation creation process, we carried out validation utilizing spectrophotometric and colorimetric techniques. The amount of EFV was determined by validating ethanol and artificial vaginal fluid (AVF) using UV–Vis spectrophotometry. Vaginal tissue and plasma were also validated using colorimetric with the β-naphthol reagent. The International Council for Harmonization (ICH) and US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requirements were adhered to in verifying the creation of analytical procedures. The outcomes demonstrated a linear correlation value of ≥0.9998. The LLOQ levels were 0.99 g/mL, 0.97 g/mL, 0.66 g/mL, 0.74 g/mL, and 0.74 g/mL in ethanol, AVF, porcine vaginal tissue, rat vaginal tissue, and vaginal plasma, respectively. The developed precision and accuracy were confirmed. The approach was successfully used to determine the amount of EFV in inclusion complex integration and DMN platform. The outcomes demonstrated high IC-EFV incorporation release and penetration profiles, permeation and high drug retention andex vivokinetics in the vagina and enhanced bioavailability fromin vivostudy pharmacokinetic profiles of DMN-IC-EFV.

Development of a Non-Invasive Jaundice Meter Using Transcutaneous Bilirubinometry

Proposed work focuses on the use of transcutaneous bilirubinometers as a non-invasive method for estimating total serum bilirubin (TSB) levels in jaundiced individuals. By measuring the yellowness of the skin and analyzing the optical signals reflected from subcutaneous tissues, these bilirubinometers provide a reliable technique for assessing bilirubin levels without the need for invasive procedures. The correlation between cutaneous bilirubin and TSB is explored in detail, highlighting the importance of this relationship in the management of jaundice. Experimental results demonstrate a high correlation between cutaneous bilirubin measurements and TSB levels, further supporting the efficacy of transcutaneous bilirubinometry. The report also discusses the advantages of this method over traditional spectro-photometric techniques, emphasizing its potential as a reliable alternative for estimating TSB levels in Jaundice Patients. Our proposed valuable insights into the use of transcutaneous bilirubinometers and their role in improving the management of jaundice.

Antioxidant Activities of Different Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Market Types by Spectrophotometric Techniques Combined with Chemometrics.

Peanut is rich in oil and protein and has a large content of bioactive constituents consisting of tocopherols, phytosterols, and so on. Generally, Virginia, Spanish, Valencia and Runner market types are grown of peanut. In this study, it is aimed to determine the antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content of peanuts from four different market types, for the first time, and group them with principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). For PCA, PC1 and PC2 explained 87.655 % of the total variation and, according to the HCA of peanut samples, two main groups were determined. The total phenolic content changed 1.556 to 2.899 mg GAE/g. The lowest value have seen at Spanish merket type to determine the antioxidant activities of peanut samples were maked FRAP and DPPH assay, the lowest FRAP value (8.136 μmol FeSO47H2O/g sample) was seen at Valencia market type, the highest (14.004 μmol FeSO47H2O/g sample) was seen at Virginia market type. It was determined that the total flavonoid, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activities of the Virginia, Valencia, Spanish, and Runner market types included in the study were different from each other, and the Virginia market type showed superior characteristics compared to the others. The results obtained suggest that Virginia market type may be preferred more especially in peanut cultivation for food uses. It is thought that this study can be a source for future studies by eliminating a deficiency in the literature.

Development of a Spectrophotometric Technique for The Estimation of Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) in its Pure also in Pharmaceutical Formulatio, using organic reagent (A1)

A sensitive, simple, as well as accurate spectrophotometric technique to the estimation of Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) drug in pure also pharmaceutical formulations was developed. It was created by the reaction of (SMX) and organic reagent (A1) after oxidation by iron chloride and potassium periodate in acidic medium. The absorption of the product of SMX and A1 was measured at 423 nm. Linearity ranged between (0.5-22.5 μg. mL-1), molar absorptivity was (6.839 *10+3L / mol.cm), limits of detection and quantification were (0.204, 0.612 μg/ml ), respectively, the method was applied successfully to the estimation of SMX in pure and pharmaceutical formulations.

