Special Period Research Articles

Smallholder farming for sustainable development: lessons on public policy from the Cuban agroecological transition

ABSTRACT The persistence of the peasantry challenges conceptualizations of smallholders on both the left and the right. It also highlights the vital role that smallholders play in socio-ecosystems. This paper uses the Cuban agroecological transition to re-think the role that smallholders play in development discourse and practice. By analyzing the public policies that Cuba enacted after the Special Period, this article derives several public policy lessons – including securing land tenure, localizing food production and regulating market development – to inform smallholder-driven transition elsewhere. These lessons provide important points of departure for efforts to improve the social, economic and ecological dynamics of smallholder agriculture.

Management of agricultural business in war conditions: features of accounting and taxation

The publication is devoted to the development of recommendations for agricultural enterprises on the accounting of special operations to ensure the management function under martial law. The main problems of business production, which are the result of Russia's military aggression against Ukraine, are highlighted. The article summarizes the features of information support for the needs of management in martial law. The expediency of liberalizing the requirements for primary accounting for the special period is substantiated, which will allow adapting the documentation system to the specifics of organizing business processes under martial law. The main changes in the organization of labor relations and accounting for payments to employees are indicated. The procedure for taxation of charitable assistance is reflected, considering changes in the current legislation, the procedure for assessing charitable assistance, and a methodology for its accounting when providing and receiving is proposed. An algorithm for providing state assistance to small and medium-sized agricultural producers through the compensation of the interest rate on attracted loans has been studied, and a method for accounting for such assistance has been proposed. It is singled out as a specific object of accounting, the property of enterprises, which, due to its territorial location in the zone of active hostilities, in the zone of temporary occupation or other negative factors of the influence of the war, has become unuseful. It is concluded that the procedure for determining the amount of the expected recovery of an asset and losses from reducing its applicability, which is given in NSA No 28, cannot be applied in the event of the destruction of property (full or partial) and due to other negative factors of war impact. Such an assessment procedure should be determined by the state centrally, considering current wastage and losses from lost profits in the future; the procedure for accounting for the loss of utility of such property is proposed. The possibilities of tax management of agricultural enterprises to change the taxation system under martial law have been studied and methodological modes of reflection in the accounting of calculations for a single tax of payers of the 3rd group are offered.

Chemical Compositions in Winter PM2.5 in Changzhou of the Yangtze River Delta Region, China: Characteristics and Atmospheric Responses Along With the Different Pollution Levels

Changzhou, a typical industrial city located in the center of the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region, has experienced serious air pollution in winter. However, Changzhou still receives less attention compared with other big cities in YRD. In this study, a four-month PM2.5sampling campaign was conducted in Changzhou, China from 1 November 2019, to 1 February 2020. The period covers the entire wintertime and includes first week of the Level 1 response stage of the lockdown period due to the outbreak of COVID-19. The mean PM2.5concentrations were 67.9 ± 29.0 μg m−3, ranging from 17.4 to 157.4 μg m−3. Secondary inorganic ions were the most abundant species, accounting for 37 and 50% during the low and high PM2.5pollution periods, respectively. Nitrogen oxidation ratio (NOR) during the high PM concentration level period was twice the low PM concentration period whereas sulfur oxidation ratio (SOR) showed a less significant increase. This represents that nitrate formation is potentially the predominant factor controlling the occurrence of PM pollution. The analysis of NOR, SOR as functions of relative humidity (RH) and ozone (O3) concentrations suggest that the sulfate formation was mainly through aqueous-phase reaction, while nitrate formation was driven by both photochemistry and heterogeneous reaction. And, excess ammonium could promote the formation of nitrate during the high PM period, indicating that ammonia gas played a critical role in regulating nitrate. Furthermore, a special period-Chinese New Year overlapping first week of COVID-19 lockdown period, offered a precious window to study the impact of human activity pattern changes on air pollution variation. During the special period, the average PM2.5mean concentration was 60.4 μg m−3, which did not show in a low value as expected. The declines in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions led to rapid increases in O3and atmospheric oxidizing capacity, as well as sulfate formation. The chemical profiles and compositions obtained during different periods provide a scientific basis for establishing efficient atmospheric governance policies in the future.

The Relationship between Urban Public Art and Regional Environment Based on Wireless Network Technology.

