Specialization Of Agricultural Production Research Articles

К вопросу повышения эффективности использования земельных ресурсов сельских территорий Апшеронского района Краснодарского края

The article presents the results of research on the level of realization of the land potential of rural areas of the Absheron district, Krasnodar Territory. The results of the Methodology for assessing the land potential of the Absheron district of the Krasnodar Territory, developed by a group of employees of the Kuban State Agrarian University, are considered and analyzed. The dynamics of changes in the land fund of the district over the past 4 years is given, a reduction in the area of agricultural land is revealed. The problems of using agricultural land have been identified, which have developed due to the inconvenient location of agricultural land that does not have a single solid land mass. It is concluded that the configuration, areas and locations of agricultural land have determined the main directions in the specialization of agricultural production in the district. The dynamics of changes in the acreage of fruit and berry plantations in the Absheron municipal district in the period from 2012 to 2023 is considered. A significant decrease in the sown area of pome, stone and nut-bearing fruit and berry plantations has been revealed. The directions of activity of the settlements of the Absheron district are considered. The assessment of the influence of natural and climatic factors on the specialization of the agricultural complex and the development of the rural economy of the Absheron municipal district is given. The main directions for the optimal use of the land potential of rural areas in the Absheron municipal district are proposed. It is concluded that for an objective assessment of the land potential of rural areas, it is necessary to consider not only the factor of the availability of agricultural land, but also the features of the geographical location, structure of the land fund and places of interest of the district, which should be the basis for a promising direction of socio-economic development of the district.

Correlation and regression analysis of the influence of economic factors on wheat yield

The article presents the results of econometric modeling of wheat yield based on microdata from reports on the financial and economic status of agricultural producers. The relationship between wheat yield and economic factors is studied: indicators of the level of intensity (costs of mineral fertilizers, cost of fixed assets, direct labor costs for grain production, number of workers employed in agriculture per unit area) and specialization of agricultural production (proportion of revenue from sales of crop products in revenue from sales of agricultural products). Using the stepwise variable selection approach, statistically significant linear regression models were constructed that can be used for analysis and forecasting. The paired model included the cost of mineral fertilizers per 1 ha of sown area as a factor in wheat yield (coefficient of determination R2 = 0.503), and multiple regression was obtained by adding a second factor — the cost of fixed assets per 100 ha of agricultural land (multiple coefficient of determination R2 = 0.562). Decomposition of the multiple coefficient of determination into separate coefficients of determination allowed us to estimate the impact of each factor included in the model on yield: thus, the impact of mineral fertilizer costs was 42 %, and the impact of fixed assets was 15 %. According to the approach to decomposition of R2 based on β-coefficients, the net impact of mineral fertilizer costs on wheat yield was 35 %, the net impact of fixed assets was 5 %, while the impact of the systemic effect from the interaction of the two factors, which reflects the level of production intensification, was 17 %. Based on a multiple regression model, forecast values were constructed and estimated, and reserves for yield growth were determined.

The Impact of Rural Population Aging on Agricultural Cropping Structure: Evidence from China’s Provinces

Agricultural cropping structure is related to the quality of the agricultural supply system and is a key element of the structural reform of the agricultural supply side. Based on China’s provincial panel data from 2000 to 2021, this paper empirically examines the impact and mechanism of rural population aging on the planting structure of food and cash crops by using a two-way fixed-effects model, which fills the gap in the research on the impact mechanism of the rural population aging on agricultural planting structure. The conclusions of the study show that: as the aging of the rural population deepens, the proportion of food crops planted will further increase, while the proportion of cash crops planted will decrease; agricultural mechanization will promote the further increase of the proportion of food crops planted while the proportion of cash crops planted will decrease in the deepening of the aging of rural population; the aging of the rural population has a more significant impact on the structure of agricultural planting in the eastern region and does not have a significant impact on the central and western provinces. The aging of the rural population has a significant impact on the agricultural planting structure in the eastern region, but not in the central and western provinces. This paper argues that we should fully respect the willingness of agricultural management subjects to choose planting varieties, increase the research, development, and promotion of agricultural machinery, continuously improve the level of farmers’ human capital, and further enhance the degree of organization, scale, and specialization of agricultural production.

