Specific Territory Research Articles

НАЛОГОВЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННОГО РАЗВИТИЯ: МОДЕЛИ, МЕХАНИЗМЫ И ПОДХОДЫ

This article examines spatial development from the point of view of tax incentives, approaches, methods of study and its aspects. This study examines issues in terms of the distinctive features of such definitions as «territorial development», «regional development» and «cluster development», their focus and strategic objectives that are interconnected with spatial development. The essence of spatial development is revealed through the evolution of tax instruments used for economic growth in terms of investment and innovation of specific entities and territories. Comparative analysis of spatial development links allows us to note the complexity of emerging relationships between various aspects of the economy, which indicates the need for an integrated approach to solving issues of innovation and investment policy of the state. This article presents an analysis of foreign practice in terms of using spatial development as a tool for tax incentives for various territories with low and high economic growth rates to minimize differentiation between regions and solve strategically important tasks.

Цифровая экосистема региона: практические аспекты реализации и структурные компоненты

Introduction: the situation of sanctions and the formation of a new technological order require new sources and technologies for regional development. Digital transformation is a national goal, and the development of the country depends on the quality and pace of its implementation in the regions. Russia has developed and is implementing strategies for digital transformation in the regions; however, the search for new approaches to their improvement is relevant. A promising area of territorial development is the creation of regional ecosystems based on digital platforms. Objective: to analyze and summarize approaches to defining the digital ecosystem of the region, to identify its structural components as well as to consider the economic and social effects of introducing digital ecosystems in the regions. Methods: systematic and structural approaches, general scientific methods of cognition: analysis, comparison, logical reasoning, collection of facts, synthesis. Results: based on the analysis of approaches to the digital ecosystem of the region definition and the analysis of foreign and domestic experience in its building the following definition of the digital ecosystem of the region is proposed. This is a digital macro-environment for the interaction of citizens, businesses, and authorities, contributing to the stable and sustainable socio-economic development of the region by improving the quality of management decisions by organizing a mechanism for collecting and processing information about the region’s infrastructure in real time using end-to-end digital technologies. The study has identified the following structural components of the digital ecosystem of the region: end-to-end digital technologies, a digital platform, data, participants, network interactions, services, rights, and obligations of participants. The effectiveness of the digital ecosystem of the region is reflected in the reduction of operating costs for providing the digital infrastructure of the region, increasing regional budget revenues, and optimizing the budget of the region. Conclusions: building digital ecosystems at the level of the Russian Federation constituent entities is viewed as advisable. This process is strategically significant, as it provides tools for standardization of regional management and ensures the transition to the second and third stages of digital transformation of public administration. The practical feasibility of building digital ecosystems in specific regions and territories is based on their positive impact on the general condition, functioning and further development of socio-economic environment.

РЕПРЕЗЕНТАЦІЯ КОНЦЕПТУ БАТЬКІВЩИНА В УКРАЇНСЬКИХ МЕДІАТЕКСТАХ

The representation of the concept of the homeland in Ukrainian journalistic texts of the period of the first months after the beginning of armed aggression is studied. The concept's semantic content and connotative potential are analyzed as a reflection in the linguistic material of socially significant ideas that testify to its development in the current socio-historical circumstances in need to protect Ukrainian statehood and national identity. The homeland is considered a uni-versal human value, which at the same time is closely connected with extra-linguistic reality, in particular with the histori-cal stage and socio-political circumstances of the development of a specific state or territory, which a group of people defines as their homeland. The concept of FATHERLAND is closely related to the idea of PATRIOTISM, which is considered in civil, cultural, and economic aspects and actualized through volunteering, resilience, courage, caring and good neighborliness. It has been established that the concept of homeland is manifested in the language through the lexemes homeland, homeland, Ukraine. The linguistic material testifies to a wide associative range of the idea, which actualizes its various aspects. In the analyzed media texts, the FATHERLAND concept is realized through such components of its conceptual sphere as the national war, the war for independence, the ability to resist, freedom and human rights, democracy, ethnic identity, Ukrainian history, language, and culture. The struggle for one's state and its independence leads to a rethinking of the content of the concept, the search for new aspects of national self-identification, which is manifested, in particular, in the system of oppositions: Ukraine - the Soviet past, Ukraine - the aggressor country, Ukraine – Europe. The evolution of the concept in the public consciousness and its reflection in language on the material of media texts of the later period con-stitute prospects for further research.

