Specific Dictionary Research Articles

Transparency and Translatability of the Terminological Metaphor in the Domain of Computer Science (A Contrastive Analysis)

Abstract Our research, Transparency and translatability of the terminological metaphor in the domain of the internet, is a contrastive analysis in the topic of the metaphor, especially. The relationship between the common and the special lexicon in the domain of the Internet in the English language as source language, the relationship between the common denominator between the source language and the semantic basis, of equivalence in the target language represent the aims of the research. The languages in which the analysis is carried out are different from the genealogical and typological point of view (the English language on the one hand, the Romance language and Hungarian on the other). The perspective is a descriptive-semasiological one, and the methods applied - the paradigmatic and syntagmatic analysis, the contrastive analysis - are adapted to this perspective. The transparency in the meaning, the degree of translatability, the motivated character of the terminological metaphor, the role of linguistics / of semantics in the terminology of the Internet are only some of the conclusions of the research.

Chemistry Central Journal themed issue: Current Topics in Chemical Crystallography.

No abstract

Analysis of terminological literacy of dental lexicon

The paper contains the quantitative analysis of contextual lexical literacy of 9 magazines and 3 illustrated newspapers (218 articles) on stomatology, 9 textbooks, 28 manuals for higher education institutions, 148 theses from the collections of scientific works. Besides, 126 headings of articles and 57 reports, lectures, seminars are analyzed. Calculations of relative and absolute measures were carried out by the formulas offered by authors of the work. Thus the rather high percent of the errors in written and oral speech of dentists was revealed in all tested editions. On the basis of the received results the authors drew the conclusion of the necessary inclusion of lexical and terminological courses in educational process and creation of active forms of standard highly specialized dictionaries which need to be used as manuals in training process.

The Problem of National-Cultural Specifics of Phraseological Units in Non-Related Languages

The article is devoted to the analysis of and cultural specifics of English, Russian and Uzbek phraseological units which are met in the literary texts. The primary emphasis rests on the consideration of the concepts picture of the , national linguistic picture of the world and the problem of interrelation of language and culture. Translation peculiarities from English into Russian and Uzbek languages are also analyzed. This research may help other translators cope with arising problems of equivalence in the target language and encourage them to look more closely at translation strategies suggested for translation of phraseological units. Keywords: linguistic picture of the linguistic picture of the language, culture, phraseological units, national-cultural specifics of English, Russian and Uzbek phraseological units, equivalence of phraseological units, translation strategies of phraseological units. Among multiple problems that modern linguistics studies, studying - cultural specifics of languages plays an important role. The language is the major way of formation and of man's about the Firstly, is the basis for the development of linguistic picture of the one of the deepest layers of the picture of the Secondly, language expresses and explicates other pictures of the human which enter into the language via special lexicon, introducing the features of person and his culture (Serebrennikov, 1988, p. 11).As for the concept picture of the world, in modern linguistics is defined by several Russian linguists such as Pimenova, O.A. Kornilov, Z.D. Popova and I.A.Sternin in different ways.According to M.V. Pimenova, is body of about the which is reflected in language, and also ways of receiving and interpretation of new knowledge (Pimenova, 2004, p. 5).O.A. Kornilov considers that is fixation and storage of complex of of current language community about the world (Kornilov, 2003, p. 4). The most complete definition of researching the concept is given by Russian linguists Z.D. Popova and I.A. Sternin, who consider that picture of the is set of people's representations about reality fixated in units of language at certain stage of development of the people, imagination about the reality reflected in values of linguistic signs - linguistic partitioning of the linguistic collating of subjects and the phenomena… (Popova and Sternin, 2007, p. 54). So studying definitions of picture of the world, we arrived at conclusion that picture of the world is verbal expression of objective reality of certain language community. Linguistic picture of the world is embodied in languages, and receives designation a linguistic picture of the world. In turn, a linguistic picture of the world is national and specific of things in which is fixated in lexicon of the corresponding language, where the word vision expresses following concepts: logical conception, sensation and estimation, and concept all things in existence means not only real material but also introduced things in by human mind (Kornilov, 2003, p. 140).It should be noted that the questions concerning the problem of national linguistic picture of the world were made in scientific works of great linguist W. von Humboldt and the formers of theory of linguistic relativity E. Sapir and B. Whorf. According to W. Humboldt's doctrine, various languages are visions. Any language, designating separate subjects, forms picture of the for the people speaking in it (L.E.S). The base of hypothesis of Sapir - Whorf makes belief that human beings are very much at the mercy of the particular language which determines nature of thinking of the person, his behavior and way of cognition

The Special Lexicon of the Secret Language of Thieves in Japan between the Edo and Showa Periods