How Does Specialization in Agricultural Production Affect Soil Health?

The aim of the study was to assess the impact of the specialization of agricultural production on selected parameters of soil health, i.e., soil organic carbon content (SOC), soil acidification, soil nutrient status, i.e., total nitrogen content (NT), available forms of phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium, and microelements content, as well as the content of selected potentially toxic metals (PTMs). For the study, 18 farms located in the Masovian Voivodeship in Central Poland were selected. They were grouped into six types, and each type was represented by three farms. The study included organic farms; farms specializing in: crop, vegetable, poultry, dairy cattle, and pigs production. A total of 144 soil samples were analyzed. The results showed that the specialization of agricultural production and fertilizer management had a significant impact on most of the tested soil health parameters, except SOC and NT content. Despite the high organic fertilizer doses introduced into soils in poultry (170 kg N per hectare as poultry manure) and pig farms (150 kg N per hectare as pig manure), there was no significant influence of these amendments on SOC content. This may indicate low organic carbon sequestration potential in some Polish agricultural soils. Organic farms had the lowest levels of plant nutrients in the tested soil samples, which may limit soil productivity. All the tested soils were strongly acidified, which could restrict both production and regulatory soil functions. Based on the synthetic index of soil fertility (SSFI), vegetable and poultry farms were characterized by very high fertility, while crop, dairy cattle, and pig farms fell into the medium fertility class. Organic farms were in the lowest fertility class. However, the study suggests that the SSFI may not be the best indicator for assessing soil fertility and health; therefore, further research is needed.

Trends in the development of the agricultural economy of Ukraine in war conditions: the regional dimension

The trends of the share of the main types of economic activity in the gross domestic product of Ukraine during 2010-2023 have been verified. Information is given on the losses caused by the full-scale armed aggression of Russia to the Ukrainian agriculture in terms of main assets and items of indirect losses. The results of research on the availability of personnel and the impact of its shortage on the activities of enterprises in 2021 and 2023 by type of activity are highlighted. The value of the index of agricultural production of crops and livestock in Ukraine in a regional section is analyzed. A structural and dynamic assessment of the cultivated areas of agricultural crops in the regions of Ukraine during the period of the great war was carried out. The change in the volume of production (gross harvest) of agricultural crops in natural terms is diagnosed in correlation with the change in sown areas and productivity. A steady trend towards an increase in the share of enterprises in the production of livestock products was revealed. It was established that despite the generally negative dynamics of the cow population in Ukraine, the vast majority (2/3) of the regions demonstrated an increase in industrial milk production due to increased productivity. It is analytically proved that the problems of the development of Ukrainian agriculture (direct and indirect losses due to the war, reduction of cultivated areas, unstable dynamics of yield and specialization of agricultural production) over the past two years have somewhat changed the spatial architecture of this sector of the national economy. The effectiveness of state stimulation tools for the development of the domestic agricultural sector, in particular, subsidies, guarantees, loans, etc., is shown. in the conditions of martial law and in the perspective of post-war recovery. The effectiveness of state stimulation tools for the development of the domestic agricultural sector, in particular, subsidy, guarantee, credit, etc., is shown. in the conditions of martial law and in the perspective of post-war recovery.