The Karelians: securing the right to preserve traditional habitats (experience of the republic of Karelia)

The article is devoted to the problem of preserving the places of traditional residence of Karelians in modern conditions of significant reduction in the number of Karelians and dispersed residence in the Republic of Karelia (RK). As one of the tools to solve this problem the method of creating the List of Settlements of Traditional Karelian Residence (STKR) in the Republic of Karelia (RK) is considered. The article presents the current regulatory framework of the Russian Federation on the issues of indigenous minorities, including legislative acts and other regulatory documents concerning the development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (AZRF), which includes six municipalities of the Republic of Karelia, inhabited by, among others, Karelians. Historical documents that illustrate the connection of specific territories with the Karelian tradition, including the arctic territories are used. The principles underlying the creation of the List of Settlements of Traditional Karelian Residence and examples of using the List to determine the boundaries of economic activities of logging and fish farming enterprises are listed. application of the List is aimed at creating conditions for sustainable development of Karelians in the Republic of Karelia. One of the important factors is the cultural continuity of the way of life. Violation of the principle of gradualness when introducing innovations, the lack of an adaptation period to build a balance with traditions can lead to unpredictable consequences for society.

Spatial and sectoral imbalances in the economic development of Ukrainian regions: the impact of business relocation

The relocation of businesses (production facilities) from regions where active hostilities were taking place and from frontline areas to relatively safer regions, which was actively carried out starting in late March 2022, helped revive economic activity in the face of the war shock. The article shows that the relocation of business in the context of a full-scale war has led to the deindustrialization of the eastern regions and the strengthening of the industrialization of the western regions. The article reveals that the relocation of business, which was accompanied by a change in the spatial structure of the economy, was also characterized by the migration of economic, financial, investment, and innovation capital from the east to the west of the country. On the other hand, the relocation of a large number of enterprises to regions far from the combat zone was accompanied by tensions between relocated and local companies due to the difference in organizational and behavioral models of doing business. As a result, there was a low level of integration of relocated businesses into the local economy and little cooperation with local governments. The authors identify the main problems most often encountered by enterprises during relocation (first of all, the mismatch of engineering, transport infrastructure and industrial sites in the host regions with the needs of large industrial enterprises; the need to train specialists with appropriate qualifications at the relocation sites; high cost and legal and technical complexity of relocation procedures; loss of resources, goods, and fixed assets during relocation; restrictions on mobility for certain types of business due to their territorial “tying” (primarily agribusiness and large manufacturing and logistics companies)). The article identifies that the change in the spatial structure of the economy is also associated with a decrease in the business activity of agricultural enterprises whose business is tied to a specific territory. The authors emphasize that the temporal and spatial uncertainty of the hostilities, as well as the relocation of business, have led to the processes of reorientation of transport and logistics routes of business entities. This includes the destruction of critical and production infrastructure; logistical problems due to the limited capacity of Ukrzaliznytsya and the closure of Black Sea ports (primarily for industrial enterprises); increased production and export losses due to military disruption of normal supply chains; and a lack of orders and demand for goods (works and services). The article reveals that in the context of the reorientation of transport and logistics routes of business entities, the regions of southern Ukraine suffered the most, where sea transportation became impossible in the first months of the war. In general, the regions of Western Ukraine and Poltavska oblast demonstrated faster adaptation and post-shock recovery of the business environment. The main factors that impeded the resilience of the business sector in the Central and Eastern regions included geographic location (proximity to the front line), as well as logistical and energy challenges.

Introduction of 19th century manuscripts from local historians of the Tobolsk Province into scholarly research

This article evaluates a monograph written by linguist O. V. Trofimova and historians N. I. Zagorodniuk and E. N. Konovalova. The monograph is the first in a series of scientific publications that analyze manuscripts from the Scientific Archive of the Russian Geographical Society (RGS) regarding Tobolsk Province in the second half of the 19th century. The focus of the first book in the series is on the language used by the Russian population of Tobolsk Province. The linguistic materials were collected by Siberian local historians N. A. Abramov, V. V. Adrianov, I. V. Bednyakov, F. K. Zobnin, M. I. Kostya, I. F. Lisitsyn, V. F. Tveritin, and A. G. Khudyakov at the request of the Ethnographic Program of the RGS. The publication begins with a historical overview of the Russian Geographical Society and its programs, as well as biographies of the local historians who collected the linguistic materials. The main focus of the monograph is on “Materials for the dictionary of Russian folk speech of Tobolsk province of the 19th century (1848-1891)”. These materials, derived from eight author’s dictionaries, provide insight into the unique characteristics of Russian speech in various locations in Western Siberia. The significance of this research lies in the need to incorporate new linguistic materials into scientific discourse, as they are valuable for understanding the history of language. The novelty of this work lies in its contribution to historical and lexicographic studies, which are relatively scarce in Russian historical research, as well as its exploration of the local peculiarities of the Russian language in Western Siberia during the 19th century. The information presented in this monograph makes a substantial contribution to preserving and describing Siberian written texts. It also aids in the study of dialectal differentiation of the Russian language, particularly in the realm of secondary colloquialisms and in specific territories of Western Siberia. Additionally, it helps reconstruct a comprehensive understanding of the vocabulary used during the latter half of the 19th century.

