Specific Noun Research Articles

Exploring the differences in syntactic complexity between lay summaries and abstracts: A case study of The New England Journal ofMedicine

This study explores the difference in syntactic complexity between lay summaries (LSs) and scientific abstracts holistically and across their common rhetorical moves. Twenty-three syntactic complexity indices were employed to analyze a corpus of LSs and their counterpart abstracts from TheNew England Journal of Medicine. The analyses revealed that the LSs employed significantly shorter production units, more subordinate structures, more verb phrases, but fewer coordinate phrases and fewer complex nominals. Notably, the number of specific noun modifiers within complex nominals did not differ significantly between the two groups, indicating a comparable level of nominal sophistication. Moreover, we observed significant differences in the syntactic complexity of sentences realizing the common rhetorical moves across the two genres. Specifically, sentences introducing background and presenting results were syntactically simpler in the LSs, whereas the syntactic complexity of sentences summarizing methods and drawing conclusions remains largely consistent across both groups. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of the linguistic features of LSs and offers useful implications for LS writing practice.

COGNITIVE STRATEGIES FOR CREATING, INTERPRETATION AND TRANSLATION OF ONE POETIC NEOLOGISM

The article is about the word ‘panache’, which refers to the main characteristic of the protagonist of the most popular play in the French theater - Cyrano de Bergerac by Edmond Rostand. This word, being the last word in the play, and also in the life of Cyrano, is a semantic neologism of a complex - both metonymical and metaphorical - nature, in the base of which lies a specific noun panache with the meaning of ‘plumage’. Reinvented panache is connected metonymically with the image of Henry IV, who ordered his troops to look up to his white plumage during the battle, and metaphorically - with the visual image of this colorful and always in motion vestimentary attribute. This neologism was needed to be explained, which has been done by the author himself, on the meeting of French Academy, to which he had been elected. However, his explanation, done in a neo-romantic way, stressing that panache is a “spirit of courage”, was not exhaustive, which can be suggested judging by numerous interpretations of this word from different points of view (literary, philosophical, psychological, etc.). Soon after the phenomenal success of the play followed a Russian translation of it, made in a phenomenally short time (only within a month after a premiere in Paris) by T.L. Schepkina-Koupernik, and then translations by V.A. Soloviev, Yu.A. Aihenvald and E.V. Baevskaya. These remarkable examples of translated literature showed the untranslatable nature of the word panache. Thus, T.L. Schepkina-Koupernik made it “a plumed hat”, E.V. Baevskaya - “a pride” (which does not fully express the idea of panache, as there are also reckless courage, humble nobility and ingenious eloquence and in it). V.A. Soloviev and Yu.A. Aihenvald do not mention this word at all: the final of the play is constructed in a way to avoid the translation of panache. Still remaining untranslatable, panache by its semantic energy stimulates theoretical re-thinking of the problem of how to translate the untranslatable.

Ruina(a ruin), ruiny(ruins), rujnować(to ruin). Delimitation of units and characteristics of notions

The aim of this article is the delimitation and semantic analysis of language units represented in the contemporary Polish language by the forms ruina (a ruin), ruiny (ruins), rujnować(to ruin). The text is situated in the steam of structuralist linguistics, and more specifically in reducƟ on semantics.The outcome of the conducted analysis is the identification of both verbal units in the form of [ktośi] zrujnował [kogośj], [ktośi] zrujnował się na [cośj], [ktośi] zrujnował[cośj], [ktośi] obrócił[cośj] w ruinę and nominal units in the form of ruiny [czegośi], as well as three expressions associated with the form ruina, namely the specific noun ruina and the abstract nouns ruina[kogośj] and ruina [czegośj].The author describes the semantic propertied of the distinguished lexemes and formulates an explication of the notions assigned to them.

