Spectrophotometric Method For Analysis Research Articles

The investigation prospect application of alcohol-water extract of lingonberry as antimicrobial, anti-fungi and antioxidant pharmaceutical

Infection diseases is a worldwide important problem for medicine and pharmacy. Every year 13.7 million people die from bacterial infections in the world. Thus, the search of new compounds with antimicrobial and anti-fungi activity is topical for today. The object of the study was lingonberry leaf 60% extract. The content of phenylpropanoids derivatives was evaluated by spectrophotometric method of analysis, whereas organic acids by alkalimetric method; antioxidant power was found by potentiometric method; antibacterial and antifungal activity was assessed by the method of “wells”. According to the results of the study, it was shown that the lingonberry leaf extract is inferior to the green tea leaf extract in terms of the content of phenolic compounds, catechins, hydroxycinnamic and organic acids, but flavonoids dominate in the lingonberry extract. The study found that lingonberry leaf extract has a high level of antioxidant activity. When comparing the levels of antioxidant action of lingonberry extract with green tea extract and the «gold standard» – аepigallocatechin-3-O-gallate in one concentration of 0.03 mol/L, it was found that lingonberry extract had the best result. Escherichia coli bacteria was the most sensitive to the extract whereas Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most resistant. This work shows that 60% ethanolic lingonberry leaf extract has potent antioxidant, antimicrobial and antifungal effects. According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that 60% V. vitis-idaea leaf extract is promising for the development of new antimicrobial, antifungal and antioxidant pharmaceutical.

THE IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC ANALYSIS METHOD IN THE STUDY OF THE COMPOSITION OF SUBSTANCES

This article discusses the importance of the spectrophotometric analysis method, one of the physico-chemical analyses, for studying the composition of substances.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЙ БИОПОЛИМЕРОВ БЕЛОК – ПОЛИСАХАРИД, ВЫДЕЛЕННЫХ ИЗ СЕМЯН ЛЬНА

The aim of the study is to investigate the interaction of proteins and polysaccharides obtained from flax seeds. Objectives: to study the phase behavior during the interaction of protein concentrate solutions and flax seed polysaccharides; to investigate the interaction of flax seed proteins and polysaccharides at different pH. The objects of the study were flax seed processing products: protein concentrate, polysaccharide extract and their mixtures. Polysaccharides were isolated from flax seeds by extraction, followed by concentration of the extract using a rotary evaporator and drying in a spray dryer. The protein product was obtained by alkaline extraction from mucus-free and defatted flax seeds. To obtain a homogeneous 1 % protein solution, the product was homogenized, followed by holding the solution at 50 °C and constant stirring for 2 hours. To study protein-polysaccharide interactions, protein and polysaccharide solutions were mixed in the ratios of 9:1, 7:3, 1:1, 3:7, 1:9, respectively. Physicochemical parameters were determined using standard analysis methods. The protein content in the products was determined according to GOST 10846-91, and the humidity was determined according to GOST 10856-96. The pH value was measured using an I-160MI laboratory ion meter. Spectrophotometric analysis methods were performed on a PE-5400 spectrophotometer. As in the bovine serum albumin solution, residues of tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine were found in the spectrum of flax protein in the UV range. When measuring the optical density of solutions of protein, polysaccharides and their mixtures, the behavior of the system was determined by the content of the predominant component. In acidic environments, mixed systems form two-phase systems regardless of the ratio of components. At equal concentrations of the initial solutions (0.3 %), the mixed systems remained monodisperse and stable at neutral pH and a component ratio of 1:1.