Environmental aspects of the development of large agricultural integrated formations

The article examines the environmental aspects that arise in the process of concentration and specialization of agricultural production in a particular rural area. Thus, as scientific and technological progress develops, the problem of carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere increases. The share of CO2 emissions in the production of agricultural products is high, including in the conditions of the creation of large integrated agricultural formations. Thus, from a cowshed for 200 heads with an average weight of 500 kg, productivity of 30 kg, the daily CO2 emission is 1,445 kg. Accordingly, with an average livestock of 5,000 heads in megafarms, this indicator in a particular facility is about 40 tons per day. There are also problems with the protection and improvement of reservoirs and the formation of a “carbon footprint” in the environment. It is proposed to implement a unified integrated approach to solving this problem and its mutual alignment with other sections of the plan when developing a comprehensive development plan for integrated agricultural formations in terms of environmental protection; to ensure the unity and consistency of sanitary and health indicators with socio-economic indicators of rural areas; to carry out all environmental calculations based on current standards; to cover a set of quantitative and qualitative indicators characterizing the level, condition and development of individual industries, socio-economic parameters and the environment of a particular rural area.

Problems of “Non-Food” Cultivated Land in China in the New Period and Suggestions for Countermeasures

With China's economic and social development, under the influence of many factors, such as the low efficiency of grain cultivation and the formation of a pattern of specialization in agricultural production, the phenomenon of “de-farming” and “de-fooding” of arable land has begun to emerge in some areas. “Non-food” in China's food production space at the same time, but also on the arable land will produce different degrees of damage. Therefore, this paper analyzes the background and challenges of the “degrading” of arable land in China in the new era, and reveals in depth the regional and typological characteristics of the “degrading” of arable land, its causes, and its impact on food and ecological security. The paper finds that the background of “non-food” cropland stems from the diversification of agricultural production and the need to explore alternative land uses other than traditional food crops, and poses a challenge to China's food security by affecting the food supply. In the future, we should explore the formation of a long-term mechanism to strengthen the policy guidance of “non-food” and improve the efficiency of arable land for food cultivation in order to stimulate farmers' incentives to grow food. The article puts forward countermeasures to enhance the willingness of business entities to grow food and prevent the “degrazing” of arable land from the perspectives of policy guidance, multi-party participation, standard construction and compensation mechanism, with a view to providing certain reference significance for the protection of arable land in China in the future.

Methodological approaches to taking into account the influence of natural and economic conditions on the production structure and specialization of agricultural organizations

The article presents the results of systematization of methodological approaches to taking into account the influence of natural and economic conditions on the location, structure and specialization of agricultural production; recommendations of domestic scientists on the location of agricultural sectors and measures for its adaptation to climate change were considered; an algorithm has been proposed for improving the structure and specialization of agricultural production based on taking into account natural and economic factors.

Trade liberalization and nutrition transition: Evidence from China

We examine the impact of trade liberalization on the nutrition transition between 1997 and 2011. Our findings demonstrate that the reduction in tariff rates has had a significant effect on the dietary patterns of both rural and urban residents in the country. With the decrease in tariffs, there has been a noticeable increase in the consumption of animal products (such as meat and aquatic products), vegetables, beans and nuts, as well as packaged and processed foods. Simultaneously, there has been a decrease in the demand for staple foods, fruits, and dairy products. Consequently, there has been an increase in the proportion of overall calories derived from fat and protein, while the proportion from staple foods has declined. As a result, trade liberalization has led to increased food expenditure, while reducing the cost of maintaining a healthy diet. Furthermore, trade liberalization has also contributed to a growing risk of obesity. Additionally, our study identifies rising incomes, specialization in agricultural production, changing food prices, and shifting food preferences as the primary mechanisms of the trade-diet relationship.

ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННАЯ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА КАРТОФЕЛЯИ ОВОЩЕЙ В СТРАНЕ