The relationship between urban public art and regional environment based on wireless network technology is studied. Combining domestic specific cases and referring to sociology, art, and design thinking, combing about the relationship between the city's public art and the regional environment, and further integration of its relationship components, at the same time, the planning study of Changning district, Shanghai, and the actual operation of the Shanghai Pudong International Airport, which incorporates the regional mesolevel background, are examples for case analysis. In reference cases and practical cases, they are deduced in sequence, starting from the environmental context of urban areas to the evolution model of public art. Moreover, the specific event background also constitutes a special opportunity period for the sudden growth of public art.

Оптимізація моделей бізнесу державних банків в умовах посилення вимог до фінансової безпеки у 2022 році

The article focuses on the financial results of Ukrainian banks with the participation of the state in capital for 2021. The authors analyze the contribution of each bank with state participation in the capital to the overall result of the banking system, as well as their share in the markets of deposits, loans, securities. The authors present calculations that compare the results of activities with 2020, as well as the results of twenty banks of foreign financial groups and banks with private capital. The comparative dynamics of the indicators of the main markets of active and passive banking operations for the period 2008 - 2021 is calculated. In a tense external economic situation, the authors propose approaches to the strategic direction of development of public sector banks and ways to increase their impact on the overall security of money circulation in the country in the event of a special period. The calculations that allow specialists to compare the financial results, the role and place of each bank with state participation with foreign financial groups banks and banks with private capital. The dynamics of changes in the resource base of banks at the expense of legal entities and individuals, as well as the dynamics of credit and investment portfolios of legal entities and individuals are presented. Proposals for the organization of bank management control, where the state is a shareholder, are provided, and independent supervisory boards of banks are formed. The main macroeconomic trends that influenced the development of banks in 2021 are considered. The importance of resuming the Government's cooperation with the International Monetary Fund in 2021, as well as the importance of implementing the strategy of development of banks with participation of the state in capital in order to increase the capitalization of this sector and attract foreign capital to direct investment in the banking sector is stressed. The article provides an opportunity for potential investors in the Ukrainian banking market to assess the attractiveness of working in Ukraine, taking into account the results of two dozen foreign financial groups that have been in business for more than twenty years.

The study of mental illness in Iraq and its common trends: A systematic review

Background and Objectives: Most of the population worldwide is suffering from mental illness due to one reason, or other but very limited data is available specifically in Iraq. Iraq has had a long history of wars and terrorist activities during the last four decades. Limited research is carried out that focus specifically on mental health and its related subheadings to understand the trends of research in this field. Therefore, this systematic review aims to understand the connection between the studies in a special period on mental health and the areas that these papers cover in this field. Methods: by using the protocol of PRISMA, 33 full-length English language articles were searched in the major databases, (PubMed, EMBASE and MEDLINE). With the help of specific keywords like "mental health in Iraq," "anxiety," "depression," "Iraq survey," "Psychosis," "postpartum," "prevalence of mental illness in Iraq," "Prevalence of Mental disorders in Iraq." 14 articles were finally selected for further data extraction. Result: findings revealed a wide coverage of different factors like violence, war, individuals with diabetes, stressful environment, infertile women, parents of children with cancer, and old aged are responsible for mental health problems. Topics such as child and adolescent mental health include hospital-based studies on psychiatric problems of children, community-based investigation on the mental health of a different group of minorities, the prevalence rate among different age groups child and adolescent population, and studies on prevention and intervention strategies for boosting mental health care in the area should be considered for further detail investigation. Conclusion: This systematic review indicated that research in the mental health field needs to be reconsidered regarding the priorities and focuses according to the need of country. Though major factors have been identified but there is an uneven distribution of the present mental health situation and published studies.

PROVISION OF THE INFORMATION FUNCTION OF AGRICULTURAL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT IN CONDITIONS OF MARTIAL LAW: FEATURES OF ACCOUNTING AND AUDITING