Drawing on a corpus of 300 words, this paper analyses the linguistic characteristics of the special lexicon of the secret language (ingo) used by thieves in Japan between the Edo and Showa periods. A total of 189 words are illustrated to demonstrate how the secret language of thieves can be described in terms of the three strategies used to create this special lexicon: 1) semantic changes introduced into the pre-existing Japanese lexicon; 2) lexical innovations; and 3) morpho-phonological modifications of the pre-existing Japanese lexicon. Strategies used in the creation of the special lexicon are examined in order to determine how the strategies employed in thieves’ ingo conform to or deviate from the strategies used in modernising the lexicon of Standard Japanese. This paper also examines how morphological processes utilised in the special lexicon of thieves’ secret language interact with Japanese phonology, and concludes that the mora is an indispensable unit for the processes of truncation, hypocoristic formation and reduplication, while the syllable is an indispensable unit for the process of metathesis. Finally, data analysis reveals that truncation and metathesis work at a level which ignores morpheme boundaries, and operate instead at the level of the mora and syllable respectively.

The Construction of a Term Database to Support the Compilation of Chinese-Slovene Slovene-Chinese Dictionary of Beekeeping Terms

This paper introduces the first step of making a multilingual specialized dictionary, which includes a selection of terms, their arrangement according to adequacy and the determination of synonymous relationships between the terms. The research was based of the first phase of compiling a Slovene-Chinese and Chinese-Slovene specialized beekeeping dictionary. The results of the research could, however, be applied to the making of specialized dictionaries for any research field. The focus areas of the paper are: the partial overlapping of everyday language and specialized terminology; the different arrangement approaches of existing dictionaries; the many synonyms that are often wrongly understood to denote different things; the coining of new terms when needed; the traps of literal translation.

An Efficient Method for Automatic Video Annotation and Retrieval in Visual Sensor Networks

Automatic video annotation has become an important issue in visual sensor networks, due to the existence of a semantic gap. Although it has been studied extensively, semantic representation of visual information is not well understood. To address the problem of pattern classification in video annotation, this paper proposes a discriminative constraint to find a solution to approach the sparse representative coefficients with discrimination. We study a general method of discriminative dictionary learning which is independent of the specific dictionary and classifier learning algorithms. Furthermore, a tightly coupled discriminative sparse coding model is introduced. Ultimately, the experimental results show that the provided method offers a better video annotation method that cannot be achieved with existing schemes.

Space-time Facet Model for Human Activity Classification

This paper presents a novel space-time feature-based human activity analysis system. We detect Space Time Interest Points (STIP) and generate their description based on the facet model. The proposed approach detects interest points in video data using the three-dimensional facet model efficiently. Then we describe each interest point by three-dimensional Haar wavelet transform and time derivatives of different order obtained from said facet model. Here we represent each video clip following the bag-of-words approach by learning feature specific dictionary. Finally, classification is done using non-linear SVM with χ 2 -kernel. We evaluate the performance of our system on standard datasets like Weizmann, KTH, UCF sports, ICD, UCF YouTube, and UCF50 and get better, or at least comparable results compared to other state-of-the-art systems.

Sobre la falta de referència lexicogràfica normalitzada en la terminologia musical per al català

The absence of a specialized dictionary of music in Catalan leaves general dictionaries, mainly DIEC 2 and GDLC, as the only reference source. These dictionaries clearly fall short of the needs that arise from translation (or editing), a process which highlights the difficulty in expressing the meaning of a text in another language, and which requires a knowledge of the subject matter which the translator often lacks. In this article we present an analysis of the musical terms that can be found in DIEC 2 and in four other specialized dictionaries, paying special attention to the typology of the loanwords included in them, as well as to the description of the thematic areas they cover.

Die rol van taalleeronderrig in Afrikaanse woordeboekwerkboeke

Criteria for Dictionary Workbooks in Afrikaans. This article reflects on the role of dictionary workbooks in the skills training of users in Afrikaans. Dictionary workbooks are usually directed at a specific school or learners' dictionary and in this way links up with peda­gogical lexicography. The main purpose of workbooks should thus be an educational one. Although pedagogical lexicography is generating more interest in South Africa, very little attention has been paid to the important role of dictionary workbooks. Dictionary workbooks should be very user oriented, since they are compiled for specific target users using a specific dictionary. The purpose of dictionary workbooks is identified in this article by analysing various workbooks in the Afrikaans context. On closer investigation it was found that workbooks could have diverse pur­poses and could contain diverse contents. Work­books are aimed at making target users more dictionary literate, i.e. to be able to use dictionaries meaningfully and to unlock infor­ma­tion suc­cess­fully. The manner, in which information in workbooks is pre­sented and thus con­veyed, reflects certain educational approaches in language and how they can find shape in work­books. When an edu­ca­tional approach is successfully applied, the expectations are that user skills should be improved. Hence reference is also made to the development of certain skills.Keywords: afrikaans pedagogical lexicography, school dictionaries, learner's dictionaries, dictionary workbooks, language teaching, lan­guage teaching approaches, text-based approach, communicative approach, learner-centred teaching approach, inductive teaching method, con­structivism, language teaching activities, dictionary skills of learners, teacher, lexicographer, publisher