Definite and Indefinite Use in Ronaldo’s Interview

This qualitative research aimed to find out the errors of definite and indefinite in Ronaldo’s interview. The result of this research was displayed descriptively. The researchers used qualitative method for this research. The observational method and technique was a non-participant used to collect the data. While analyzing the data, identification was used as the method and competence in comparing was used as the technique. The script of Ronaldo’s interview was taken as the data and were analyzed narratively. Ronaldo as the speaker used “the” which he was not referring to a specific noun. He also used to talk about something that referred to a wide range of things then he suddenly used “the” when “the” only referred to something specific thing or a single thing or noun. This research used the theory of ​Hewings (2013). The results showed that 20 data errors of definite and indefinite use. It showed the errors of definite with 15 data and indefinite with 5 data.

A Sea of-Noun vs. a Mountain of-Noun: A Quantitative Corpus-Based Study of Two Metaphorical Constructions

Applying the perspective of Construction Grammar and the corpus-based method known as Distinctive-Collexeme Analysis, this study seeks to identify nouns that indicate a strong preference either for the sea of-noun-construction or the mountain of-noun-construction. Based on the data extracted from the corpus, this study reveals that the constructions convey subtle nuances of meaning, reflect different degrees of metaphoricity, and have a strong tendency to occur with specific nouns.

Language Tools in Boris Akunin's Novel «The Turkish Gambit»

This article attempts to trace the genre motivation of the choice of linguistic means of different levels (lexico-semantic, morphological, syntactic) to express information and plot collisions of a modern Russian detective novel based on the work of B. Akunin («Turkish Gambit»). The hypothesis of the study is that in literary discourse, the nature and structure of the narrative, as well as the choice of lexical units by the author are determined by the belonging of the work to a particular genre. It also attempts to prove that the writer's project about Erast Fandorin is a product of mass culture. The novel «Turkish Gambit» is analyzed in terms of the use of linguistic means in it, in particular, lexical-semantic and grammatical ones. Methods of linguistic observation and component analysis are used. It is concluded that the features of a detective novel motivate the author's choice of lexico-semantic (military terminology, archaic vocabulary, exoticisms, corporate vocabulary) and grammatical means (active use of various forms of the verb, prepositions of direction, specific nouns, the dominance of simple and complex sentences of minimal structure). The results of the study can be used in the school practice of in-depth program study of the novel «Turkish Gambit».

Definitud y especificidad en el inglés como lengua extranjera


 
 
 This article explores the application of English parameter settings to mark specificity and definiteness by Costa Rican Spanish-speaking, L2 English young adults. A Forced Elicitation Task (FET) was used to analyze the participants’ choices. The data were analyzed in comparison to native speaker responses. The results show that these EFL learners find it particularly difficult to decide on the correct articles for specific nouns, even more so if they are indefinite NPs. Indefinite and definite non- specific NPs are assigned articles with less difficulty. The results point to the consideration of spaced learning practice in the context under study.
 
 

STRATEGY AND TYPE OF RELATIVE CLAUSE IN KLATEN JAVANESE

Relative clauses are essential for updating specific nouns or pronouns that can be used as explanatory meanings. This research is to study the use of markers "sik" and "kang" in the Javanese language in Klaten. The method in this study is descriptive qualitative. The data extraction technique is the skilful free-reference, while the data analysis technique is recorded analysis and note. The results of this study reveal that the relative marking language indicated by particles "sik" and "kang" uses a composition of relative clause constituents in VO type that can be used to allow the arrangement pattern of main constituents - relative clauses. Javanese language in Klaten is also included in the VO type. The basic strategy of forming its relative clause by placing main constituents in front of relative clauses or relative clauses related to relative markers consists of particles "sik" and "kang". This particle is called a ligature which functions as a connective.

AN OVERVIEW OF THE ENGLISH TERMINOLOGY FROM THE FIELD OF CARPENTRY

In this paper, we investigate the English terminology of one of the oldest fields in the existence of mankind. Specifically, we analyze the development of the language of carpentry, the definition and the classification of terms which denote carpentry jobs and carpentry tools and materials. Moreover, we provide a list of action verbs followed by specific nouns from the carpentry field to highlight the carpentry skills and practices. Last but not least, we discuss the etymology and definition of the term “occupation” in order to collect more data and to emphasize the importance of English for Carpentry in the field of English for Occupational Purposes. In order to strengthen the pedagogical feature of English for Carpentry by designing courses to meet students’ various needs, we mentioned the catalytic role of both terminology research in the field of carpentry and the collaboration between teachers, specialists in the field of carpentry, terminologists and translators.