The territorial-sectoral division of labor in the agro-industrial complex and agriculture, in particu-lar, consists in the features that are unique to them, the patterns of development and placement of sub-sectors, the dependence on changes in the economic conditions of production, the level of state support for production processes. The list of factors influencing the territorial and sectoral division of labor includes natural conditions, zoning of production, the level of food consumption by region and its structure. The spatial organization of agriculture also depends on the distance over which food is transported, that is, from places of production to places of consumption. These factors have a direct impact on the formation of zones of specialization of certain types of agricultural products. When developing specialized zones, one should take into account the existing placement, the level of specialization and concentration of production, positive and negative indicators characterizing the territorial organization of the functioning of the industry and the production of certain types of agricultural products. An important indicator in the formation and development of specialized production zones is the country's need for a specific type of domestic food products. Changes in the spatial organization of the country's agriculture should be carried out taking into account the development of interregional exchange, payment demand, the situation in the internal and external markets for food and agro-industrial complex products, and possible changes in the regional spe-cialization of agricultural production. It should be noted that the advantage of the rational spatial organization of agriculture is still insufficiently used in the country. In some farms, it is spontane-ous and uncontrollable. At present, the importance of spatial development is increasing, since it is the least expensive and most accessible factor in increasing the production of competitive prod-ucts. Improving the spatial development of the production of potatoes and vegetables makes it pos-sible to ensure their rational management in each region of the country, to reduce the total costs of production and transportation of products.

Have the new round of agricultural land system reform improved farmers' agricultural inputs in China?

China's modern socialist system completed the registration and certification of farmland ownership and continued to deepen the "separation of powers" reform at the end of 2020. This facilitated the transfer of land management rights and impacted investment in agricultural production. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of the new round of agricultural land system reform on farmers' farm inputs in China's socialist system. The study uses data from the China Labor-force Dynamic Survey (CLDS) and employs various econometric approaches, including the Propensity Score Matching-Difference in Differences (PSM-DID) method to approach the objectives of the study. The results indicate that the new round of agricultural land system reform significantly promotes the increase of farmers' inputs in agriculture, including the area of land transferred in and self-owned, income from agriculture, number of agricultural labors, and specialized agricultural production. The study suggests that the reform enhances the positive impact of land transferred-in on farmers' farm inputs. The impact of agricultural land confirmation and "three rights separation" is positive in eastern, central, and western China. The findings suggest that public authorities should continue to improve the efficiency of land allocation and large-scale operation, cultivate new agricultural operation bodies, and improve the level of agricultural production specialization.

The Impact of Farmland Management Rights Mortgage Loan on the Agri-Food Industrial Agglomeration: Case of Hubei Province

The Chinese government encourages rural economic entities to use farmland management rights as collateral for loans, which helps to alleviate multi-level financing needs in rural areas. Based on the panel data of counties in Hubei Province, this paper adopts the Difference-in-Differences (DID) and the intermediary effect model to evaluate the impact of farmland management rights mortgage loans (FMRML) on the agri-food industrial agglomeration (AIA) in China. The study found that the pilot policy has significantly promoted the AIA. Moreover, the regression results remain robust after conducting the placebo test and the Propensity Score Matching Difference-in-Differences (PSM-DID) model, which demonstrates that the improvement effect is stable and long-lasting. From the heterogeneity analysis, it can be seen that the policy of FMRML has a more significant effect on the AIA in mountainous and hilly areas. By further analysis of the mechanism of action, it can be concluded that the pilot policy promotes the AIA by enhancing agricultural specialized production. The main findings can provide information for policymakers in China. The recommendations we have summarized encompass gradually expanding the scope of the pilot policy of FMRML, advancing the institutionalization and legalization of the policy, and promoting agricultural production specialization.

Territorial transformations in agriculture of Chernihiv region in the context of climate change: the case of corn and sunflower