Le dictionnaire de chimie en lingála pour les élèves de Kinshasa

Dictionary of Chemistry in Lingála for Kinshasa Students.In well-documented languages, the lexicographer aiming to make a specialized dictionary will pro­cess an available corpus to extract data (candidate terms, definitions and exam­ples). This approach is not suitable for poorly documented languages, for which texts in any given specialized domain may be few and far between. This is the case with Lingála, spoken in the city of Kinshasa, in the field of chemistry. Besides processing the available corpora, the lexicographer needs to coin terms for con­cepts and to create definitions and examples in order to produce dic­tion­aries meeting users' expec­ta­tions. For this purpose, one of the two following meth­odologies can be adopted.The first, and more commonly employed methodology adopts the translation approach. A cor­pus which is available in the source language is processed to extract lemmas, definitions and exam­ples and eventually classify data in the source language. The document obtained in this way is then translated into the tar­get language.According to the second methodology, in the absence of well-documented specialized cor­pora in the target language, concepts are defined and coined directly in the target language. Exam­ples are also produced directly in the target language. This approach calls for the lexicographer to be an expert in the given field or for him/her to work with an expert who can produce spe­cialized knowledge in the target language. Then the lexicographer will submit his/her findings to other native speakers, who are also experts in that given field for validation. This is the methodology we have adopted and we are to describe in this paper.In fact, this article describes the approach we have followed in order to make a Lingála–French bilingual dictionary of chemistry for students and teachers of the third year of secondary school in Kinshasa.

One of the ways to describe scientific terminology in special dictionaries

The article is devoted to the topical issues of modern typology of dictionaries of the Russian language. Special attention is paid to problems of development of specialized dictionaries, and in particular, the terminology. For example, the comparative analysis “The dictionary of mechanical engineering terminology”, created by the specialists of the University of mechanical engineering (MAMI) and other special dictionaries, examines the main issues regarding the basic principles of идеографического definitions of terms.

An Alternative Approach to Enlightenment Age Lexicography: The Universal Dictionary of Trade and Commerce

Abstract This article deals with lexicography from the Age of Enlightenment. The idea is not only to understand what was done but also to see if anything relevant to modern lexicography could be retrieved from this historical experience. With this objective, it will have a closer look at a specific eighteenth-century dictionary, viz. Malachy Postlethwayt’s Universal Dictionary of Trade and Commerce, published in four editions between 1751 and 1774. This work is selected because it is one of the most comprehensive and complex specialised dictionaries produced in that era. The article will first place the dictionary in its historical environment. It will then make a detailed study of its very rich content with a view to systematising the various types of lexicographical data included as well as the structures applied to assist the users when navigating through its highly complex pages. The analysis will show the great variety of items which Postlethwayt put into his dictionary in order to meet the multi-facetted needs of a broad group of users. In some aspects, the dictionary displays very advanced features which may even inspire modern lexicography, especially online lexicography. It seems that relevant lexicographical knowledge from the Age of Enlightenment was more or less forgotten due to the predominance of the erroneous idea that dictionaries are books of words and not of “things” as many eighteenth- century lexicographers described their products. The article therefore makes a call to recover the holistic Enlightenment Age vision of lexicography and re-integrate “dictionaries of things” into modern lexicographical theory and practice.

The Theory and Practice of Specialised Online Dictionaries for Translation

Abstract This paper discusses the role dictionaries play in a translation situation within the tenets of the Function Theory of Lexicography (Bergenholtz/Tarp, 2002, 2003, 2004; Tarp 2008; Fuertes-Olivera/Tarp, 2014). It comments on the lexicographic data needed for assisting translators of specialised texts, proposes a list of recommendations for constructing high quality translation dictionaries and illustrates these views by referring to the Accounting Dictionaries, a series of interconnected Danish, English, Spanish, Danish-English, English-Danish, Spanish-English and English-Spanish dictionaries that provide assistance to the envisaged user group in a number of specified situations, e.g. L1-L2 and L2-L1 translation (Fuertes-Olivera/ Nielsen, 2012). These dictionaries are subject to a continuous process of adaptation in order to cope with theoretical modifications and technological breakthroughs, e.g. the challenges the Internet poses for making dictionaries (Fuertes-Olivera, 2013a; Fuertes-Olivera/Bergenholtz, 2011 [2013]; Fuertes-Olivera/Tarp, 2014; Tarp, 2012). For instance, since 2011 users can access several usage specific dictionaries, e.g. the Diccionario Inglés-Espanol de Contabilidad: Traducción and the Diccionario Inglés- Espanol de Contabilidad: Traducción de Frases y Expresiones. These are Model T. Ford dictionaries, i.e. dictionaries whose articles and the visualized lexicographical data are adapted to the various functions displayed by the dictionary, frequently assisted by different types of interactive options where the users may define themselves and the activity for which they need information (Tarp, 2011 [2013]).