Development and Validation of a Viable and User-Friendly Spectrophotometric Analytical Method for Estimation of Assay of Formoterol and Beclomethasone in Metered Dose Inhaler Formulation

The primary aim of this research endeavor is to innovate a viable and user-friendly UV spectroscopic approach for quantifying formoterol and beclomethasone within metered dose inhalers (MDIs). These formulations, amalgamating Beclomethasone Dipropionate (BDP) and Formoterol Fumarate (FF), are extensively employed in managing bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. Although analytical techniques already exist for assessing formoterol and beclomethasone in combination dry powder inhalers, this study concentrates on devising and validating a UV spectrophotometric method for simultaneously quantifying formoterol fumarate and Anhydrous Beclomethasone Dipropionate in Pressurized Metered Dose Inhalers (pMDIs). The estimation is performed at a wavelength of 240 nm for Beclomethasone Dipropionate and 216 nm for Formoterol Fumarate. Both drugs demonstrate satisfactory linearity within the concentration range of 10-30 μg/ml for BDP and 0.3 to 0.9 μg/ml for FF at wavelengths of 240 nm (r^2=0.999) and 216 nm (r^2=0.999), respectively. The Beer-Lambert law is adhered to within the concentration range of 10-30 μg/ml for BDP and 0.3-0.9 μg/ml for FF. The proposed methods are subjected to validation following ICH guidelines to assess accuracy, method precision, specificity, among other parameters. As a result, the proposed method can be effectively employed for the simultaneous determination of Beclomethasone Dipropionate and Formoterol Fumarate in routine analytical applications, offering a rapid and reliable solution for pharmaceutical analysis in the field.

Development of eco-friendly spectrophotometric methods for analysis of metformin hydrochloride and linagliptin in presence of metformin toxic impurity in their pure and dosage forms: Validation, practicality and greenness studies

Metformin is considered as type 2 diabetes first line treatment according to American Diabetes Association and European Association. But, in some cases, di- or tri - therapy should be prescribed for glycemic management, prevention of the maximum dose side effects and induced effectiveness. Co-administration of Linagliptin with metformin has many benefits on diabetic patients such as decrease the possibility of hypoglycemia. For the first time, novel and reliable techniques were developed and verified for the concurrent quantification of metformin hydrochloride and linagliptin, while accounting for the existence of metformin toxic impurity 1-cyanoguanidine in their pure and dosage forms. Method (A) utilizes the zero-order spectrophotometric approach to quantitatively determine the concentration of linagliptin. The measurements are performed at a wavelength of 295 nm. The double divisor derivative ratio spectrophotometric method is used in Method (B) to measure the amounts of metformin and cyanoguanidine at 252 nm and 219 nm wavelengths, respectively. The spectrophotometric method (C) for determining metformin and cyanoguanidine at 252 nm and 223 nm, respectively, is based on the single divisor derivative ratio-zero crossing technique. The obtained findings were subjected to statistical comparison with the reported method, revealing no statistically significant differences. The Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) and Analytical GREEnness Metric approach (AGREE) determined that these approaches had a high degree of environmental friendliness. Additionally, the proposed strategy was deemed to be practical according to the Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI) assessment tool.

МИЦЕЛЛЯРНАЯ ВОДНАЯ СИСТЕМА НА ОСНОВЕ N-ДЕЦИЛПИРИДИНИЙ ХЛОРИДА ДЛЯ СПЕКТРОФОТОМЕТРИЧЕСКОГО ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ 5-НИТРО-4,6-ДИХЛОРБЕНЗОФУРОКСАНА