Spatial differentiation of daily commuting to work in Slovakia by modes of transport

Commuting to work is one of the most important forms of spatial mobility of the population. The mode of transport is one of its key characteristics. However, its spa-tial variability has so far been little explored, which is also due to the lack of reliable sta-tistical data. The census in Slovakia in 2021 addressed this issue, offering an opportunity to examine the use of individual modes of transport at various spatial levels, and in relation to the characteristics of commuters. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to evaluate the spatial differentiation of intra-municipal and inter-municipal daily commuting to work according to the main mode of transport used, and in relation to the age of the commuters. The basic spatial framework of the study is the system of functional urban regions in Slovakia. By applying statistical methods and cartographic visualization, the results demonstrating the spatial variability in the mode of transport were achieved. Regularities were also iden-tified in relation to various age categories of commuters. In addition, the study indicated a significant influence of the social-economic conditions and orography of specific territo-ries on the preference for commuting mode. The results have the potential to contribute to more effective spatial planning or investments in various forms of transport infrastruc-ture. At the same time, it is an initial study that encourages the examination of spatial pat-terns and forms of daily commuting in relation to other characteristics of commuters or geographical characteristics of the affected areas. The knowledge from this study is par-tially transferable to countries where similar statistical data are not available. URL: https://www.gcass.science.upjs.sk/

РОЛЬ ГРАЖДАНСКИХ ИНИЦИАТИВ В ФОРМИРОВАНИИ ТЕРРИТОРИАЛЬНОЙ ИДЕНТИЧНОСТИ ЖИТЕЛЕЙ СТОЛИЧНЫХ АГЛОМЕРАЦИЙ

State institutions remain key actors in identity politics at both federal and regional levels. Nevertheless, both formal and informal institutions of civil society are becoming increasingly significant in the process of territorial identity formation. The concept of community boundaries can be regarded as a matter of civic responsibility for the inhabitants of a specific territory. The practices of environmental change, awareness of the importance of one’s own contribution to the development of the place of residence, and participation of residents in solving problems significant for the community are all related to the strengthening of regional or local identity. The objective of this study is to identify and analyze civic initiatives in the Moscow and St. Petersburg agglomerations that are related to the formation or strengthening of regional and local identity among residents. A series of case studies was conducted to examine instances where the urban community demonstrated a high capacity to influence regional identity from a grassroots level. . In the future, such initiatives can play an important role not only in preserving the symbolic foundations of regional and local identity, but also in creating new, unique meanings. The establishment of civil society institutions is frequently driven by the intention to address a specific urban issue. Examples of such triggers in the field of regional identity politics can be found in the preservation of historical and architectural heritage, the resolution of problems associated with urban improvement, and the resolution of cultural and environmental issues. The issue of developing new models of public communication between the state and civil actors engaged in identity politics in agglomerations, as well as creating non-conflict mechanisms for resolving disputes between state institutions and social movements, remains pertinent.

An Innovative Organic Agriculture Model for Sustainable Development of Rural Areas in Bulgaria

The EU policy is aimed at raising the standard of living in rural areas and supporting the processes related to uncovering and utilising their full potential. Rural territories in Bulgaria have unexploited potential, both in the use and protection of available resources and their social economic development, as well as in the generation of additional income. Through their sustainable development, a balance between economic, social and ecological growth would be achieved and the quality of life in them would be significantly improved. The purpose of the research is related to the study of the contribution of a sustainable organic agriculture model to achieve a multiplier effect on the rural area, as well as the linkage between organic agriculture and alternative tourism. The innovative organic agriculture model is undoubtedly one of the possibilities with a significant influence to achieve greater sustainability in the development of the rural economy in a territorial scope. The strong connection and interdependence between the economic entities in agriculture and tourism sectors is fully manifested when the interests of all interested parties in the development process of the specific territory are well combined.