Unveiling the Suppressive Potential of Phenolic Compounds on Bovine Milk Lactoperoxidase

AbstractLactoperoxidase (LPO) is a crucial enzyme found in milk, tears, and saliva, protecting newborns from harmful microorganisms. This study examined the effects of phenolic substances (naringin, morin, esculin, homovanillic acid, and phloridzin) on purified LPO. LPO was purified from bovine milk using affinity chromatography, yielding 66.6 % with a purity of 387.5‐fold. Three methodologies were employed to assess inhibitory properties: spectrophotometric techniques, molecular docking, and MM‐GBSA. The compounds′ IC50 values were 0.0024 μM, 0.0315 μM, 0.0373 μM, 0.0506 μM, and 0.0221 μM, while their Ki values were 0.0059±0.0012 μM, 0.0672±0.0247 μM, 0.0973±0.0369 μM, 0.0664±0.0190 μM, and 0.0470±0.0159 μM, respectively. Naringin exhibited the most potent inhibitory effect, competitively inhibiting LPO. Therefore, naringin could serve as a novel reversible LPO inhibitor.

Spectrophotometric determination of amoxicillin in pharmaceutical formulations using normal and reverse flow injection analysis systems: A comparison study

The combination of flow injection technique and spectrophotometric detection can be employed for the rapid and low-cost methods for antibiotic assay. In this work, two flow injection analysis (FIA) systems, normal and reverse (nFIA and rFIA), combined with UV-Vis spectrophotometric technique were used for amoxicillin determination in its pure and pharmaceutical preparations. A colorimetric coupling reaction between amoxicillin and diazotized p-toluidine produced a bright yellow azo dye and quantified at a maximum wavelength of 426 nm. For nFIA and rFIA procedures, the amoxicillin calibration graphs had an RSD of less than 2% and were linear in the ranges of 5-200 and 1-140 µg/mL, respectively. The limits of detection and quantification were 1.41 and 4.71 µg/mL of amoxicillin for nFIA and 0.39 and 1.31 µg/mL for rFIA, respectively. The physical and chemical factors that could influence color sensitivity were investigated. Various commercial formulations containing different amounts of amoxicillin were successfully tested using the developed approaches, which demonstrated to be easy, rapid, reproducible, and interference-free.
 KEY WORDS: Amoxicillin, Normal FIA, Reverse FIA, p-Toluidine, Diazotization reaction
 Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(3), 577-590. 
 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i3.3

Exploring the essence of celery seeds (Apium graveolens L.): Innovations in microwave-assisted hydrodistillation for essential oil extraction using in vitro, in vivo and in silico studies

This study presents the composition analysis of essential oils extracted from celery seeds (Apium graveolens L.) collected from Morocco. Essential oil of A. graveolens (AG-EO), were obtained through microwave-assisted hydro-distillation, and its composition was characterized using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). antimicrobial properties were assessed utilizing disc diffusion and microdilution assay methods, while antioxidant activities were evaluated through spectrophotometric techniques. Additionally, in vivo anti-inflammatory effects were investigated. The molecular docking technique, a computational approach utilized to predict the binding of small molecules to specific proteins, was employed to elucidate the antioxidative and antibacterial characteristics of the constituent molecules. The physicochemical and pharmacokinetic features of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADME-Tox) tests were anticipated to provide insights into the drug likeness, pharmacokinetic characteristics, and expected safety profiles upon ingestion and the potential pharmacological activity of the identified compounds. Fifteen constituent compounds representing 99.99% of AG-EO were identified and quantified by the use of GC/MS. The main constituent, comprising 64.58% of AG-EO was limonene. AG-EO demonstrated a significant DPPH free radical scavenging activity, showing estimated scavenging rates of 8.49±0.00 µg/mL, and 5.09±0.04 µg/mL for ABTS+. AG-EO exhibited reducing Power (RP) and total antioxidant activity (TAC) of 3.42±0.01 µg/mL and 245.93±0.04 mg AAE/mL, respectively. AG-EO exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against all tested microorganisms. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory activity demonstrated the remarkable efficacy of AG-EO. Taken together, the essential oil derived from celery seeds holds promise for large-scale utilization as an environmentally friendly preservative within the food and agriculture industries, effectively countering fungal growth and aflatoxin contamination in stored commodities. Additionally, it exhibits potential as a suitable candidate for the development of pharmaceutical drugs.