Biologically active compound 5-nitro-4,6-dichlorobenzofuroxane (5NDCBFO) has a pronounced acaricidal, fungicidal activity and is a part of veterinary preparations used in the treatment of fungal skin diseases of animals and demodecosis caused by scabies mites of Psoroptes cuniculi species. In this connection, the determination of 5NDCBFO content is relevant. To improve the analytical performance, the determination of the analyte was carried out in a micellar system of N-decylpyridinium chloride (DPC) + dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) + water. Optimum conditions for spectrophotometric analysis were obtained by applying response surface methodology and Box-Benken plans. The Box-Behnken design was used to obtain the systems with the highest light absorption of 5NDCBFO. The independent factors chosen for the experiment planning were the concentration of DPX (X1), pH of the medium (X2) and the volume fraction of DMSO in the binary solvent (DMSO) (X3), the intensity of the absorption band A382 served as the target function. The optimal matrix of the system DPC + DMSO + water we found has the composition X1 = 0.94; X2 = 1; X3 = 1, or in decoded values C (DPC) = 0.087 mol/L; pH = 7.6; DMSO = 0.2. The calibration graph under optimum conditions is as follows: Y = A382= 0.046 + 8760 C (5NDCBFO) mol/L, R2 = 0.999, l = 1 cm, t = 25 C. The influence of sample components on the results of analytical determinations was studied and it was found that the spectrophotometric determination of the analyte was not hindered by their presence within wide limits. The correctness of the analytical determinations was established by the results of applying the technique to the analysis of a model mixture including a known amount of the determined substances. The consistency of the analyte contents found in relation to the quantities introduced was shown. The use of response surface methodology for the determination of 5-nitro-4,6-dichlorobenzofuroxane in biologically active preparations allowed to develop a selective and accurate technique using micellar media and spectrophotometric method of analysis.

Quantification of Vortioxetine in Pharmaceutical preparations by validated area under curve UV Spectrophotometric Analytical method

To carry out the single component analysis of Vortioxetine Hydrochloride pharmaceutical formulated preparations, avery simple, highly accurate, satisfactorily precise, and reproducible technique is proposed for Quantitative determination of Vortioxetine drug. Areaunder Curve Method is considered because no UV approaches not been described so far, it was noted that a differenttactic for analysis of the drug using methanol as a solvent tried. Vortioxetine hydrochloride has maximum absorbance at 230nm and the analysis was carried out in the area between 220nm and 240nm. The proposed method's accuracy was set by carrying recovery studies, and the outcomes were authenticated in accord with ICH recommendations. The endings were established to be agreeable and repeatable. Thus the offered technique can be effectively useful for the quantification analysis of the drug Vortioxetine hydrochloride.

Spectrophotometric Multi-Component Quantitation of Rosiglitazone, Glibenclamide and Metformin HCl in Pharmaceutical Dosages Form by using Cramer’s Matrix

Objective: This article illustrates the development of a simple, precise and accurate spectrophotometric analysis method for the determination of Rosiglitazone, Glibenclamide and Metformin hydrochloride in their pharmaceutical preparations by using Cramer's matrix. Method: The absorbance of the sample solution was measured at 315.6nm and 229.2nm for the estimation of rosiglitazone and glibenclamide, respectively and at 237.0nm for estimation of metformin hydrochloride by Shimadzu double beam UV-visible spectrophotometer. Results: The result of the analysis for method was tested and validated for various parameters according to ICH guidelines and found satisfactory. The method was successfully applied for the determination of these drugs in their tablet dosage forms. Conclusion: Simultaneous estimation of active ingredients in multicomponent pharmaceutical products normally requires the use of chromatographic separation techniques, like thin layer chromatography, high performance thin layer chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography or gas chromatography etc., followed by their quantitation. But this article illustrates direct spectroscopic estimation of multicomponent formulation by using Cramer's matrix.

ІНТЕНСИФІКАЦІЯ ОКИСНОЇ ДЕСТРУКЦІЇ БЕНЗЕНУ НАТРІЮ ГІПОХЛОРИТОМ ПІД ДІЄЮ УЛЬТРАЗВУКОВОГО ВИПРОМІНЮВАННЯ

The process of the interaction of benzene with sodium hypochlorite in a model environment under the action of ultrasonic radiation of different power and under the metered supply of an oxidant solution was investigated. The course of the process was evaluated by the change in the value of the redox potential of the medium over time. By the method of spectrophotometric analysis, it was established that as a result of interaction with sodium hypochlorite in cavitation fields, almost complete mineralization of benzene occurs. It is shown that the oxidative destruction of benzene mainly occurs due to the products of sonolysis of water.