Нижнее Притоболье в эпоху бронзы: географические паттерны и культурные ареалы

The article presents a reconstruction of the settlement system of communities in the Lower Tobol region during the Bronze Age based on the analysis of archaeological materials using cartography methods and GIS tools. It is noted that the structural components of settlement require many attributes to be described, for example, the distance to the water, the height of the shore, the distance between compared objects, the configuration of the site itself, etc., some of which are accurately determined during work with reports and excavation materials, not excluding inspection of objects in the field. Using the example of the specific territory of the Lower Tobol region, it is confirmed that the geographical position of the sites and the surrounding relief can, along with other data, indicate the cultural and epochal specificity of the object, which allows us to characterize the settlement patterns of groups in ancient times and complement our ideas about the way of life of people and the economic model that they adhered to in a certain era. The work addresses the issues of determining geographical patterns (settlement models) characteristic of the Bronze Age in general and for individual cultures in particular (for the analysis were used sites of the Barkhatov, Suzgun, Pakhomov, Cherkaskul, Fedorov, Alakul, Koptyakov, Tashkovo cultures known for the Lower Tobol region). The use of statistical methods and modeling of natural processes, as well as analysis of the distribution of observed objects, made it possible to characterize the territories selected for settlement, identify patterns of settlement inherent in groups of different cultures, and also determine the relationship between the locations of sites and the lines of watercourses, having processed a large array of data and analyzing the nature of the settlement of the territory of the Lower Tobol region in the Bronze Age.

ОЦЕНКА ИНФРАСТРУКТУРНОЙ ОБЕСПЕЧЕННОСТИ ФИЗКУЛЬТУРНО-СПОРТИВНОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ ВУЗОВ СВЕРДЛОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

The relevance of the study of the resource availability of physical culture and sports is due to the search for effective tools to justify infrastructure exchange within the university complex of a specific territory. Uneven availability of sports facilities, sports equipment, etc. leads to a deterioration of the conditions of the educational process. The search for methods of managing the sports infrastructure of universities that allow adaptive use of the resources of physical culture and sports activities allows us to solve this problem. The results of the study showed that the resource provision of physical culture and sports activities is characterized by an uneven distribution of facilities in the universities of the Sverdlovsk region.

СОЗДАНИЕ АГРОБИОТЕХНОПАРКОВ КАК УСЛОВИЕ ДОСТИЖЕНИЯ ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО СУВЕРЕНИТЕТА И ПРОДОВОЛЬСТВЕННОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ РОССИИ

In the article the authors justify the necessity of implementing projects on creating agrobiotechnoparks as one of the conditions for achieving technological sovereignty and food security in Russia. The speed, intensity and efficiency of achieving the designated national objectives depend on the choice of specific territories for the implementation of these projects. The authors set a goal: to substantiate the feasibility of implementing such a project on the territory of the resort city of Sochi. The methodological basis was the analysis of spatial and temporal data of the sectoral development of Sochi, logical-structural analysis and specification of arguments reflecting the advantages of the territory in the context of systematization of key opportunities from the creation of an agrobiotechnopark. As a result, the authors have proposed a system of arguments proving the feasibility and prospects of creating an agrobiotechnopark in the territory of the city-resort of Sochi.

Special economic zones: Econometric assessment of effects and development prospects

Introduction. The article examines the efficiency of special economic zones and their impact on economic growth and investments. Various special economic zones have been organized in many countries over the past decades, but an overview of the international literature concerning their impact on regional development gives unclear conclusions about their long -term efficiency. The demand for the most productive tools of state support of the economy in uncertain times, prolonged stagnation and transformation processes unfold ing at the turn of the decades can explain the relevance of the paper. Purpose . The purpose of the study is to evaluate the efficiency of special economic zones as a tool for faster development of the regions in the Russian Federation. The key idea of the paper is to develop and justify an econometric model aimed to assess the impact of special economic zones on the regional development. This econometric model is supposed to give reliable conclusions about the introduction of these zones as public units of regional development. Materials and Methods . Theoretically and methodologically, the paper comes from the theories and approaches taken from institutional and regional economies. The key methods are the natural experiment and the difference -in-difference method which estimate the average effect from special economic zones on the gross regional product, investments, and employment with due regard to the overall economic growth dynamics in the country and the displacement effect caused by self- selection. The primary 2010– 2020 Rosstat figures were analyzed . Results . It has been reliably proven and national practices show that special economic zones produce an adve rse effect primarily on the gross regional product per capita and the average annual employment rate. Conclusion . The proposed model represents a novel approach in the studies. Together with the economic theory, the findings the model gave support the demand for a customized state -implemented tool for its intervention in the economic development of different territories and could persuade the authorities to adjust their approaches in practice. Further studies could be focused on finding public regulatory tools tailored for specific territories and conditions.