Noun Predication in CiTonga

This study is an account of noun predication in CiTonga. The morphemes responsible for noun predication are identified and discussed to bring forth their morphosyntactic role. Data for the study are collected mainly through intuition. The informing theoretical perspective in the study is Distributed Morphology. This theory addresses the interface between morphological and syntactic processes. The study advances that noun predicative morphemes in Tonga, in addition to converting nouns into predicates, implement two degrees of emphasis on the noun to which they are preprefixed. It is further noted that each predicative morpheme is restricted to specific noun classes. From the data used, the study also notes that predicative morphemes (morphemes used to convert noun into predicates) are governed by the noun that they predicate morphophonologically. In terms of meaning, it is noted that predicate nouns have two levels of meaning; the literal and the actual meaning. The study concludes that predicative morphemes in CiTonga are highly productive and can be analysed phonologically, morphologically, syntactically and semantically.

The variance of word-forming suffixes in conversational person names based on external features

This article addresses the issue of quantitative and qualitative manifestations of variance of wordforming suffixes in the names of persons motivated by noun names of the body parts and adjective names of some of the external excessive corporeal markers. For the first time, the paper ascertains historically formed and the most complete composition of specific noun suffixes leading to the rise of the equivalent and mostly cognate names of persons with respect to actualized external features of their body. The author discusses the ability of all names of human body parts and some names of corporeal external qualitative features to be combined with the different number of word-forming suffixes within the common word-forming meaning which allows for forming six-, four-, three-, and two-variant series. In this paper, І determine the actualized feature each variant series is based on, indicate a number of its variant suffixes, and account for their ratio in terms of productivity and functional and stylistic use. The main hypothesis is that it is the stylistically reduced nature of variant names of persons based on appearance which led to their predominant use in the colloquial usage and language of Ukrainian fiction. As a necessary part of the account, we provide evidence from literary works in Ukrainian translations which attest to a noticeable intensification in the above-mentioned names use. A rather broad reflection of these variant appellatives in Ukrainian surnames shows a characteristic feature of Ukrainian mentality, namely the differentiation of the outside world subjects due to the preferred corporeal related markers. Keywords: variance of word-forming suffixes, names of persons by external features, variant series, common names, surnames

Recognition of grammatical class of imagined words from EEG signals using convolutional neural network

In this paper we propose a framework using multi-channel convolutional neural network (MC–CNN) for recognizing the grammatical class (verb or noun) of covertly-spoken words from electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. Our proposed network extracts features by taking into account spatial, temporal, and spectral properties of the EEG signal. Further, sets of signals acquired from different regions of the brain are processed separately within the proposed framework and are subsequently combined at the classification stage. This approach enables the network to effectively learn discriminative features from the locations of the brain where imagined speech is processed. Our network was tested using challenging experiments, including cases where the test subject did not take part in system training. In our main application scenario, where no instance of a specific noun or verb was used during training, our method achieved 85.7% recognition. Further, our proposed method was evaluated on a publicly available EEG dataset and achieved recognition rate of 93.8% in binary classification. These results demonstrate the potential of our method.

A Study on the Patterns of There Constructions in English-Korean Translation of Pride and Prejudice

This study is to see how English there existential sentences with negative words and quantifiers are translated into Korean, focusing on end-focus realization of information structure. Target texts are three versions of English-Korean translation texts of Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen. After the study, it is found that there are 80 expletives with negatives and 78 cases with quantifiers among 277 existential sentences, which account of 57% of all there sentences. This clearly shows negative words and quantifiers play a pivotal role in there sentences. Also, the study finds out that the existential sentences with quantifiers are more precisely end-focus realized than the other ones with negatives in all the three target texts and the result is proved statistically meaningful. One of the main reasons is that there is more possibility of different versions of verb translation than noun in English-Korean translation. English negative words in there sentences go with more verbs than nouns in Korean. English uses there sentences to stress the absence or the quantity of a specific noun and this purpose should be seriously considered in both translation and education.