Formation and characterization of charge transfer complex between alectinib and 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone: Application to development of microwell spectrophotometric method

Alectinib (ALC) is a novel highly selective anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of patients with advanced ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer and lymphomas. This study, describes, for the first time, the formation of a charge transfer complex (CTC) between ALC with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ). The CTC was characterized using different spectrophotometric and computational techniques. UV–visible spectrophotometry ascertained the formation of the CTC in methanol via the formation of a new broad absorption band with a maximum absorption peak (λmax) at 505 nm. The molar absorptivity (ε) of the complex was 2.72 × 103 L mol−1 cm−1 and its band gap energy was 1.94 eV. The stoichiometric ratio of ALC:DDQ was found to be 1:1. The association constant of the complex was 9.6 × 102 L mol−1, and its standard free energy was −16.98 J mol−1. Computational calculations were conducted using different calculation tools. The computed geometrical parameters, specifically bond lengths, exhibited variations in the CTC compared to the individual reactants (ALC and DDQ). The Mulliken atomic charge analysis indicated increased values for DDQ (the acceptor) and decreased values for ALC (the donor) in the CTC, confirming the formation of a CTC. The reaction was employed as a basis for a novel microwell spectrophotometric method for the quantification of ALC in its bulk form, capsule content, and uniformity testing. This greenness and high throughput of the method was documented. The method represents a valuable tool for routine use in quality control laboratories for analysis of ALC's bulk form and capsules.

A green perspective on simultaneous HPLC and UV spectrophotometric estimation of Udenafil and Dapoxetine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulations

Clinical research has affirmed that the combination of Udenafil and Dapoxetine hydrochloride yields greater improvement in erectile dysfunction compared to the use of individual medications. There is a requirement of precise quantitative method for accurate determination of Udenafil and Dapoxetine when taken together. Consequently, our interest lies in developing and validating analytical methods for the simultaneous estimation of Udenafil and Dapoxetine - Various strategies, such as UV spectrophotometric approaches and an innovative, straightforward, accurate, sensitive, and robust High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) procedure, have been explored. An Isocratic HPLC approach was employed using reversed-phase CHEMSIL ODS C18 column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 µm) as a stationary phase and detection wavelength (λ max) 230 nm for the two analytes in the chromatographic column. The mobile phase comprised of (70:30, v/v) mixture of Acetonitrile and 10 mM Ammonium formate buffer having pH 5, adjusted with formic acid. The elution was carried out at a constant flow rate of 1 mL/min. The UV simultaneous equation technique estimated the medicine's quantities and derived a simultaneous equation for DAP and UDN using 2 wavelengths, 230 nm and 298 nm. Furthermore, the two advanced methods underwent rigorous statistical validation, guided by the valuable ICH Q2R1 guidelines, affirming their effectiveness as a successful analytical tool for the concurrent analysis of both tablets in bulk and the synthetic mixture fabricated in the laboratory. To assess the environmental impact of contemporary UV spectrophotometric and HPLC techniques, the Green Analytical Greenness Metric (AGREE) software and the Green Analytical System Index (GAPI) were employed to evaluate the greenness profile. This examination confirmed the method's environmental friendliness concerning solvent usage, chemical ingredients, energy consumption, and waste production. The developed UV method is more sustainable and greener compare to HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of compound, which can be utilised by industry for quantification of each individual drug in their combination products.

Predictive effect of thiol/disulfide homeostasis dynamics on early pregnancy viability: A case-control study.

The main aim of this study was to investigate the differences in maternal serum thiol/disulfide homeostasis among women with abortion imminens (AI), missed abortion (MA), and healthy pregnancies during the first trimester. This was a prospective case-control study. This study was conducted on pregnant women who visited the Obstetrics Clinic at University of Health Sciences Turkey, Etlik Zübeyde Hanım Gynecology Training and Research Hospital and were diagnosed with either AI or MA during the 6th to 14th weeks of pregnancy. The participants had a normal pregnancy follow-up, no chronic illnesses, and did not take any multivitamin or antioxidant supplements except for folic acid. The study incorporated 33 pregnant women with AI, 36 with MA, and 40 with normal pregnancies. Age, and body mass index were matched across the three groups. This study used a recently developed automated spectrophotometric technique to quantify thiol/disulfide concentrations. The AI group had considerably elevated levels of total thiol and native thiol (SH) compared with the MA group. Nevertheless, there was no notable disparity observed between the group of healthy pregnancies and the other two groups. Serum disulfide (SS) levels did not exhibit any significant variations among the three groups. Similarly, the ratios of SS/SH, SS/total thiol, and SH/total thiol did not show any significant differences between the groups (p>0.05). Patients with MA had decreased levels of total thiol and SH, which possess antioxidant capabilities, compared to the AI group. A decrease in antioxidant levels in the body may contribute to the etiology of MA. When considering our findings alongside existing literature, it remains inconclusive whether the serum thiol-disulfide ratio can predict a healthy pregnancy or MA following AI. Therefore, it is not yet seen as a promising diagnostic tool for assessing pregnancy viability. Additional investigation is required to establish the influence of dynamic thiol/disulfide homeostasis on early pregnancy loss.