Investigation of the extraction dynamic of the biologically active substances of the raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) shoots

Abstract The study has the intent of exploring the dynamics of biologically active substance (BAS) extractions from red raspberry (R. idaeus) shoots in order to determine the appropriate extraction frequency. A secondary objective is to assess the relationship between extract antioxidant activity and BAS content. The focus of the study revolved around R. idaeus shoots, and the spectrophotometric method of analysis was applied to determine the amount of the catechins, polyphenols, hydroxycinnamic acids derivatives and flavonoids, while the gravimetric method was used to determine the dry residue of the extracts and the potentiometric method applied for evaluating antioxidant activity. The polyphenols amount was 1.74±0.03, 0.58±0.01 and 0.016±0.005%, catechins – 1.50±0.02, 0.50±0.01 and 0.11±0.01%, flavonoids – 0.08±0.005, 0.046±0.005 and 0.016±0.002%, hydroxycinnamic acids derivatives – 0.24±0.005, 0.078±0.005 and 0.017±0.002%, organic acids – 0.15±0.005, 0.05±0.005 and 0.01±0.002, dry residue – 2.14±0.005, 0.72±0.01 and 0.16±0.005%, antioxidant activity – 94.80±1.90, 47.40±0.95 and 7.90±0.16 mM-eqv./m for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd extraction, respectively. The optimal extraction frequency of raspberry shoots with distilled water was two times. The highest value of Peasorn‘s correlation coefficient was between the antioxidant activity and catechins (r = 0.9813) and the lowest in the case of organic acids (r=0.9112). The appropriate extraction frequency of R. idaeus shoots with distilled water was two times. The antioxidant method of determination extraction frequency was not inferior to the traditional method. The catechins dominated in the extracts from R. idaeus shoots. A significant positive correlation was content of catechins and antioxidant activity.

Development and Greenness Assessment of Analytical Quality by Design Optimised Eco-friendly UV Spectrophotometric Methods for Analysis of Two Natural Antioxidants in Pure and Formulation

Utilizing analytical quality by design and green analytical chemistry principles, the present work introduces simple, robust, and environmentally benign UV methods. Two separate spectrophotometric methods were developed for the estimation of Silybin and Curcumin, where solvent, scan speed, and sampling interval are the estimated critical parameters. The detection was carried out at absorption maxima of 288nm for Silybin and 419nm for Curcumin with ethanol. To determine the critical method variables, a risk assessment was carried out using an Ishikawa diagram. Developed spectrophotometric methods were validated according to the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use Q2 (R1) guidelines. The proposed methods showed good predictability and robustness. The new methodologies were found to be green according to the analytical greenness metric approach and software, the green analytical procedure index, and analytical eco-scale tools in comparison to the existing methods.

Methods Development and Validation for the Estimation of Pioglitazone HCl in Bulk and Formulations by UV Spectroscopy and FTIR

The use of spectroscopic analysis, particularly UV spectrophotometer, is a simple and essential technique for bulk drug estimation, formulation studies, and compatibility assessments of drugs with various excipients. In the pharmaceutical industry, various analytical instruments, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), are employed for investigating drug-excipient interactions that can impact the stability of active pharmaceutical ingredients. This study aimed to develop a UV spectrophotometric method for the analysis of Pioglitazone hydrochloride in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and methanolic solution, assessing its linearity and compliance with Beer's Law. Furthermore, we aimed to use FTIR to characterize potential interactions between Pioglitazone and common pharmaceutical excipients, such as Guar Gum, Chitosan, and Sodium Alginate. Standard solutions of Pioglitazone were prepared in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and methanol. UV spectrophotometer was conducted to determine the maximum absorption wavelength. Calibration curves were constructed to evaluate linearity and adherence to Beer's Law. FTIR analyses were performed to investigate drug-excipient interactions by examining the functional groups. In phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), the maximum absorption wavelength for Pioglitazone hydrochloride was 268 nm. The calibration curve for Pioglitazone in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) demonstrated linearity in the concentration range of 1–20 µg/ml, with a correlation coefficient of 0.998. In methanol, the maximum absorption wavelength for Pioglitazone hydrochloride was found to be 272 nm. The calibration curve in methanol exhibited linearity in the range of 1–20 µg/ml, with a correlation coefficient of 0.999. FTIR analysis revealed potential drug-excipient interactions, particularly in the case of Guar Gum, Chitosan, and Sodium Alginate, suggesting the formation of stable hydrogen bonds. The developed UV spectrophotometric method for Pioglitazone analysis is a reliable, cost-effective, and reproducible approach, making it a valuable tool for drug development and quality control. Additionally, the FTIR characterization confirmed interactions between Pioglitazone and common pharmaceutical excipients, enhancing our understanding of formulation compatibility.

