Special Tendency Research Articles

Церковная дипломатия и межправославные отношения в эпоху гонений: опыт святого Патриарха Тихона

Article on the views and actions of Patriarch Tikhon (Bellavin) of Moscow and All Russia in the field of Inter-Orthodox relations in 1917–1925. It is shown that this direction was not a priority for His Holiness Tikhon in the context of full-scale persecution of the Russian Orthodox Church, especially since he had minimal opportunities to maintain contacts with other Local Churches. Unlike the leaders of a number of other Churches (Constantinople, Romanian, etc.), St. Tikhon in his ministry was guided not by political or nationalist motives, but by spiritual, moral and pastoral ones, adhering to the evangelical and canonical norms of the Orthodox Church. He sought to resolve controversial issues peacefully and amicably (for example, in the case of Georgian autocephaly), but did not always meet with a reciprocal desire to act in the same way. He was alien to any kind of jurisdictional selfishness. The main thing for him was the preservation of loyalty to Orthodoxy on the part of the multinational flock of the Russian Church. This, in particular, determined his rejection of the idea of Polish autocephaly. The warmest relations under Patriarch Tikhon were with the Serbian and Antiochian Orthodox Churches. Most of all, problems arose in the Constantinople direction, due to the extreme politicization of the Fanar and its special tendency to trample on the moral and canonical norms of the Orthodox Church.

Partial Reprogramming as a Method for Regenerating Neural Tissues in Aged Organisms.

Aging causes numerous age-related diseases, leading the human species to death. Nevertheless, rejuvenating strategies based on cell epigenetic modifications are a possible approach to counteract disease progression while getting old. Cell reprogramming of adult somatic cells toward pluripotency ought to be a promising tool for age-related diseases. However, researchers do not have control over this process as cells lose their fate, and cause potential cancerous cells or unexpected cell phenotypes. Direct and partial reprogramming were introduced in recent years with distinctive applications. Although direct reprogramming makes cells lose their identity, it has various applications in regeneration medicine. Temporary and regulated in vivo overexpression of Yamanaka factors has been shown in several experimental contexts to be achievable and is used to rejuvenate mice models. This regeneration can be accomplished by altering the epigenetic adult cell signature to the signature of a younger cell. The greatest advantage of partial reprogramming is that this method does not allow cells to lose their identity when they are resetting their epigenetic clock. It is a regimen of short-term Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc expression in vivo that prevents full reprogramming to the pluripotent state and avoids both tumorigenesis and the presence of unwanted undifferentiated cells. We know that many neurological age-related diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, stroke, dementia, and Parkinson's disease, are the main cause of death in the last decades of life. Therefore, scientists have a special tendency regarding neuroregeneration methods to increase human life expectancy.

Geneza politike istorije Holokausta - studija slučaja - Republika Srbija 1945-2020

The ways of preserving and transferring the memory of the Holocaust committed in Yugoslavia in general, and especially within the German military-occupation zone "Serbia", have been the subject of analysis by numerous research projects. Most of the mentioned projects studied the period from the end of Second World War, until the first decade of the XXI century, while a negligible number of scholars attempted to theoretically frame the researched phenomenon. For this reason, the article tries to, through the analysis of the Holocaust history politics practiced by the Republic of Serbia during the period from 1945 to 2020, update the previous research on this topic as well as point out the stages in the mentioned politics genesis in order to conceptually frame them and offer for them preliminary explanations. Looking at the Holocaust history politics of the Republic of Serbia, i.e. its institutional practices, through the theoretical framework of memory studies, the research findings are based on the content analysis of documents published by prominent institutional actors during the aforementioned period. In particular, the documents and publications of the Federal Association of Fighters of the National Liberation War (SUBNOR), the Museum of Genocide Victims and the "Staro Sajmište" Memorial Center are analyzed, as well as documents from other relevant bodies and state institutions. Based on the available documents analysis and a review of scientific literature, the paper advocates the thesis of the existence of three phases within the Serbia's Holocaust history politics genesis, which are characterized by special tendencies (conditioned by social frameworks) when it comes to preserving and transferring the memory of the genocide committed against the Jewish communities of the German military-occupation zone "Serbia". The first phase represents the period 1945-1991 when the abstraction and leveling of the Holocaust victims is the norm. The second phase covers the period 1991-2011, during which the explicit naming of Holocaust victims occurs, but also their intertwining with Serbian and Roma victims. During the third phase (2011-2020), the explicit naming of the Jewish victims of the Holocaust as well as the Roma victims of Samudaripen persists, on the one hand, while at the same time striving for their (institutional) separation from the victims of the genocide committed against the Serbian people. The political landscape has significantly influenced how this history is remembered and commemorated, often reflecting broader regional and global contexts as well as their respective narratives about the Holocaust.