The publication is devoted to the development of recommendations for agricultural enterprises on the accounting of special operations to ensure the management function in conditions of martial law. The main problems of doing business, which are a consequence of Russia’s military aggression against Ukraine, are highlighted. The article summarizes the features of information support for the needs of agrarian business management in conditions of martial law. The expediency of liberalization of requirements for primary accounting for the period of a special period is substantiated, which will allow adaptation of the documentation system to the specifics of the organization of business processes in conditions of martial law. The main changes in the organization of labor relations and accounting for payments to employees are identified. The procedure for taxation of charitable assistance taking into account changes in current legislation, the procedure for assessing charitable assistance and the method of accounting for its provision and receipt are proposed. The procedure for providing state aid to small and medium-sized agricultural producers through the compensation of interest rates on loans has been studied, and the method of accounting for such aid has been proposed. The property of enterprises, which is due to its territorial location in the zone of active hostilities, in the zone of temporary occupation or due to other negative factors of the war, is singled out as a specific object of accounting that has lost its usefulness. It is concluded that the procedure for determining the amount of expected return on assets and losses from impairment, given in NP (S) BU №28, cannot be used in case of destruction of property (full or partial) and as a result of other negative factors of the war. Such an assessment procedure should be determined by the state centrally, taking into account current losses and losses from lost profits in the future. The order of accounting of losses of usefulness of such property is offered. Possibilities of tax management of agricultural enterprises to change the system of business taxation under martial law have been studied. Methodical methods of reflection in the accounting of calculations for the single tax of payers of the 3rd group are offered.

The Effects of City Lockdown Policy on Frozen Embryo Transfer Outcome during COVID-19 Epidemic in Hubei Province, China.

Objective To evaluate whether there is a difference in clinical pregnancy rate and live birth rate between the corresponding period in 2019 and COVID-19 city lockdown period in 2020 in frozen embryo transfer (FET). Methods In one single in vitro fertilization (IVF) center (Shiyan, Hubei province, China), a retrospective cohort analysis was conducted, with a sample size of 59 patients in the lockdown period (2020.1.23-2020.2.23, 2020 group) and 34 patients in the corresponding 2019 period (2019.1.23-2019.2.23, 2019 group). Implantation, biochemical and clinical pregnancy, miscarriage, and live birth rates were all measured. Results Age, basal serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), basal serum luteinizing hormone (LH), basal serum E2, and serum total T were all comparable between the two groups. On the day of progesterone administration, endometrial thickness was similar (8.5 ± 1.3 vs. 8.2 ± 1.4, P = 0.356). The number of transferred blastocysts was not significantly different. The two groups had similar clinical pregnancy rate (61.8% vs. 61.0%, P > 0.05) and live birth rate (47.1% vs. 49.2%, P > 0.05), which did not significantly differ. Nonetheless, there was a significant difference in the cancelled cycle rate between the two groups (0% vs. 28.0%, P = 0.043). Conclusions Lockdown period FET versus corresponding period FET outcome did not show any significant difference in terms of pregnancy rate and live birth rate between two groups of patients. Although there was no significant difference, in the 2020 group, the live birth rate was higher compared with that in the 2019 group. There was a significant difference in the rate of cancelled cycles due to the seal off control. In summary, artificial endometrial preparation is an appropriate protocol for special periods.

Research on collaborative control technology of coal spontaneous combustion and gas coupling disaster in goaf based on dynamic isolation

Coupled thermodynamic disasters in goaf, such as coal fires and gas explosions have long been one of the most serious disasters in major accidents of coal mines worldwide. In the case of deep mining becoming the new normal of future mine mining, there is still a lack of targeted technical methods for the prevention and treatment of major thermodynamic disasters, especially coal spontaneous combustion and gas coupling disaster. Rapid dangerous region identification and effective prevention of such disasters in goaf is extremely important for mine safety production. Based on the analysis of the coupling relationship between coal spontaneous combustion and gas disaster in fully mechanized caving goaf and the mechanism of collaborative control technology, coal spontaneous combustion and gas disaster formation characteristics, occurrence process and prevention and control methods were fully utilized. By injecting isolation material through the interval between the hydraulic support frames to form a row of discontinuous isolation blocking zones, a dynamic pressure injectionisolation technology for collaborative control of coupling thermodynamic disaster in goaf in special mining period was proposed and the isolation parameters of the field goaf were designed. The field measurement was carried out to obtain data and the distribution characteristics of spontaneous combustion-prone. The gas drainage and collaborative control efficiency befor an after isolation were verified. Our approach offers a new concept and method to identify and collaboratively control of coal spontaneous combustion and gas coupling disasters in goaf, which provides theoretical and technical ideas for the prevention and control of such disasters and guarantees the safe and efficient mining of deep mines.