A UV Spectrophotometric method for simultaneous determination of Ibuprofen and Paracetamol concentration in suspensions


 
 
 INTRODUCTION: Paracetamol is a standard antipyretic and analgesic which is widely used since the 19th century. Currently, paracetamol is the first-line treatment for pain management of different types. Ibuprofen, on the other hand, is an antipyretic and an analgesic. It is safe and has been used in the treatment of a number of conditions including mild to moderate pain, dysmenorrhea, inflammations and fever to name few.
 METHODS: This study aimed at developing and validating a simultaneous UV spectrophotometric method for analysis of ibuprofen and paracetamol in fixed-dose combination suspensions. The proposed method is based on the simultaneous equation principle, which involves measurement of absorbance at wavelengths of maximum absorbance for ibuprofen and paracetamol. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, repeatability, intermediate precision and robustness as per USP and ICH guidelines.
 RESULTS: The two molecules showed wavelength of maximum absorbance at 222 nm and 243 nm for ibuprofen and paracetamol respectively, using phosphate buffer as a diluent. The method was also linear (R2≥0.995), precise (RSD ≤ 2), and robust with accuracy ranging between 98.1%-105% and 109.8 %- 134.9% for paracetamol and ibuprofen, in the range of 0.0032 – 0.0048 mg/ml for ibuprofen and 0.004-0.006 mg/ml for paracetamol, respectively.
 CONCLUSION: We have developed an accurate and robust method which can be used to analyze quantitatively paracetamol in suspensions which contain both paracetamol and ibuprofen. The limits of quantification of this method cover the concentration range recommended by the USP (80%- 120%), which justifies the application of the method in routine analysis.
 
 

ADSORPTION CAPACITY OF LEAF POWDER OF FRUIT TREES AND BERRY BUSHES ACCORDING TO SPECTROPHOTOMETRY DATA

The results of the study of the adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solutions by the powder of the leaves of fruit trees and berry bushes are presented. The adsorption capacity was determined by the method developed for activated carbon. The suitability of the spectrophotometric analysis method for determining the adsorption capacity of leaf powder was confirmed by the results of linearity and repeatability assessment. The applicability of the Langmuir, Freundlich and BET models to describe experimental adsorption isotherms of methylene blue on a powder mixture of leaves with a particle size of 0.25 mm is analyzed. By comparing the correlation coefficients, it is shown that the Langmuir and BET model describe experimental data on dye adsorption on powder better than the Freundlich model. The values of adsorption constants for the Langmuir model (KL=1.17 l/mmol) and BET (KBET=319.75 g/mmol) were obtained using the graphical method. Among the studied fruit trees, cherry leaf powder had the greatest adsorption capacity (0.532±0.017 mmol/g), among berry bushes – aronia, blackcurrant and gooseberry leaf powder (0.529±0.002; 0.472±0.011 and 0.479±0.004 mmol/g). Based on a comparative assessment of the results obtained with the value of the adsorption capacity of activated carbon (0.704 mmol/g), a conclusion was made about the suitability of the powder of the leaves of fruit trees and berry bushes for the removal of methylene blue from aqueous solutions.