Indonesia's Humanitarian Diplomacy in Providing Aid for Cyclone Mocha Disaster in Myanmar and its Impact on Security and Stability in Asean

Cyclone Mocha in Myanmar has caused disruption to government activities in Myanmar. This disruption is one of the security threats that needs to be responded appropriately so that it does not have an impact on regional security stability. Indonesia as the bearer of the ASEAN chairmanship needs to take a diplomatic stance in providing humanitarian assistance so as not to trigger conflict. Therefore, Indonesia's humanitarian diplomacy efforts at this moment need to be analyzed in order to become a lesson for the future. The method used in this study is a literature study that analyzes data inductively based on relevant information from sources available on the internet. The study found that Indonesia's humanitarian diplomacy still pays attention to regional security interests. Indonesia sent aid through the AHA Center as an ASEAN disaster agency and directly on behalf of the Indonesian people. Sending aid on behalf of the Indonesian people shows Indonesia's neutrality towards Myanmar's military junta government. This method is accepted by the local government because it is considered to have no special tendencies that take advantage of Myanmar's national emergency conditions. Indonesia's humanitarian diplomacy in ASEAN, especially Myanmar, reflects the Indonesian state's efforts to promote and protect human rights, peace, stability and prosperity in the ASEAN region. This shows Indonesia's commitment to maintaining security stability in the region through mobilizing humanitarian solidarity

Trends of development of Azerbaijan’s banking sector

Aim. To identify new trends in the development of the banking sector of Azerbaijan, one of the key links in the national economy of the country, based on the analysis of its condition in the last five years.Tasks. To analyse the mandate of the Central Bank of Azerbaijan (CBA), the structure of the country’s banking market, the level of banks’ capitalisation; to sum up the results of the analysis; to formulate proposals for improving the situation.Methods. The study relies on a systematic approach to solving the set tasks. The article presents different points of view of authors and analysts regarding reforms in the banking sector of Azerbaijan. The dialectical approach to the analysis of the main phenomena and regularities, as well as the systematic approach to the disclosure of the key factors of development of the national banking sector of the country served as the methodological basis of the study.Results. The main trends in the development of the banking sector of Azerbaijan were analysed, its current state was assessed, and the mandate of the CBA was determined. The research shows that the growth of the banking market, new trends in the expansion of banking services create significant qualitative changes in this market. During the year, the banking sector as a whole showed resistance to exogenous shocks.Conclusions. In the banking business of Azerbaijan, one of the special tendencies manifested in the activity of the banking services market is technological improvement and expansion of application of modern automatic systems. The analysis showed that in recent years, despite the growth of current expenses in the activity of banks, the most modern and productive communication technologies replacing labour-intensive processes are introduced. The mandate of the CBA was focused mainly on monetary policy, ensuring regulation and development of interbank centralised and other unlicensed payment systems. Monetary policy implemented by the CBA has been aimed at mitigating inflationary pressures. Although high global inflation remains risky in the context of uncertainty due to the global geopolitical and geo-economic situation, the accelerated recovery of economic growth, the country’s trade surplus and the increase in strategic foreign exchange reserves allow the macroeconomic environment of the financial system to remain stable.