The interaction of text and visual in specialized dictionary definitions

Although visuals have been co-deployed with text in specialized dictionaries as far back as the European Renaissance, the interaction of both representational modalities is relatively under-researched. As a consequence, available knowledge is relatively limited with respect to the kinds of visuals employed in specialized dictionaries, the kinds of definiendum that elicit specific types of visuals, the functions of visuals relative to text in definitions, and the association between particular visuals and visual-text functions. This study sheds light on these questions from the perspective of specialized dictionaries in two fields (Biology and Mechanical Engineering). Significantly, the study underscores how the ontology or nature of Biology and Mechanical Engineering appear to determine both the selections made of visual types and the dominant text-visual relationships. The study further makes a contribution to cleaning up the Augean clutter that is the terminology of visuals.

Acquisition of Basic Lexical Semantic Conceptual Relations Using Specialized Dictionaries

The paper is focused on analysis of traditional teaching methodology used in acquisition of basic lexical semantic conceptual relations. It summarizes results of language study program strategy which emphasize mostly on teaching grammar rules rather than presenting lexical relations. Generally, lexical meanings and lexical relations are presented in dictionaries, however, in monolingual language study dictionaries are not used in teaching process. The introduction of pedagogical and specialized dictionaries which present basic lexical conceptual relations like synonymy or antonymy or other lexical reference sources in language study is a useful strategy for both acquisition and mastering student's language skills and ability for reasoning.

El diccionario como género literario

-

A Functional Approach to Compiling a Specialized English–Slovene Dictionary of Green Energy Terms

The functional approach to lexicography argues that dictionaries must provide their users with concrete types of information, presented in a manner that suits their needs. To achieve this, the process of compiling specialized dictionaries must be improved. This paper examines the revision of a specialized English–Slovene Dictionary of Green Energy Terms, with particular emphasis on the functional approach to building specialized dictionaries. As the potential users of the unrevised dictionary differ from those of the revised version, this paper aims to show how the profile of the intended user affects the structure of the actual dictionary entry, as well as the dictionary’s main functions. The main objective of the paper is therefore to put forward a sound theoretical foundation for the improved construction of LSP dictionaries, so that they will truly serve as a helpful tool in solving those problems that normally occur in LSP communication.

Application of machine translation in bilingual knowledge management

International usage of information systems demands multilingual support to the creation and management of user oriented knowledge. Human translation for every pair of natural language is not a viable option. This study investigates the applicability of a machine translator to provide cross-lingual support to the questions and answers (QnA) of an online system. As a test case, we developed a domain specific English to Bengali translator named DENGALI to examine the applicability of a domain specific machine translator in a QnA setting. DENGALI was developed using a domain specific dictionary and a part-of-speech-based word alignment algorithm. The chosen test domain was the QnA of an online travel guide named ‘Fodor’. For this application case, DENGALI was found more effective than Google translator and another well-known English to Bengali translator named ONUBADOK.

Unknown Chinese word extraction based on variety of overlapping strings

Not all languages, e.g. Chinese, have delimiters for words. To extract words from a sentence in these languages, we usually rely on a dictionary for known words. For unknown words, some approaches rely on a domain specific dictionary or a tailor-made learning data set. However, this information may not be available. Another direction is to use unsupervised methods. These methods rely on a goodness measure to evaluate how likely the words are meaningful based on a statistical argument on the given text. The most challenging issue is to identify low-frequency meaningful words. In this paper, we first show by an empirical study on Chinese texts that all classical goodness measures cannot separate low-frequency meaningful and meaningless words effectively. To solve this problem, we propose a new goodness measure, the overlap variety method. The key idea behind the new measure is not to consider the absolute number of occurrences of the candidate (i.e., a string of Chinese characters) but to compare the goodness measures (we use the accessor variety) of the candidate and those of the strings overlapping the candidate. The candidate is likely to be meaningful if its accessor variety is larger than the accessor varieties of the overlapping strings. We implement an extraction system for unknown Chinese word, UNExtract, based on this overlap variety method. We evaluate our approach using the CIPS-SIGHAN-2010 bake off corpora and show that the proposed measure is more effective than the other five state-of-the-art goodness measures (accessor variety, branch entropy, description length gain, frequency substring reduction, pointwise mutual information), especially for low-frequency words and bi-gram words.