Introduction. Different crops and regions of Ukraine are characterized by unequal dependencies on climate change. This situation creates a demand for scientific research to analyse «climate-agricultural production» dependence at the regional level. Chernihiv region, whose territory is located in two environmental zones, is an ideal testing ground for assessing territorial transformations in agricultural production under the influence of climate change. The purpose of article. The purpose of the study was to identify territorial transformations in agricultural production of Chernihiv region that were formed under the influence of climate change during 2001-2020, using corn and sunflower as an example. Additionally, the impact of climate factors on the yield of the selected crops in the region was assessed. Research methods. The study was based on data on gross harvest and yields of the selected crops, corn and sunflower, in Chernihiv region during 2001-2020. Climate trends were represented by average air temperature and precipitation during the growing season for the same period. Spatial transformations of the region’s agricultural production were determined using the territorial concentration index. A number of calculations were carried out to assess the contribution of climatic factors to the dynamics of yields of the selected crops. They included the determination of 1) trend yields; 2) total and agrotechnical variance; 3) the share of the climatic factor in the total variance. Main findings. In 2001-2020, Chernihiv region observed a significant increase in heat supply, the length of the growing season, and the sum of effective temperatures. The climate trends of this period created suitable conditions for expanding of a number of heat-tolerant crops, including corn and sunflower, into the region. The study used them as selected crops to assess territorial transformations in agricultural production of this northern region of Ukraine. The analysis of statistical data showed that the sown area and gross harvest of corn and sunflower increased tenfold in Chernihiv region, and the local agroclimatic zones of their cultivation moved 125-150 km north. The main producers of corn and sunflower are still the forest-steppe areas of the region. At the same time, its Polissya part currently produces 25 to 30% of the gross harvest of these crops. Due to climate change in the region, the yield of the selected crops has increased significantly, exceeding the national average values by 37-43%. The «migration» of heat-tolerant crops to the region has considerably changed the specialization of agricultural production in this Polissya region. Based on the calculations, it was found that the contribution of the climatic factor to corn yields was maximum in 2001-2010 - 74%. The contribution of climatic trends to sunflower yield of the region was significantly lower - 53-56 % in different periods. Taking into account the results obtained, the study points out the need to develop effective measures for adapting agricultural production in Chernihiv region to climate change. Scientific novelty and practical value. The article describes for the first time the characteristics of territorial transformations in agricultural production of Chernihiv region in the context of climate change and assesses the contribution of the climatic factor to the dynamics of productivity of the selected crops in the region. The practical value of the study is the possibility of using its algorithm to conduct similar studies in other regions of Ukraine. The results of the study are important in the context of substantiating regional measures to adapt agricultural production to climate change.

CAUSES OF MIGRATION AND ITS IMPACT ON THE ECONOMY

Migration is a process with multi dimensions, which ambiguously effects on various components and individual parameters of the economic life of the host society. Furthermore, direction and intensity of this influence may be importantly different in each concrete case. Due to the specific of immigration, evaluation of its results is difficult task, which requires comprehensive and balanced analysis. It was traditionally considered that immigration provides host society with lost labor recourses and it significantly contributes in their economic development. Migrants often settle within their home region. However, a significant part of international migration takes place over long distances and, in particular, from emerging market and developing economies toward advanced economies. A major reason why people migrate is income differences between origin and destination countries. Richer countries attract more immigrants, especially from countries with younger populations. There is difficulty to evaluate effect of immigration on economic. This is impact on tax incomes and expenses of government. On one side, immigrants pay taxes, helping cover the cost of government. On the other side, they impose costs on the government, because their cars need roads to drive on, their children need schools to study in, and so on. Because many immigrants earn low wages and hence pay low taxes, some estimates suggest that immigrants cost more in additional spending than they pay in. Despite the above international policy coordination is needed to tackle the challenges from refugee migration. This includes sharing the costs from hosting refugees and fostering their integration with emerging and developing economies, such as language training and easier validation of professional titles, can help build even better outcomes from immigration in recipient countries. Keywords: War, labor migration, former international students as labor migrants, unemployment, specialization of agricultural production, protected schemes, increase of incomes.

Metabolism of microelements in cattle of the holsteen breed in biogeochemical conditions of the Astrakhan region