The Influence of Production and Destruction of O Isotopes in Red Giant Stars

Thermonuclear reaction rates are calculated for three oxygen isotopes 14,15,16O in CNO cycles reactions occurring in red giant stars. These reactions are:, , , , and . Reaction rates have been calculated using Matlab codes, and related comparisons were made with NACRE II and Reaclib libraries, and the ratios of production to the destruction of 15,16O isotopes were found. Present reaction rate results were close to most of the selected reactions, and in some cases larger with a factor of 1-3. 15,16O production to destruction ratios indicated a special tendency to saturate at temperatures higher than ~ 2 GK, and these ratios were in general larger than 1 indicating an excess of producing such isotopes in red giant stars.

Reply to My Critics

ABSTRACT In this article, I engage with the queries, comments, and suggestions raised by my commentators. In response to Lähteenmäki, I focus on Descartes’ understanding of the role of prejudice in our pre-Meditation experiences to explain how an engagement with the Meditations can change the mind’s understanding of itself. In relation to Boeker, I highlight that for Locke expressions of esteem should ideally be based on insights afforded through the use of reason. I address Clay’s concerns by arguing that it would be reductive to conceive of Humean sympathy as a mere conversion process. In reply to Alweiss, I focus on Rousseau’s arguments from human nature and the tension arising from them when seen in relation to his understanding of male and female virtue. To engage Reichert’s concerns about Herder’s expansive conception of knowledge, I argue that for Herder coherence plays a crucial role in justifying sympathetically acquired beliefs. I finally re-examine Kant’s distinction between Wille and Willkür, and the causes he takes to be responsible for giving reason a special tendency, to respond to O’Shea’s questions about maxims.

Ethical issues in assertive outreach and crisis intervention teams

IntroductionAssistance to people suffering serious mental illnesses has undergone large variations in the last twocenturies. After World War II, The community became a new destination for them.But hardly anyone knew how to cope with mental illness in thecommunity. Thus, several initiatives arose in the US. Both social work and psychiatry,moved towards a pragmatic point of view by the rising tide of patients seeking help: initiatives trying to providesolutions to themost basic needs of patients: accommodation, food,medical care, takingof medication, etc. By the 1970s, Mary Ann Test and LeonardStein had proven the effectiveness of theirLife Coaching in Madison, Wisconsin. In 1981 his program is disseminated by several states under the name of Assertive TreatmentCommunity and thus spread throughout the United Statesand Canada, Australia and Europe. Psychiatry has recognized it as the program that got the most for supporting the community model. 50 years later the basics of the TAC model remain more or less thesame. But home interventions caused a continuous conflict in the ethical field notwell addressed…ObjectivesWHY IS AN ACT team a fertile ground for ethicalconflicts?This approach is coercive or assertive?There are several reasons. There is a specific ETHICAL ENVIRONMENT in THE ACT team1.“Diffusion of Responsibility”-2. Mutual confirmation bias:3. There is a tendency to think that professionals areethical by nature.4. Biased search for information when problems arise.Sources are sought to confirm us before clarifying whathappened5. A special tendency to conformism.6.Repetitive responses.MethodsWe will analyze the main ethical conflicts arising in ACT teams:1. CONFLICTS OF AUTONOMY2. PRIVACY AND CONFIDENTIALITY ISSUES3. CONFLICTS OF DUTIES4. ASSERTIVENESS VERSUS COERCIONResultsThe great challenge is knowing how and when to intervenewith patients with variable decision-making capacity orwithout any insight, as well as the impact on theirautonomy. It is an exercise both in art and inphenomenological training: Because there are subtledeficits, difficult to appreciate, but there are otherdeficits that are obvious.ConclusionsThe challenge: balancing the needs and safety of thecommunity with the needs and safety of the individual.ACT teams staff must juggle both perspectives, whilemaintaining a therapeutic alliance.The continuous contact with the patient in an ACT teamgives, especially to clinicians, a privileged place ofobservation to act correctly in those situations and to be asupport so that whoever arrives lacking in affectivity orwith relational problems could grow until reaching a moreprudent and competent judgment.WHAT COULD HAPPEN IF WE TRAIN PROFESSIONAL IN BIOETHICS MORE IN PATIENT´S RIGHTS, A FIELD FOR LAWYERS??Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