Improved UV-Visible Spectrophotometric Analytical Method Development and Validation for Precise, Efficient and Selective Quantification of Atorvastatin Calcium in Bulk Form

Introduction: The quantification of atorvastatin calcium in bulk form has been created using an Ultra Violet (UV) Spectrophotometric technique. Objective: In the present study, a novel UV-spectroscopic method for calcium quantification of atorvastatin in bulk form was developed and validated. Method: Various ratios of methanol and distilled water were investigated during the development of the analytical procedure; nevertheless it was found that the drug/actives was soluble in methanol: water (50:50). Scanning in the 200-400 nm range revealed that the detection wavelength (max) with 10 μg/ml was 246 nm. Result: According to the validation results, excipients in the pharmaceutical dosage form had no impact on the analysis. The average content percentages were 97.95±1.66 per cent and 98.42±0.91 per cent, respectively. The percentage Assay determination of the marketed pill was 99.340.3361%. The recovery percentages were 99.94±0.076 per cent and 99.98±0.079 per cent, respectively. Furthermore, robustness was discovered to be 99.76±0.367 per cent to 98.88±0.305 per cent. Conclusion: The method was evaluated for analytical solution stability, specificity, linearity, accuracy, range, precision, repeatability, and robustness. Statistics and specificity studies were used to validate the investigation's findings. This investigation demonstrated the method's applicability for routine atorvastatin calcium estimation in tablet and bulk dosage forms.

Lactococcus garvieae ile Enfekte Archocentrus centrarchus’ta Bağışıklıkla İlişkili Enzim Gen Etkileşimleri

Unsuitable environmental conditions and low host resistance in the aquatic environment are the most important factors in fish diseases. Bacterial diseases in fish can be treated with different preparations. The aim of this study is to determine the disease symptoms, expression levels of TNF and IL genes and some biochemical parameter changes in Archocentrus centrarchus by using herbal extract for the treatment of the disease caused by Lactococcus garvieae bacteria. Gene expression was performed by Real-Time PCR and enzyme activities were determined by spectrophotometric analysis method. It was observed that the expression level of TNF gene was 2.5 times more effective in the antibiotic (oxytetracycline) group and 14 times more effectively in the extract application. It was found that the antibiotic group had a close expression level compared to the control at the IL gene expression level, while the extract group expressed 5.5 times more. Glutathione s-transferase activity in the extract group increased significantly compared to the control and antibiotic groups. Superoxide dismutase activity was significantly higher in the extract group compared to the antibiotic and bacterial groups. It can be said that oxidative stress caused by bacterial infection is tried to be eliminated more in the extract group. It was determined that the andiz root extract which at the patent stage, which was used for the first time in the treatment of A. centrarchus fish infected with L. garvieae, one of the most important bacterial agents in the field of aquaculture, is applicable.

Effect of Heat Treatments on Vitamin A Content of Ten Selected Leafy Vegetables Using UV Spectrophotometric Method of Analysis

Effect of Heat Treatments on Vitamin A Content of Ten Selected Leafy Vegetables Using UV Spectrophotometric Method of Analysis

Correlation between serum isoniazid concentration and therapeutic response in patients of pulmonary tuberculosis in Central India: A prospective observational study

BackgroundTuberculosis (TB), an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the top ten causes of death worldwide. Isoniazid (INH) is an important component of anti-tuberculosis therapy (ATT). Low isoniazid levels can serve as a risk factor for the development of treatment failure, relapse of disease and acquired secondary resistance. Hence, serum level of isoniazid becomes a critical factor in determining the treatment outcome of patients on ATT. This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between serum isoniazid concentration and therapeutic response in patients of pulmonary tuberculosis in Central India. MethodsThis was a prospective single cohort observational study conducted at a tertiary care hospital. Therapeutic response in newly diagnosed patients of pulmonary TB was determined based the microbiological, clinical and radiological parameters. Serum INH levels were estimated based on a spectrophotometric method using nano-spectrophotometer. ResultsIn this study, patients had a significant improvement in treatment outcome as evident by a significant decrease in the TB score I at end of IP (p = 0.001) and a significant decline in the Timika score at end of CP (p = 0.001). Although all patients converted to sputum negative at end of CP, 20% remained positive at end of IP. Lower INH levels were seen in 13.3% of the study population. Higher INH levels were observed in sputum converters, patients with low TB score I and low Timika score, although no statistically significant difference was noted (p > 0.05). ConclusionIn this study, we could not find any statistically significant association between serum INH levels and therapeutic outcome of the patients. Further studies on a larger population could provide better understanding about the prevalence of low serum isoniazid levels among the Indian population and establish its relationship with therapeutic outcome. Also, the usage of a comparatively less expensive spectrophotometric method of analysis makes this feasible in almost every district hospital without the need of high-performance liquid chromatography which is costlier and needs more expertise.