The Numeric Characteristics of Chinese A-Share Market Index Volatility, Model Simulation, and Forecasting

This study investigates the basic numeric characteristics of Chinese A-share market index volatility (i.e., the clustering, heteroscedasticity, and jumps) from the perspective of data mining. It presents a theoretical-empirical model based on these three major characteristics and conducts a maximum likelihood estimation to study Chinese A-share market return data empirically. Results show that, in full-sample or special periods, this model calibrates the A-share index volatility well and simulates in-sample volatility better than the four major empirical models adopted to study volatility. In out-of-sample forecasts, this model performs better than the other four models on the value-at-risk dates, which are the volatile days. This model can also decompose and explain the volatility of the Chinese A-share index. On the basis of GARCH, this study revises the volatility model proposed by Maheu and extends Engle’s research framework. Thus, this model is of theoretical significance. This model’s simulation and forecast functioning can contribute to regulatory expectation management and investment portfolio construction.

APPROACHES IN RELATION TO SUPPORT THE DECISION TO PERFORM MEASURES TO RESTORE ARMAMENTS AND MILITARY EQUIPMENT IN THE SYSTEM OF LOGISTIC SUPPORT OF THE AIR FORCES OF THE ARMED FORCES FROM UKRAINE

In order to achieve high efficiency in the use of military units and individual units of the Air Force of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in the conditions of combat operations, it is necessary to constantly maintain weapons and military equipment in readiness for use. To solve this problem, there is a system of logistics support, where one of the main components is the provision of weapons and military equipment, maintaining it in readiness for combat use, restoration (repair). The article discusses approaches to support the decision to implement measures to restore weapons and military equipment in the logistics system of the Air Force of the Armed Forces of Ukraine during operations (combat actions), takes into account the experience of conducting combat operations during an anti- terrorist operation and performing tasks as part of a group of troops in the zone of the operation of the joint forces in the east of Ukraine. The main factors impacting the organization of the restoration of military equipment in combat conditions are given. The main provisions of the methods for assessing the condition of damaged weapons and military equipment, opportunities for its restoration, determining the composition of repair and restoration units and assessing the effectiveness of the system of restoration of weapons and military equipment in general. Ways to improve the equipment of repair and restoration units of the Air Force of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and the main issues to be covered in the development of guidelines for the organization and implementation of the restoration of weapons and military equipment in combat. The process of support of decision is offered on implementation of measures in relation to proceeding in an armament and military equipment in the system of logistics providing of Aircrafts of Military Powers of Ukraine to divide into three mutually constrained stages: analysis of process of proceeding in an armament and military equipment, development of methodologies and development of recommendations (suggestions). It is suggested to work out Guidance from proceeding in an armament and military equipment of Aircrafts of Military Powers of Ukraine for establishing the general requirements to planning, order of organization and realization of repair-restoration works on an armament and military equipment in a special period (during the conduct of combat actions).

The Effect of Special Resistance Training Using A Power Device on Achievement of 50- Meters Breaststroke Advanced Swimmers

The study aimed to expound the following: - The differences between the experimental and control groups in a achievement of 50-meters breaststroke advanced swimmers in the posttest. To verify the research objectives, the researcher assumed the following: - Significant differences exist between the experimental and control groups in a achievement in 50-meters breaststroke advanced swimmers in favor for the experimental group. The researcher used the experimental method suitable to the nature of the current research. The research was performed on a deliberately selected sample representing by (14) advanced swimmers of the Iraqi national team. The swimmers were divided randomly into two groups; an experimental group consisting of (6) swimmers and a control group consisting of (8) swimmers. The researcher used the experimental design which is called random equal groups design with pretest and posttests. The researcher reached the following conclusions: In comparing the pretest and posttest for the experimental and control groups it was found that the experimental group, achieved a better development than the control group that used the method prepared by the trainer in the investigated physical capabilities and characteristics, technical performance and achievement,The accurate use of the employed power device accompanied with the (sp-1) and (sp-3) training method exercises played an effective role in the superiority of the experimental group over the control group. The researcher recommended the following: - Using resistance training on a power device during the special preparation period after basic strength training during the general preparation period, and developing a strong base for swimmers.

Research Progress and Model Construction for Online Health Information Seeking Behavior.

Under the background of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), online health information seeking has become one of the most important information needs of the public and even the only channel for health information seeking in this special period. A review of the research on online health information-seeking behavior will help give full play to the previous academic research, further emphasize the necessity of online health information-seeking research, and promote the development of research in this field. This study firstly presents the research overview of online health information-seeking behavior by using the informetric method. Secondly, an overview is carried out from the perspective of online health information platforms, groups, quality, satisfaction, etc., to explore the influencing factors and their relationships in the process of online health information seeking. On this basis, the existing behavioral models are integrated and sorted out to build a new behavioral theoretical model in line with the current online health information seeking.