АНАЛИЗ НАЗВАНИЙ КИТАЙСКИХ БЛЮД С ТОПОНИМАМИ НА ФОНЕ ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКОЙ ТИПОЛОГИИ

The article discusses the features of the dish names with toponyms in Chinese, Japanese, English, and Italian. The relevance of the presented work lies in that the study of food culture in different countries plays an important role in intercultural communication. The aim of the work is to establish the types of such names and analyze their linguistic features, identify the cognitive mechanism of thinking and highlight the commonality in the form of expressing the dish names with toponyms between the above-mentioned languages. The names of dishes with toponyms in Chinese, Japanese, English and Italian are used as the research material. This study uses descriptive, comparative, deductive and inductive methods. In Chinese the names of dishes with toponyms, indicating the origin of the kitchen raw materials or the method of cooking are common. The factors influencing the formation of such names are divided into intralinguistic and extralinguistic. Extralinguistic factors include the structure of encyclopedic knowledge and people’s subjective attention. Intralinguistic factor includes the special tendency of bilingualization for the Chinese language. The cognitive process of the formation of these dish names includes the conceptualization and formulation of important semantic elements. We agree with the views of Cornelia Gerhardt and her co-authors, that the construction of food names with toponyms N1N2 (toponym+main kitchen ingredient/main kitchen ingredient+toponym) is common in the languages of the world. But in Chinese there are also other patterns for naming dishes: N1N2N3, N1VN2, N1AN2, N1A1A2N2, N1N2VN3, N1VAN2 and et al. It can be seen that, there is a common ground between the ways of thinking and knowledge structures of different nationalities, and on the other hand, it shows the difference between them. Chinese dishes are famous for the variety of cooking methods and the unique taste combinations.

Freedom and the Machine: Technological Criticisms in Adam Smith’s Thought

In conversations surrounding technology and the future of politics, Adam Smith is a valuable resource for evaluating the subtle relationship between technology and freedom. Smith explores the tendency of specialization occasioned by the advancement of machines to cause “mental mutilation” where the worker’s human faculties are stunted through overspecialization or narrowing of scope of opportunities to judge. Smith’s treatment of the development of sympathetic judgment as necessary to the practice of liberty illuminates the depth of the harms caused by this mutilation; it is the very freedom of the worker that is at stake when the development and the exercise of judgment are restricted. Taken together, Smith’s discussion of the advancement of machines and free and independent judgment can aid contemporary thinkers in understanding the relationship between technology and freedom in commercial society, particularly if new technologies substitute for the judgment of the worker or prevent the development of their judgment.

Investigation on Iranian Translators’ Awareness of Semantic Prosody

In recent years, with the advent of technology and increasing international communication, translation became more important than before especially translation of politics, great novels, books, and news .so researchers have to determine challenging issues in translating and communication process in order to have higher quality in translation and communication. One of these challenges is semantic prosody that first introduced by Sinclair (1987) as a special tendency of words to occur in special semantic prosody. This research is based on both qualitative with search analysis design and quantitative by drafting a questioner with 56 participants from the Islamic Azad University of Isfahan (khorasgan) branch. As a result, the charts show that despite the importance of knowing semantic prosody there is still a lack of knowledge in semantic prosody among Persian translators. There should be a special dictionary for demonstrating semantic prosody of words and in the translation training, there should be more attention on translation challenges.

Stratification processes in Uzbek society

The stratification processes taking place in the newly independent states of the post-Soviet space have both common starting principles and special tendencies. Under the conditions of market reforms, stratification processes are deepening. Based on a comparative analysis of various approaches, the author identified nine types of stratification systems and their general historical nature. A summary description of the specifics of each of them is provided. As a special feature, the article shows the division of Uzbek society into various social strata and strata according to their status indicators.