Investigating Optional Functional Element and Obligatory Contour Principle in L2 Comprehension and Production Among ESL Learners

Most studies in optional functional element (OFE), specifically the optional function word (OFW) such as the optional that and obligatory contour principle (OCP),are concerned with accounting facilitation in language production in L1. The present study accounted for comprehension facilitation of OFE and OCP in syntactically ambiguous clausal complement, and OCP in L2 production among 180 ESL speakers. Utilizing quasi-experimental through the nonequivalent groups research design, the study found out differences in the interpretation of sentences with and without that. Adjacent identical elements (double thats) seemed to be avoided because they are perceived to be ungrammatical. Findings suggest that complementary clause (CC), with an embedded specific noun, is easily understood if optional that is included, whereas CC with an embedded common noun is easily understood without the said optional word. Findings are also pivotal in understanding comprehension-facilitation and production-facilitation accounts in L2 with respect to OFE and OCP.

The exponence of caseless NPs in Moksha

In this paper, I argue that the difference between indefinite- and definite-declension genitives in Moksha (Uralic) is not in the semantic or referential characteristics of the nominals they mark (as the name suggests), but rather in the syntactic size of the nominals. I show that there is no one-to-one correspondence between the definiteness of a noun phrase and its marking. In particular, indefinite-declension genitives can mark non-specific indefinite as well as specific definite noun phrases. At the same time, indefinite-declension genitives are number-neutral, while definite-declension genitives are specified for number. In contrast to indefinite-declension nominals, definite-declension ones also trigger possessive agreement on the head noun. I analyze indefinite-genitives as NPs and definite-genitives as DPs. Based on what is generally known about DPs, I make several predictions regarding the distribution of the genitives; two definite-declension genitives should be incompatible within one enclosing DP, while there should be no such restriction on the co-occurrence of an indefinite-declension genitive with either another indefinite-declension genitive or a definite-declension genitive. These predictions are borne out, and these new findings enrich the discussion of the ban on the co-occurrence of two DPs which are too close in the structure. More generally, my analysis supports the view that nominals of different structural size can coexist within one language.

The evolution of consonant mutation and noun class marking in Wolof

Abstract This paper analyzes the origins and evolution of the Wolof (Atlantic: Senegal) consonant mutation and noun class marking systems. I attribute Wolof mutation to the earlier presence of CV(C)- class prefixes on nouns, the (usually final) consonants of which fused with the following root-initial consonant to yield the modern mutation alternations. I reconstruct these original class prefixes using newly-proposed internal and comparative evidence, drawing on early documentary sources dating from the late 17th century. An understanding of the history of Wolof mutation allows for a better account of the synchronic system, in which mutation is triggered by specific noun classes rather than sporadically marking deverbal derivation. This study contributes to the broader understanding of how consonant mutation systems emerge and evolve, and of phonological considerations in noun class assignment.

Взаимодействие непроизводной лексики смоленских говоров и белорусского языка (неполные лексические соответствия)

The work is focused on specific underived nouns that are functioning in the Smolensk patois and in the Belarusian language at the present stage of the existence of these language systems and are quite close, but not identical formations in semantic and structural terms. The subject of the study is the volume of lexical meaning and potential derivational connections of nouns recorded in two synchronous language formations. The relevance of the study is determined by the complex history of the Russian and Belarusian borderland, which is reflected both in the Smolensk patois and in the Belarusian language, which had been created on the dialect basis. The vocabulary of the Russian and Belarusian borderland belongs to a single cultural and historical continuum de-termined by the history of the region, it reflects the diverse material and spiritual ties of the two language idioms’ speakers. The complexity of the historical relations between the two language systems, one of which is codified and has the status of an official language (Belarusian language), and the second exists only in an oral form and has a norm due to internal language laws of devel-opment (Smolensk patois), has led to the fact that when studying two language formations at the present stage, it is possible to speak not only about unambiguous types of relations between words, but also about peripheral types, about zones of various transitions, changes in lexical and grammatical semantics, which can potentially be points of development of two idioms in the future and are therefore valuable for study.