Wilamowice i jego mieszkańcy podczas II wojny światowej w świetle relacji miejscowego proboszcza ks. Franciszka Jeża

The subject of the analysis was the written history of the local parish: Liber memorabilium Ecclesiae parochialis Willamowiciensis ab anno 1862, successively supplemented by successive parish priests from Wilamowice. Events of the Second World War were also described there. It was a special period in the history of the town and its inhabitants. Due to the fact that the inhabitants of Wilamowice did not use the Polish language on a daily basis, the invader considered these people to be Germans, suggesting that they should be placed on the Volkslist. It aroused reluctance on the part of Polish fellow residents and was tinder for more and more antagonism between the two groups. A witness of these events, the local parish priest, Fr. Franciszek Jeż described in detail the growing mutual animosities and the role of the German administration in escalating the conflict. The narrator did not try to convince himself of his neutrality. He clearly placed himself on the side of the Polish inhabitants, not hiding his indignation at the national attitudes of the Wilamowiceans. He accused them of betraying Polish interests turned into material benefits. In fact, the genesis of the problem was more complicated, nevertheless, many of his observations should be described as accurate and wellthought-out. The end of World War II did not eliminate the conflict. It entered a new phase of compensating for real and imagined wrongs by the Polish authorities. The totality of these complicated accounts was presented in an interesting way by Fr. Franciszek Jeż.

Dynamical forcings in heavy precipitation events over Italy: lessons from the HyMeX SOP1 campaign

Abstract. The first Special Observation Period (SOP1) of HyMeX (Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean eXperiment) was held in fall 2012 and focused on heavy precipitation events (HPEs) and floods in the northwestern Mediterranean. Nine intensive observation periods (IOPs) involved three Italian target areas (northeastern Italy, NEI; Liguria and Tuscany, LT; central Italy, CI), enabling an unprecedented analysis of precipitation systems in these regions. In the present work, we highlight the major findings emerging from the HyMeX campaign and in the subsequent research activity over the three target areas by means of conceptual models and through the identification of the relevant recursive mesoscale features. For NEI, two categories of events (Upstream and Alpine HPEs) were identified, which differ mainly in the temporal evolution of the stability of the upstream environment and of the intensity of the impinging flow. The numerical simulation of convection in the Po Valley was found to be very sensitive to small changes in the environmental conditions, especially when they are close to the threshold between “flow-over” and “flow-around” regimes. For LT, HyMeX SOP1 focused on orographically enhanced precipitation over the Apennines and quasi-stationary mesoscale convective systems over the sea or close to the coast. For the latter category of events, associated with the majority of the recent HPEs, local-scale or large-scale convergence lines appear fundamental to trigger and sustain convection. These lines are affected not only by the orography of the region, but also by the perturbations induced by Sardinia and Corsica on the environmental flow, and, at later times, by cold pools formed via evaporation of precipitation. For CI, a high low-level moisture content and marked low-level convergence over the sea were critical to support deep convection in the IOPs affecting the Tyrrhenian coast. For the HPEs affecting the Adriatic regions, a cut-off low over the Tyrrhenian Sea induces intense bora over the Adriatic basin. Low-level convergence triggers convection over the sea, while orographic uplift produces stratiform precipitation. The Adriatic Sea plays a critical role mainly through air–sea exchanges, which modify the characteristics of the flow and in turn the effect of the orographic forcing.

Discrete Optimization on Truck-Drone Collaborative Transportation System for Delivering Medical Resources

Under the epidemic, closed management has turned a large number of communities into lonely islands, and the contactless delivery method of UAV has become the rigid demand in this special period. This paper studies a collaborative system of multi-UAV multitruck transportation, which can deliver emergency materials such as medicine to remote areas or closed communities. In this system, delivery tasks are assigned to multiple trucks and multiple drones on each truck can perform delivery tasks in parallel, thereby improving delivery efficiency. We study the routing problem of this system specifically for medical supplying road network and establish mixed-integer model and hybrid algorithm. We show by experiments that the number of trucks has more significant impact on the optimal solution than the number of drones and the performance of hybrid particle swarm optimization is better than the performance of the other algorithms.