The Effect of Single Sport Specialization in Youth Sports: A Prospective Cohort Study

Objectives:Large numbers of youth participate in both team and individual sports. In recent years, sports specialization has become increasingly popularized in younger athletes. There is concern that early sports specialization increases the risk of overuse injuries in youth athletes. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the prevalence of sport specialization in youth athletes, and prospectively examine whether specialization correlates with an increased incidence of athletic injury.Methods:895 high school freshman athletes were enrolled starting in 2016, with the intent of following them through the completion of their high school careers. They were recruited from 3 high schools within the same school district. Sports specialization was defined as participating in a single sport in excess of 6 months of the year at the exclusion of other sports. Athletes’ demographic information, sport commitment and injury history were collected through a sports specialization and injury survey. The same athletes were queried again at the conclusion of each season to collect injury information. Athletic training records were used to corroborate, in order to ensure capture of all injuries reported to health care personnel.Results:Of the 895 athletes, 216 (24.1%) reported sport specialization at some point during their high school sports careers. Specialized athletes were exposed to significantly more sports activity (8.41 hours/week vs 7.10 hours/week, p<0.00001 ). They were also much more likely (70.6% vs 25.1%, p< .00001) to compete on a club or travel team for their sport. Male athletes were more likely to specialize than females (27.0% vs 19.3%, p<0.0072). Baseball (12.1% of specialized athletes vs 4.9% of all athletes, p<0.000032) main sport athletes were the only athletes significantly more likely to report specialization. Specialized athletes were significantly more likely than their nonspecialized counterparts to report an injury (39.8% vs 33.2%, p< 0.0271). These athletes suffered from higher severity injuries, requiring more time to recover than their peers. (p<0.0483). Despite the higher propensity for injury in specialized athletes and greater tendency for specialization in males, female athletes were more likely to report injures (p<0.0053). The most common reported injuries were of the knee, ankle, and head (18.6%, 18.2%, 16.6% of all injuries respectively). Season ending injuries were also most commonly knee, ankle, and head injuries (48.5%, 15.2%, 12.1% respectively), with 30.3% of all reported season ending injuries being ACL tears.Conclusions:Specialized student athletes tend to have significantly more injuries than non-specialized athletes, as well as more severe injuries than non-specialized athletes. This is one of the largest and most comprehensive studies to date, evaluating the effect of sports specialization on the incidence of athletic injury in high school athletes.

Promiscuous specialists: Host specificity patterns among generalist louse flies.

Ectoparasites such as louse flies (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) have tendency for host specialization, which is driven by adaptation to host biology as well as competition avoidance between parasites of the same host. However, some louse fly species, especially in genera attacking birds, show wide range of suitable hosts. In the presented study, we have surveyed the current status of bird specific louse flies in Finland to provide comprehensive host association data to analyse the ecological requirements of the generalist species. A thorough sampling of 9342 birds, representing 134 species, recovered 576 specimens of louse flies, belonging to six species: Crataerina hirundinis, C. pallida, Ornithomya avicularia, O. chloropus, O. fringillina and Ornithophila metallica. Despite some overlapping hosts, the three Ornithomya species showed a notable pattern in their host preference, which was influenced not only by the host size but also by the habitat and host breeding strategy. We also provide DNA barcodes for ten Finnish species of Hippoboscidae, which can be used as a resource for species identification as well as metabarcoding studies in the future.