Russian Adjectives and Methods for Denoting Object Features in Languages

The article is addressed to philology teachers working in multicultural classes or groups wishing to increase their linguistic and didactic competence. The aim was to compare the features of adjectives and ways of expressing the attributes of an object in Russian and some other languages of the Russian Federation. During the study, descriptive and comparative methods were used. The article compares morphological properties, lexical and grammatical categories as well as the features of functional homonymy of adjectives in Russian and Khakass languages; syncretism of Russian adjectives such as отцов ( father’s ) and Сашин ( Sasha’s ) with nouns is revealed; linguistic experiments related to adjectives are proposed. As a result of the analysis, methods of linguistic reflection of ‘qualitative’ and ‘relative’ attributes of an object are described. In Russian, these attributes are expressed primarily by adjectives. In addition, the former (‘qualitative’) can be conveyed by nouns (milk porridge / porridge in milk), while the latter (relative, individual colour features) – by verbs: Небо синее / Небо синеет ( The sky is blue / The sky is getting blue ). In some languages, for example, Nanaj and Nivkh, relative features are conveyed only by specific nouns, while all qualitative features are conveyed by verbs. In conclusion, the property of linguistic selectivity is revealed, which implies that identical realities can be expressed using various linguistic means. As a result, these realities will be perceived differently by the speakers of different languages.

Neural Evidence for the Prediction of Animacy Features during Language Comprehension: Evidence from MEG and EEG Representational Similarity Analysis.

It has been proposed that people can generate probabilistic predictions at multiple levels of representation during language comprehension. We used magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG), in combination with representational similarity analysis, to seek neural evidence for the prediction of animacy features. In two studies, MEG and EEG activity was measured as human participants (both sexes) read three-sentence scenarios. Verbs in the final sentences constrained for either animate or inanimate semantic features of upcoming nouns, and the broader discourse context constrained for either a specific noun or for multiple nouns belonging to the same animacy category. We quantified the similarity between spatial patterns of brain activity following the verbs until just before the presentation of the nouns. The MEG and EEG datasets revealed converging evidence that the similarity between spatial patterns of neural activity following animate-constraining verbs was greater than following inanimate-constraining verbs. This effect could not be explained by lexical-semantic processing of the verbs themselves. We therefore suggest that it reflected the inherent difference in the semantic similarity structure of the predicted animate and inanimate nouns. Moreover, the effect was present regardless of whether a specific word could be predicted, providing strong evidence for the prediction of coarse-grained semantic features that goes beyond the prediction of individual words.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Language inputs unfold very quickly during real-time communication. By predicting ahead, we can give our brains a "head start," so that language comprehension is faster and more efficient. Although most contexts do not constrain strongly for a specific word, they do allow us to predict some upcoming information. For example, following the context of "they cautioned the…," we can predict that the next word will be animate rather than inanimate (we can caution a person, but not an object). Here, we used EEG and MEG techniques to show that the brain is able to use these contextual constraints to predict the animacy of upcoming words during sentence comprehension, and that these predictions are associated with specific spatial patterns of neural activity.

Соотношение коннотативного и денотативного компонентов в семантике некоторых групп абстрактной лексики и в семантике лексем тематической группы зоонимов (на примере зоонима «Корова»)

In linguistics, there are different ideas about the ratio of the denotative and connotative sides of the meaning of a word. Despite the fact that additional contextual semantics, as a rule, has a larger information volume, connotative meanings are invariably perceived as secondary to denotative ones. Obviously, there is a pattern linking denotation with the connotation formed on its basis. The article considers the difference in connotations of quite distant from each other in terms of the degree of concreteness of words — nominal vocabulary denoting abstract concepts, and specific nouns of the thematic group of zoonyms. The result of the comparison is the conclusion about the correspondence of the volume of connotation and denotation as an inversely proportional dependence: the narrower the area of denotation, the greater the qualitative and quantitative potential of the word to develop connotative meaning, and vice versa — the more magnificent the bouquet of semantic elements associated with emotions, ratings, and ideas about the non-material side of the world, the less the lexeme has opportunities for the formation of additional values outside certain secondary modeling systems.