Study of total antioxidant capacity of red raspberry (Rubus idaeous L.) shoots

BACKGROUND: Today, cardiovascular, oncological, and neurodegenerative diseases are the main causes of death in the world, according to official World Health Organization (WHO) statistics. Antioxidants are used to treat and prevent these diseases. In order to develop optimal technology for obtaining drugs based on plant extracts with antioxidant action, it is necessary to determine the total antioxidant capacity of raspberry shoots.OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to determine the total antioxidant capacity of red raspberry shoots, study the content of biologically active substances (BAS), and the antioxidant activity of red raspberry shoot extracts obtained during subsequent exhaustive extraction.METHODS: The number of phenolic compounds, catechins, flavonoids, and hydroxycinnamic acids was determined by a spectrophotometric analysis method, whereas organic acids were determined by the alkalimetric method in red raspberry shoot extracts; the antioxidant activity of obtained extracts was evaluated by potentiometric method. RESULTS: The total antioxidant capacity of red raspberry shoots was 164.12 mmol-equiv./m dry weight, the sum of the total content of phenolic compounds was 24.40 mg gallic acid (GA)/mL, catechins – 21.36 mg epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG)/mL, flavonoids – 0.77 mg rutin (R)/mL, hydroxycinnamic acids derivatives – 2.56 mg chlorogenic acid (ChA)/mL and organic acids – 1.88 mg citric acid (CA)/mL in red raspberry shoot extracts obtained during subsequent exhaustive extraction. The analysis showed that there is a very high positive correlation between antioxidant activity and total phenolic compounds, catechin, flavonoid, hydroxycinnamic acids derivatives, and organic acids content in red raspberry shoot extracts. CONCLUSIONS: Total red raspberry shoots' antioxidant capacity has been determined. The study results can be used to develop optimal technology for obtaining drugs based on the extract of red raspberry shoots, which has an antioxidant effect.

Analytical Method Development and Validation for the Spectrophotometric Estimation of Hipuuric Acid Prodrug (Methenamine Hippurate)

Hippuric acid, pronounced as n-benzoyl glycine, is utilized in the study of nutrition, small bioactive molecules, amino acid derivatives, peptide synthesis, chemical synthesis, cell biology, and chemical biology. It can be found in urine and is produced when glycine and benzoic acid combine. Treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs) is challenging due to the development of resistant bacterial strains brought on by repeated use of antibiotics and chemotherapy. Methenamine hippurate as a pharmaceutical dosage form hasn’t been the subject of any published research, hence a UV-visible spectrophotometric analytical method development has to be created. Hippuric acid (10 g/mL) solution was made, and when it was scanned at 200–400 nm with distilled water as the green solvent, it was discovered that the maximum absorbance was at 228 nm. The linearity concentration range was found with an R2 = 0.998 correlation coeffi cient. The recovery experiment, which was conducted at three levels of 80, 100, and 120%, was used to evaluate the procedure’s accuracy. The recovery rate was discovered to be between 90 and 120%. The % RSD < 2 it proves that the method is Precise. The results confi rmed the approach’s high capacity to detect Hippuric acid and were consistent with industry standards. LoD and LoQ were discovered to be 0.169 and 0.048, respectively. This approach results in hipuuric acid in formulations