Sustainable chemometric methods boosted by Latin hypercube technique for quantifying the recently FDA-approved combination of bupivacaine and meloxicam in the presence of bupivacaine carcinogenic impurity: Comprehensive greenness, blueness, and whiteness assessments

Addressing sustainability requires developing analytical methods that minimize hazards, waste, and energy utilization per the principles of green and white chemistry. Herein, we present a sustainable spectrophotometric chemometrics technique for quantifying the recently approved Bupivacaine (BUP) and Meloxicam (MEL) combination and the potential BUP carcinogen, 2,6-dimethylaniline (DMA). Our models, including partial least squares (PLS), principal component regression (PCR), genetic algorithm-PLS (GA-PLS), and GA-PCR, were established through a comprehensive experimental design involving 25 mixtures as the calibration set. A key innovation is the utilization of the Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) technique, which enables the creation of a robust validation set for evaluating the performance and generalizability of these models. The GA-PLS model demonstrated excellent accuracy, with recovery percentages (R%) from 98 to 102% for all analytes, and root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) and prediction (RMSEP) of (0.097, 0.050, and 0.112) and (0.119, 0.044 and 0.131) for BUP, DMA, and MEL, respectively. The model also showed a negligible bias-corrected mean square error of prediction (BCMSEP) of (-0.014, −0.003, and 0.018), with relative root mean square error of prediction (RRMSEP) reaching (0.992, 0.752, and 0.659), and limits of detection (LOD) reaching (0.153, 0.081, and 0227) for BUP, DMA, and MEL, respectively. Comprehensive greenness, blueness, and whiteness assessments were performed and compared between the suggested and reported methods. This research pioneers a green–blue-white alternative to conventional approaches, serving as a model for developing sustainable techniques that reduce the usage of resources and chemical waste while meeting the global appeal for environmentally accountable solutions.

Phytochemical analysis, GC-MS characterization and antioxidant activity of Hordeum vulgare seed extracts

Barley scientifically known as Hordeum vulgare (HV) is a major grain crop. Over the course of time, great interest has been developed in the usage of barley, because of its various pharmacological activities. Current study is designed to determine the chemical constituents of Hordeum vulgare (HV) seed extract by GC-MS technique, and Invitro antioxidant assays i.e. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl free radical (DPPH) and 2-azino-bis(3-ethyl benzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) methods. GC-MS identified 16 non-polar compounds in the hexane extract of HV plant, which includes carboxylic acid (6.25%), fatty acid (37.5%), carboxylic acid amide derivative of fatty acid (6.25%), triterpinoids (18.75%), fat soluble vitamin (6.25%), phytosterol (6.25%), stigmastanes (6.25%), beta diketones (6.25%), and cycloartenol (6.25%) respectively. The major compound includes Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (6.84%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (8.58%), 9,12-Octadecanoic acid (Z,Z)-, Methyl Ester (8.04%), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z) (57.01%), Lup-20(29)-en-3-one (3.57%), γ-Sitosterol (3.31%). Some constituents such as Lup-20(29)-en-3-one, campesterol and squalene were observed and were not previously reported. Total phenolic and total flavonoid content were determined using spectrophotometric technique and calculated as gallic acid equivalents GAE/g dry weight and rutin equivalent RE/g of dry weight respectively.The highest phenolic content exhibited by the acetone extract of HV seedsi.e. 0.0597 mg GAE/g while the highest flavonoid content exhibited by dichloromethane extract i.e. 0.09 mg RE/g and 0.25 mg QE/g of dry weight respectively. All the extracts showed significant antioxidant activity in DPPH and ABTS cation decolorization assays. Methanol and dichloromethane extract showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity i.e. 52.41% and 42.07% at the concentration of 100 mg/ml respectively. Moreover, the IC50 has been determined by the acetone and methanol extract of HV seeds. The high antioxidant activity of its seed extracts has made this plant pharmacologically important. Conclusively, there is a vast scope to further explore the active principals of barley so that more of its pharmacological properties can be identified.