Investigation on Productivity of Synonym Words with Different Semantic Prosody in English

“Semantic prosody” has been researched since the first claim of Sinclair in (1987). Since then, semantic prosody became one of the most important issues in language studies as a linguistic phenomenon. In 1993, Louw defined semantic prosody as a special tendency of words, which might be in a pleasant environment that creates a ‘positive semantic prosody’ or in an unpleasant environment that creates a ‘negative semantic prosody’. The current research is based on a corpus analysis design, in “COCA” and “COHA”. Two synonym pair words of “Start/Begin” and “Guide/Lead to” were chosen as a case study. Representative number of each word was estimated by “Cochran’s formula”. This study is concentrated on investigation of the fact that while negative semantic prosodies are much more frequent than words with positive semantic prosody, but based on the linguistic positivity bias and “The Pollyanna hypothesis” which is introduced by Boucher and Osgood (1969), in English, the productivity of words with positive semantic prosody in synonym pairs, is more than productivity of negative semantic productivity. This fact might be due to the social interactions, the emotional content of words and linguistic behavior. It is notable to say that people tend to talk more about the brighter side than the darker side of life. This discrepancy makes words’ choosing somehow problematic for translators and English learners.

Transport lexicography: history and the present

The development of transport lexicography in retrospect, starting with the first transport technical dictionaries (railway and others), shown. An almost exhaustive list (55 titles) of the dictionaries that have been published so far that make up the transport lexicography with Russian as the main language or one of the languages included in the transport dictionaries given. The multilingual form of the first dictionaries noted, covering the languages of those countries where, by the time of the constitution of the railway network in Russia, railways had advanced development. The stage of updating transport technical dictionaries by the middle of the XX century considered. The characteristics of the current state in the field of foreign-language and Russian-language terminological transport dictionaries, including terminological dictionaries, as well as their new types, such as dictionaries of abbreviations, are given. The coverage of the transport lexicography of the main types of transport (except for pipeline transport) shown. The tendency of specialization of dictionaries in the field of one type of transport and the revival of multilingual dictionaries, including the use of ‘new’ languages for transport lexicography (Kazakh, Mongolian, Ukrainian), where Russian is not the state language after the collapse of the USSR, noted. Recommendations for the further development of transport lexicography, including the continuation and expansion of the practice of issuing highly specialized dictionaries along with universal transport dictionaries, as well as specialization of electronic dictionaries as a way to improve their quality and speed up work with them formulated.

THE PROHIBITED SPEECH ON THE SACRED PROFANE IN THE LITERATURE OF THE ARAB WOMAN: AREEJ 'ASSAF DAMOUNI'S NOVEL: “ANA ISTITHNA … FAHDAR / I AM AN EXCEPTION…BEWARE!" AS A SAMPLE

Each woman has her own creative moment and her special tendency for creativity. The woman has taken responsibility to express herself in a literary writing that interrogates feelings and experiences that differ from those that the man expresses in his writing. Through her writing, the woman can crystallize characteristics and features that light areas and spaces that have been considered shameful throughout the period during which the man has monopolized writing creative texts. In writing, the woman can give up the 'moral' requirements that surround her as an objectified woman, who submits to the 'will' of society, in order to be able to come closer to those intimate spots that make her entity appear in its particularity, its distinction, and its opposition to the prevailing values of masculinity. The woman has proved that she can produce literature of high quality from the perspective of her human suffering that rages through emotional feelings that are unique literarily, physically and intellectually. Because the Arab woman has read and written for decades according to the conditions of the man and under a curtain of several ideological wrappings, her voice has remained excluded and she has remained forbidden to make her voice heard, to show her concerns and to express her opinion. As a result of unjust social measures, we see that many Arab women writers have broken their silence and started crying loudly. Among these writers is the Palestinian writer Areej 'Assaf Damouny, who wrote the novel Ana Istithna'… Fahdar/ I am an Exception…Beware. Like other women writers, Areej 'Assaf Damouni seems to say in her discourse: We are in need of women who reveal a genius that exceeds and challenges the man's genius, which implies a call for the woman to enter worlds that have been a monopoly for the man. Article visualizations:

Linguistic analysis in politically correct discourse (on the English language media content)