ПОВЕДЕНЧЕСКАЯ ГЕОГРАФИЯ КАК НАПРАВЛЕНИЕ ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ И МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЯ

The article discusses the concept of behavioral geography, defines its subject, basic methods, and models, showsthe difference between this approach and other areas of the theory of geographical science. Behavioral geography is analyzed within the intertheory of regulatory mechanisms in nature, society, and the economy – the interaction of components of integral geosystems that takes into account the peculiarities of the geographical environment as changing in time and space. A territorial object is studied in the local phase space of relative features that reflects the states of the individual system of behavior in space and time without taking into account the characteristics of the environment. The environmental geographic correction that binds the object to a specific territory is then factored in. Modeling procedures are based on ideas of differential geometry. From these metatheoretical positions, behavior is reflected by the Lagrange derivative formula and the Euler equation. There are distinguished holistic behavior, characterizing the trajectory of the geosystem as a whole, and the mechanical behavior, taking into account the mechanisms of interaction of parts of the whole in the control schemes, which unambiguously determines the subject of the intertheory of the behavior of systems. All this allows us to apply a broad arsenal of mathematical analysis methods used in mechanics, extending them to other processes in nature and society. There are distinguished stationary and non-stationary, stable and unstable, autonomous and non-autonomous behavior systems; the latter are associated with the impact of a variable environment and external management. Through the example of the life cycle of forest plantations, the paper describes the mechanisms of growth and self-thinning of stands in various geographical environments. We propose an algorithm of forecast modeling and mapping of forests with correction for completeness and site quality of plantations, based on similarity of time dependences of change in forest wood reserves. Forest geosystems are studied ‘in pure form’ for reference forests, and then, with the help of corrections, they are correlated with their environment, which regulates the behavior of a particular geosystem.

Nation-state and Sovereignty in Contemporary Political Discourse

Sovereignty has had a fundamental importance in modern political discourse. Politically, the term ‘sovereignty’ is used as ‘absolute overlordship or complete suzerainty’. Sovereignty is associated with the rise of the modern system of sovereign states, usually dated to the Westphalia treaty (1648). “The fundamental norm of Westphalian sovereignty is that states exist in specific territories, within which domestic political authorities are the sole arbiters of legitimate behaviour”. Hence, Modern nation-states embrace sovereignty limited outside a specific territory but absolute inside the territory itself. In the Muslim world, after experiencing modern nation-states, the question arises whether sovereignty belongs to a single authority, a political body—the state’s ‘artificial person’ or sovereignty entirely belongs to God alone. This question has been discussed in the Muslim world since the twentieth century. Syed Mawdudi is branded by his intense efforts to discuss the concept of political legitimacy, authority and ‘divine sovereignty’ in the nation-state context. Mawdudi’s innovative interpretation of God’s sovereignty (Hakimiyat-ilahiya) contextualised it in modern political discourse, which implies that sovereignty belongs to God alone, the Law-giver. The idea of God’s sovereignty has been a fundamental debate in the political dialogue of the Muslim world. Therefore, focusing on God’s sovereignty, this paper sheds new light on the attribution of this idea and how it has been developed as a political concept in modern nation-states.

Measurement of Bankariya Identity

Ethnic identity is a concept that is based on the feeling of the community, cultural heritage, traditional values and beliefs, ritual practices, mother tongue, specific geographical territory, and religion and can be measured by using different techniques and methods. Anthropologists and identity specialists developed various methods for the measurement of ethnic identity. This research examined the newly developed ethnic identity measures of the Ethnic Identity Scale (EIS),the Multi-group Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM), and the revised (MEIM-R) from anthropological perspectives. Exploration, commitment, and affiliation are the major factors for the measurement of identity and this article has used these factors. Data gathered from the field of Bankariya habitats in Dhading district were analyzed for identity measurement. For the calculation of Bankariya's identity, only 65 respondents out of 79 were selected. Most of them have identity feelings and pride in their ethnic group. More than 90 percent of Bankariya people have actively participated in their cultural practices but only 3 percent of people are active in ethnic organizations. The research also explores the demographic and geographic features of the Bankariya people, the theoretical framework of identity, and measuring techniques.