Natural Antioxidant Extracts as Anti-browning Agents from Algerian Date Palm Fruit

Abstract: Enzymatic browning is a negative change that affects fruits and vegetables. This makes them unfit for consumption or reduces their shelf life and quality. This reaction alters the appearance, texture, fragrance, taste, and nutritional value of the food. In order for these products to be widely accepted by consumers, it is necessary to use natural compounds with anti-browning properties. Objective: The main objective of this study was to select effective extracts for the anti-browning (antipolyphenol oxidase and anti-peroxidase), and antioxidant activities of by-products of Phoenix dactylifera L., Ghars variety, from Algeria. Methods: Hydro-methanolic extracts from the pedicel, perianth, and leaves of date palm were examined to evaluate the phenol and total flavonoid contents. Using spectrophotometric techniques, the antioxidant activities were assessed using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH●), 2, 2’-azino-bis-(3- ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical (ABTS●+) and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay, examined the enzyme inhibitory activity against polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase of Phoenix dactylifera L. extract. Results: The range of total phenolic and flavonoid contents was 12.29 to 48.98 mg gallic acid equivalent/ g dry matter and 2.83 to 15.07 mg rutin equivalent/g dry matter, respectively. The pedicel extracts showed significant antioxidant activity in the DPPH and FRAP tests (IC50 = 0.0057 ± 0.0010 mg/ml and FEAC = 1.1961 ± 0.0647) compared to other extracts. However, in the ABTS assay, the leaf extract exhibited an interesting potency (IC50 = 0.0020 ± 0.0001mg/ml). The study on the anti-browning activity of date palm by-product extracts showed that it inhibited the activity of peroxidase enzyme from date palm fruit. Conclusion: This work is the first time the potential of an extract from date palm by-products to enzymatically reduce the browning of date palms is presented. According to the results obtained, the different organs studied from the Ghars date palm, are a powerful natural antioxidant and may include natural compounds that retard browning by enzymes.

Detection and quantification of heavy metals and minerals in poultry feed collected from selected local markets in Bangladesh.

The study was primarily conducted to assess the stakeholders' knowledge regarding the contamination caused by heavy metals in poultry feedstuffs. The concentration of some heavy metals (lead, chromium, cadmium, and nickel) and macro-minerals (sodium, potassium, and calcium) was also analyzed in poultry feeds collected from selected local markets in Sherpur district, Bangladesh. A well-structured questionnaire survey was used to investigate different stakeholders' perspectives in relation to metal contamination in feed. Heavy metals and calcium were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The flame emission spectrophotometric technique was applied to determine sodium and potassium. The majority of the stakeholders (90%) were found to have no knowledge regarding heavy metal contamination. Lead and nickel concentrations were below the detectable level in the collected samples. The average concentration of chromium in Jhenaigati upazila was four times higher than in Nalitabari upazila, at 21.806 mg kg-1 and 5.452 mg kg-1, respectively. The concentrations of cadmium in both brand and nonbrand samples exceeded the maximum allowable limit set by the European Union at 1.329 mg kg-1 and 1.328 mg kg-1, respectively. Sodium, potassium, and calcium were found in the ranges of 0.0011%-0.0035%, 0.0010%-0.0013%, and 0.0080%-0.0305%, which were extremely low in concentration compared to the minimum requirement in poultry feed. Regular surveillance and governance systems should be incorporated into national policy to cease the hazardous impacts of heavy metals through feed contamination. From a nutritional viewpoint, poultry feeds need to be critically formulated.

Analisis GC-MS Minyak Atsiri dan Uji Antioksidan Kulit Jeruk Manis (Citrus sinensis) Sebagai Lip Balm

Antioxidants are chemicals that can inhibit or stop other molecules from oxidizing. Antioxidants can be found in the fruit known as sweet orange (Citrus sinensis). Orange peel essential oil is utilized in processed foods, medicines, cosmetics, and aromatherapy in the medical field. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify the chemical content and antioxidant potential of sweet orange peel to be used as a lip balm. Processing sweet orange peel, steam distillation of essential oil, GC-MS analysis, formulating lip balm preparation, assessing lip balm preparation, and measuring antioxidant activity using a spectrophotometer and DPPH technique, were part of this study. Essential oil from sweet orange peel (Citrus sinensis L.) was analyzed using GC-MS (Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectroscopy), and the results obtained in this study were 1.4 - Cyclohexadiene, 1 - methyl. The lip balm formulation containing essential oil was evaluated as the most preferred formulation. The IC50 value of sweet orange peel essential oil was determined to be 85.2595386 ppm, which converts the antioxidant to strong.