In connection with the intensification and specialization of agricultural production, in particular animal husbandry, in the Astrakhan region, the volume of work of veterinary specialists has sharply increased in carrying out planned measures to prevent and improve methods of treating internal noncommunicable diseases, as well as the study of metabolic disorders in productive animals, in particular, by application of biotic doses of microelements in animal husbandry. Our work presents data from biogeochemical studies of pasture ecosystems in the Astrakhan region.The studies were carried out in the spring -summer period of 2021-2022 on groups of different ages (6 months, 12 months, 36 months, 72 months) of Holstein cattle owned by citizens and farms of Limansky, Kamyzyaksky and Privolzhsky districts of the Astrakhan region.In addition, in 10 cattle animals, during planned slaughter, various tissues and organs were taken for analysis in order to determine the level of trace elements.Determination of the levels of trace elements in the ecosystem was carried out in the Astrakhan region at the latitude 46° 20’58" (46° 20'98) north latitude and longi tude 48°2'26" (48° 2'44) east longitude.Trace elements in the selected samples of the pasture ecosystem, as well as in the organs and tissues of cattle, were determined by the atomic absorption method. A low level of trace elements was found in the soil, plants and feed of the ecosystem of the Astrakhan region relative to the "reference" chernozem region, where animal hypomicroelementoses and regulatory data are not recorded.The highest concentration of iodine was recorded in the blood - 0.58 ± 0.008 mg/kg, and the lowest - in the muscle tissue (0.09 ± 0.002 mg/kg), the highest concentration of selenium was determined in the tissues of the kidneys and liver (0.74 ± 0.018 and 0 .72 ± 0.113 mg/kg, respectively), and the smallest - in the muscles and lungs. The concentration of manganese in the body of cattle ranged from 32.98 ± 1.18 to 67.46 ± 1.33 mg/kg.

КОМПЛЕКСНАЯ ОЦЕНКА РАЗВИТИЯ СЕЛЬСКОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА РОССИЙСКО-БЕЛОРУССКОГО ПРИГРАНИЧЬЯ

The main goal of this work is to search for new approaches to the study of agriculture in territories within which there are contrasts in the level of agricultural development in particular and the level of socio-economic development in general. The work uses methods of gravitational fields and economic-geographical profiling along the conventional line Minsk - Moscow, and also tests for the current state of agriculture the approach to assessing the agricultural specialization of territories, first proposed by I. von Thünen. The level of agricultural development, assessed using these methods, is presented in ten-year dynamics.The use of these methods made it possible to identify both poles of agricultural growth and depressed areas that lag behind in terms of the level of agricultural development and requirethe use of special instruments of institutional and socio-economic policy to support theagricultural industry. As a result of applying profiling techniques and building potential models within the Republic of Belarus, it was possible to identify two poles of agricultural growth, as well as assess the level of gap in agricultural indicators when crossing the border. It has been established that in recent years, within the Russian sector of the border area, there has been an accelerated development of agriculture, due to the policy of import substitution in key agricultural sectors. At the same time, the agriculture of the border region, in general, being on the periphery of the countries, underrealizes the potential of the geographical location between the two largest sales markets of the Union State and currently needs more intensive development. Another conclusion is the correspondence of the agricultural specialization of the regions of Mezhcapital to the one identified in the works of J. von Thünen according to theoretical ideas about the specialization of agricultural production at a distance from large cities.

China and Countries along the “Belt and Road”: Agricultural Trade Volatility Decomposition and Food Security

Agricultural products are essential for human survival, and strengthening agricultural trade cooperation between China and countries along the “Belt and Road” (B&R) can promote food security, but there are few studies on bilateral trade fluctuation factors in the literature. This paper uses the modified multi-country multi-product CMS (constant market share) model and the two-country multi-product CMS model to decompose the fluctuation of agricultural trade between China and B&R countries by stage, region, and agricultural product type. The results show that in recent years, in the fluctuation of China’s exports to B&R countries, in overall agricultural products, the demand effect plays a major hindering role, accounting for −9.2%; in the region, Southeast Asia has the largest share of trade, which is mainly pulled by the joint demand effect, structural effect and competitiveness effect; in specific agricultural products, animal, fruit and vegetable, and food processing products are mainly pulled by competitiveness. In the fluctuation of B&R countries’ export to China, in overall agricultural products, the demand effect pulls the largest share, accounting for 72.55%; in the region, Southeast Asia is mainly driven by the joint pull of demand effect, structural effect. and competitiveness effect; in specific agricultural products, animal, fruit and vegetable, and food processing products are mainly driven by the pull of demand effect. The findings of this paper can provide a basis for making decisions on food security cooperation between China and B&R countries.