The problem of the research is the insufficient study of political correctness (PC) in the intercultural and linguistic aspects, as well as the urgent need to establish its status in the modern integrated culture. The relevance of the study is due to there is no unified approach to the analysis of the concept of PC in the political sphere. There is a special ideological cultural and behavioral linguistic tolerant tendency in the contrary to expressions subjected to public ostracism due to the fact that the speeches of public figures contain too many politically incorrect statements. Thus, the “listener” may have an internal protest against the use of PC vocabulary in everyday life, although its use is forced upon society by all types of media. The study is touch upon the analysis of the vast corpus of statements by US President D. Trump on Twitter, as well as other open Internet sources. The problem of studying PC was dealt with as Russian scientists, such as A.B. Ostroukh, M. Yu. Palazhchenko, Yu.L. Gumanova, S.G. - Ter Minasova, L.V. Tsurikova and others, as well as their foreign colleagues: Paul Berman, Deborah Cameron and others. The aim of research is to attempt to describe the PC category in terms of cultural, behavioral and linguistic perspectives. In accordance with the tasks set for the study the following methods were used: descriptive method, methods of distributive, component, quantitative and comparative analysis. The results could be used in educational and methodological activities as well as preparation of materials on cultural linguistics, lexicology, linguistic stylistics submissions, etc. The further research course plans to establish the relationship between the occasional euphemistic vocabulary.

Linguistic features of a politically correct English language discourse

The problem of the research is the insufficient study of political correctness (PC) in the intercultural and linguistic aspects, as well as the urgent need to establish its status in the modern integrated culture. The relevance of the study is due to there is no unified approach to the analysis of the concept of PC in the political sphere. There is a special ideological cultural and behavioural linguistic tolerant tendency on the contrary to expressions subjected to public ostracism because the speeches of public figures contain too many politically incorrect statements. Thus, the “listener” may have an internal protest against the use of PC vocabulary in everyday life, although its use is forced upon society by all types of media. The study is touch upon the analysis of the vast corpus of statements by US President D. Trump on Twitter, as well as other open Internet sources. The problem of studying PC was dealt with as Russian scientists, such as A.B. Ostroukh, M. Yu. Palazhchenko, Yu.L. Gumanova, S.G. Ter Minasova, L.V. Tsurikova and others, as well as their foreign colleagues: Paul Berman, Deborah Cameron and others. The research aims to attempt to describe the PC category in terms of cultural, behavioural and linguistic perspectives. By the tasks set for the study, the following methods were used: descriptive method, methods of distributive, component, quantitative and comparative analysis. The results could be used in educational and methodological activities as well as preparation of materials on cultural linguistics, lexicology, linguistic stylistics submissions, etc. The further research course plans to establish the relationship between the occasional euphemistic vocabulary.

Growth and epiphytic behavior of three Gambierdiscus species (Dinophyceae) associated with various macroalgal substrates

Species of the benthic dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus produce polyether neurotoxins that caused ciguatera fish/shellfish poisoning in human. The toxins enter marine food webs by foraging of herbivores on the biotic substrates like macroalgae that host the toxic dinoflagellates. Interaction of Gambierdiscus and their macroalgal substrate hosts is believed to shape the tendency of substrate preferences and habitat specialization. This was supported by studies that manifested epiphytic preferences and behaviors in Gambierdiscus species toward different macroalgal hosts. To further examine the supposition, a laboratory-based experimental study was conducted to examine the growth, epiphytic behaviors and host preferences of three Gambierdiscus species towards four macroalgal hosts over a culture period of 40 days. The dinoflagellates Gambierdiscus balechii, G. caribaeus, and a new ribotype, herein designated as Gambierdiscus type 7 were initially identified based on the thecal morphology and molecular characterization. Our results showed that Gambierdiscus species tested in this study exhibited higher growth rates in the presence of macroalgal hosts. Growth responses and attachment behaviors, however, differed among different species and strains of Gambierdiscus over different macroalgal substrate hosts. Cells of Gambierdiscus mostly attached to substrate hosts at the beginning of the experiments but detached at the later time. Localized Gambierdiscus-host interactions, as demonstrated in this study, could help to better inform efforts of sampling and monitoring of this benthic toxic dinoflagellate.