Study of the levels of some heavy metals present in the cement dust of Al-Mergib factory

In this study, the concentrations of heavy metals (lead, nickel, and copper) in the cement dust of a factory were estimated using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer technique. Three samples were taken from the factory chimney at different locations and times. The first sample revealed the highest concentration of elements during examination (on the upper part of the chimney) is lead (about 30.7 mg/l), nickel (6.9 mg/l), and copper (1.697 mg/l). The lead concentration decreased slightly in the second sample (mid-chimney), but it is still the most abundant element in this sample (30.1 mg/l). And in the third sample (below the chimney), the lead concentration decreased slightly (29.7 mg/l), then Cooper, and Nickel. All the metals studied were within the World Health Organization (WHO) limit nickel (200 mg/l) and copper (100 mg/l), except for lead (5 mg/l), higher than the permissible limit Keywords: Cement factory, Cement dust, Wet digestion, Heavy metals

Spectrophotometric determination of phenol impurity in phenoxyethanol and phenol index of drinking water and municipal wastewater effluent after salting-out assisted liquid phase microextraction (SA-LPME)

In this study, a novel and convenient analytical method based on salting-out-assisted liquid phase microextraction (SA-LPME) has been developed. A spectrophotometric technique was employed to quantify the concentration of phenol in drinking water and treated wastewater, as well as the phenol impurity in 2-phenoxyethanol (PE). To accomplish this, a solution containing dissolved PE was supplemented with 4-aminoantipyrine (4-AAP) and hexacyanoferrate. Subsequently, NaCl was added to induce the formation of a two-phase system, consisting of fine droplets of PE as an extractant phase in the aqueous phase. The resulting red derivative was then extracted into the extractant phase and separated through centrifugation. Finally, the absorbance of the extracted derivative was measured at 520 nm. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on the Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was employed to optimize the influential factors, namely 4-Aminoantipyrine (4-AAP), buffer (pH = 10), hexacyanoferrate, and NaCl. By utilizing the optimal conditions (buffer: 50 μL, 4-AAP (1% w/v): 80 μL, hexacyanoferrate (10% w/v): 65 μL, and NaCl: 0.7 g per 10 mL of the sample), the limit of detection was determined to be 0.7 ng mL−1 and 0.22 μg g−1 for water and PE samples, respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD) and correlation of determination (r2) obtained fell within the range of 2.4–6.8% and 0.9983–0.9994, respectively. Moreover, an enrichment factor of 65 was achieved for a sample volume of 10 mL. The phenol concentration in two PE samples (PE-1, PE-2), provided by a pharmaceutical company (Pars Sadra Fanavar, Iran), were determined to be 0.83 ± 0.05 μg g−1 and 2.70 ± 0.14 μg g−1, respectively. Additionally, the phenol index in drinking water and treated municipal wastewater was found to be 3.60 ± 1.06 ng mL−1 and 4.60 ± 1.17 ng mL−1, respectively. These mentioned samples were spiked in order to evaluate the potential influence of the matrix. The relative recoveries from PE-1, PE-2 samples, drinking water, and treated municipal wastewater samples were measured as 104.5%, 97.5%, 101.6%, and 107.8%, respectively, indicating no matrix effect.

A highly sensitive chemosensor based on a metal‐organic framework for determining zinc ions in cosmetics creams and wastewater

A novel chemosensor has been developed for the precise detection of Zn2+ in cosmetics creams and water samples, exhibiting remarkable accuracy. This new chemosensor is composed of NH2–UiO–MOF serving as the base MOF, with 2‐acetyl‐6‐bromopyridine acting as the ligand, referred to as the 2A6BrP=N–UiO–MOF chemosensor. Extensive studies have been conducted to optimize the spectrophotometric and fluorometric detection of Zn2+ ions using this new chemosensor. Achieving a consistent and stable spectroscopic signal with the 2A6BrP=N–UiO–MOF chemosensor necessitated a response time of less than 30 s. Validation of the proposed methods followed ICH (International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use) guidelines, ensuring precision in determining limits of detection (LODs), limits of quantification (LOQs), linearity, and precision. The spectrophotometric and fluorometric techniques yielded highly sensitive LOD values of 15.50 (ppb) and 8.70 ppb, respectively, for Zn2+ ions. Furthermore, research indicated that the 2A6BrP=N–UiO–MOF chemosensor can be efficiently recycled up to eight times by treating it with 0.1 M HCl, showcasing its potential for sustainability. Subsequently, the application of the 2A6BrP=N–UiO–MOF chemosensor demonstrated its remarkable efficacy in detecting Zn2+ in various real water samples. Its exceptional sensitivity and selectivity make it a valuable tool for accurate Zn2+ detection in practical environmental settings.