Перспективные направления организационного и нормативного обеспечения продовольственной безопасности в Чеченской Республике

The article substantiates the perspective areas of normative and organizational support for food security in the Chechen Republic in comparison with those in Germany. The negative consequences of violation of environmental and land legislation in case of improper use of agricultural land are shown. The necessity of forming the «Republican Commission for Control over the State of the Environment and Food Security in the Chechen Republic» (RKKOSPB) is substantiated. Some of its functional tasks are given. In particular, the responsibility of the Commission is to develop the «Strategic Administrative and Legal Concept of Ecological and Food Security of the Chechen Republic for the period up to 2030». The problem of development of own seed production and local production of plant protection products (PPP) – the main determinants of agricultural development – was recognized as an important strategic task. RKKOSPB should pay serious attention to planning the territorial specialization of agricultural production, i.e. such an organization of production, in which in crop production the emphasis is on the selection of such an optimal ratio of cultivated crops that would be most adapted to specific local conditions.

ТИПОЛОГИЯ ЛИЧНЫХ ПОДСОБНЫХ ХОЗЯЙСТВ ПО ДАННЫМ ВСЕРОССИЙСКОЙ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОЙ ПЕРЕПИСИ 2016 Г.

The paper presents the results of the study, the aim of which is to develop a typology of subsidiary farms to study by type of labor force. The subject of the study is a system of statistical indicators; the object is a set of subsidiary farms in three regions with different agro-climatic conditions. The informational basis of the work was the impersonal data of the 2016All-Russian Agricultural Census on subsidiary farms engaged in agricultural production. The scientific novelty of the work consists in the development of the typology of subsidiary farms using multidimensional statistical method of cluster analysis, its validation, and description of types using a system of indicators of size, intensification and specialization of agricultural production. Three groups of subsidiary farms with reliable differences among themselves were identified in all three regions. The differences in the availability of labor resources according to the highlighted types were proven, but the available system of indicators does not allow for an in-depth analysis, as the census data do not contain information even on labor inputs. The study showed that the third cluster in all three regions studied is represented mainly by farms that are essentially no longer subsidiary farms, which indicates the need to revise the approach to the presentation of statistical data on agriculture in terms of the categories of farms. Agricultural products of the first and second types of subsidiary farms do not enter the market, have no market value, when conducting agricultural censuses in order to reduce costs and expand the program it is worth returning to the study of the introduction of census, as done in the European Union, USA and other countries with developed economies.

Transformation of the spatial structure of crop production of Cuba at the end of XX - beginning of XXI centuries

Despite the fact that agriculture is one of the oldest economic activities, this industry is constantly in the process of transformation and the speed of these changes is growing. However, these transformations are taking place in diverse ways in different countries and regions of the Earth. The article examines changes in Cuban agriculture that occurred after 1990 in connection with the collapse of the USSR. The disappearance of the Soviet Union from the political map of the world was not the only reason for the beginning of transformations in the Cuban economy, but it became a trigger for reforms in all sectors of the national economic complex. As a starting point for the study, the development of the agricultural sector of Cuba until 1990 was analyzed and the principles of economic policy implemented in the country to overcome the crisis that arose in the industry in the 1990s. The article examines changes in the spatial specialization of crop production in Cuba in recent decades, for which the Localization coefficients of the cultivated areas. This coefficient was calculated for the main agricultural crops (sugar cane, bananas, citrus fruits, fruits, rice, short-cycle food crops and forage crops) and their dynamics for period 1989-2016. Since 1990, there has been a diversification of agriculture in Cuba with an increase in the importance of food crops. According to the results of the study, it can be concluded that the changes that have occurred in the structure of sown areas and their territorial distribution are associated with the need to provide the population of Cuba with food. This led to a reduction in the cultivation of export crops and changes in the specialization of agricultural production at the level of provinces.