Ciudades sostenibles: vinculaciones entre la producción social del hábitat y la salud colectiva

In this article, two scenarios of social production of the habitat are described considering the linkages between the habitat and collective health. Therefore, this text contributes to think about the foundations to incorporate the health sector in urban and territorial planning, emphasizing the study of social participation processes and the importance of focusing on empirical data from specific topics and territories (WHO and UN-Habitat, 2021). This study is based on an anthropological fieldwork developed in peri-urban territories of the city of Mar del Plata (General Pueyrredon district, Buenos Aires province, Argentina) during 2019-2022.

Between Physical and Virtual Territories

The article presents the initial steps of a research-creation project that has been developed within the scope of the Federal University of Espírito Santo in Brazil and whose main objective is to give visibility to socio-environmental conflicts in the metropolitan region of Grande Vitória, the capital of Espírito Santo, from the development of interactive and immersive audiovisual works. At first, field research was carried out in a specific territory of the capital – the Jesus de Nazareth neighborhood – in order to identify some of these local conflicts and the community's ways of acting in an attempt to solve the problems. The problem proposed by the ongoing research can be summarized as follows: using research-creation as a methodology and work process, how to develop interactive, immersive and collaborative multimedia works that make it possible to increase the visibility of socio-environmental conflicts existing in a given territory – in this case, the metropolitan region of Greater Vitória – and, in parallel, promote scientific dissemination and the popularization of science? The research has a multidisciplinary character and brings together the following fields of study: i) research-creation and digital humanities; ii) new communication technologies, immersive (augmented/virtual reality) and interactive media; iii) socio-environmental conflicts in the metropolitan region of Greater Vitória (ES) and their impacts on the population; and iv) scientific dissemination. In addition to the objectives and expected results – to increase the visibility of socio-environmental conflicts and social injustices, research data on these issues and disseminate possible solutions –the research is also justified by the possibilities of learning and experimenting with technological resources on the part of professors and students at a public university in Brazil. The article brings data about the main conflicts already mapped in the Greater Vitória region, information about the visited community and theoretical notes on the concept of socio-environmental conflict, understood broadly but which includes the articulation between the environment and social relations. The text also presents the principles of creation as research and its use as a methodological process. The current stage of the study consists of collecting and selecting data from scientific research banks and reviewing the literature.

FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE EDUCATION AL SYSTEM IN THE TERSK REGION: FEATURES AND NEEDS

The article is devoted to the problem of the formation and development of the education system on the territory of the Terek region of the Russian Empire. Particular attention is paid to the features and peculiarities of this vast and specific territory. The author notes that by the time of the creation of the region in the position of the administrative district of the Russian Empire, the region did not have a secular education. Confessional education was served by Koranic schools and parochial schools patronized by the Ossetian Spiritual Commission. An analysis of the sources and volumes of funding for education, formed in primary education, as well as women's "secondary" educational institutions, showed its insufficiency. Primary education covered only the poor sections of society. Students who need financial and other assistance in obtaining education include many local students who continue their education in higher educational institutions of the Russian Empire.

Review of the notions of distributed ledger technologies and digital assets for harmonization of their joint use

Objective:to analyze the transforming socio-economic relations of the new “digital normality”, to which end the task is solved of bringing into line the terminology used in business turnover between various participants in the digital assets market, in the practical financial activities of economic entities arising in a specific territory, in a certain legal field, and contained in the recommendatory technical documentation (standards).Methods:the article uses systematic and analytical approaches, logical and comparative methods.Results:despite the active use of distributed ledger technologies, theory and practice are currently characterized by a large number of legal and business definitions describing the organization of business processes in this area. Based on the analysis of scientific literature, the meaning of various terms of the digital economy was studied. In the course of studying technical terminology, such concepts as a distributed ledger, network nodes, blockchain, etc. were defined. The analysis of financial and economic terms is based on fintech definitions, such as digital asset, cryptocurrency, digital currency, digital financial asset, token, etc. The terms of the digital economy are considered from the perspective of so-called tokenomics, including such as token ecosystem, DLT user, DLT platform, decentralized application, etc.Scientific novelty: the terminology obtained was structured as a theoretical basis with a specification for the digital asset market and use in financial market reform.Practical significance: this review has been prepared: 1) to systematically familiarize the professional community with existing trends; 2) to harmonize socio-economic relations by developing common local recommendations (standards); 3) to develop the market for digital assets produced using distributed ledger technologies through understanding basic concepts.