Exploration and practice of blended teaching of cell biology experiments during the COVID-19 epidemic.

Since 2019, new coronavirus pneumonia has been widespread worldwide and has had a direct impact on human life. Meanwhile, it also has a huge impact on teaching in universities and hospitals, especially in experimental courses. Cell biology is not only an important part of biology but also one of the most dynamic frontier branches of modern life science, which is also a science based on experiments. It is necessary to promote the online and offline teaching during this special period. To explore and evaluate the blended teaching modes during the COVID-19 epidemic, we changed the previous single teaching mode of “teaching + experiment” and published courseware and learning requirements online before class, this kind of mode takes “theory + virtual demonstration experiment” in class as the main body and the reviewing and thinking after class as the summary. We also carried out offline practice on a small scale when the epidemic allowed and actively explored the comprehensive online and offline teaching modes, in and out of class. Through the hybrid teaching, the percentage distribution of students in high and moderate scores ranges were greatly increased, the blended teaching mode also greatly improves students’ subjective initiative and highlights the development of students’ personalized thinking and scientific research ability. The practice of this model not only ensures the health of teachers and students during the epidemic but also provides a new teaching exploration model and thinking for the development of experimental courses during the epidemic.

THƠ ĐƯỜNG CỦA MỘT SỐ THI SĨ TRONG HÀNH TRÌNH BIẾM TRÍCH ĐẾN VIỆT NAM

The Tang Dynasty had a prosperous economy and political stability and good educational policies marking the golden age of Tang Poetry with the greatest number of poets and the most brilliant number of compositions in the history of classical Chinese poetry. As a precious cultural heritage, Tang poetry and the culture of the Tang Dynasty were positively received in Vietnam… Vietnam has been many in-depth research works about regarding the influence and reception of some typical poets of the Tang period, namely DuFu, Li Bai, Bai Ju Yi… Other Tang poets are still faint silhouettes. In the process of studying the history of the propagation and reception of Tang poetry into Vietnam, we have more knowledge about Tang poems composed by poets during their exile in our country. They have an intimate relationship with Vietnamese writers, so they have had the opportunity to disseminate the Tang poetry, and have contributed several poems with the enormous value in content and art at the same time. Within the scope of the article, we focus on introducing and surveying poetry in the exile of two poets of the Early Tang period – namely Du Shen Yan and Shen Quan Qi. The survey of poems written in a special historical period by two poets shows that the beauty and undying vitality of the Tang poetry is also the contribution of poems describing Vietnam’s nature, landscapes, and Vietnamese.

Study on the Spatial Structure and City Form Construction of River Valley-Type Cities in the Context of Artificial Intelligence—A Case Study of Northwest China

This paper uses Northwest China as an example to present an in-depth study and analysis of river valley cities’ spatial structure and city form in the context of artificial intelligence. The paper focuses on alleviating the “core-edge” spatial structure locking effect, achieving the “industry-space” scale effect and cooperation, solving the problem of endogenous dynamics to promote regional and urban development, and promoting various main functional areas based on the derivation discussion and spatial growth model selection. The study focuses on the exploration of paths to alleviate the “core-edge” spatial structure’s locking effect, realize the scale effect and cooperation ability of “industry-space,” solve the problem of endogenous power to promote regional and urban development, and promote the new urbanization path of different main functional areas based on the discussion and spatial growth mode selection. We measure the evolution characteristics of industrial and spatial elements and the level of intersystem synergistic development to address the spatial growth and industrial transformation of the northwest region urban agglomeration in the special development period, discover the defects of the northwest China urban agglomeration’s spatial growth, and select the appropriate spatial growth model in the foreseeable spatial and temporal scope. The new city spatial form in the northwest region, which strengthens regional characteristics, is the spatial form combined with the new city plan form in two dimensions. This paper investigates the relationship between regional characteristics and urban spatial carriers by developing spatial planning design ideas and methods that reflect the regional characteristics of new cities in the northwest region, in order to improve the spatial quality of new cities in the northwest region and their sense of belonging to the city, provide a new spatial expansion idea for small cities in river valleys in the Qinling Mountains of southern Shaanxi, and enrich the spatial quality of new cities in the northwest region.

The incubation effect of creative thinking

<p id="p00005">Incubation effect refers to the phenomenon that when people are confronted with an unsolvable problem, they temporarily put it aside and switch to complete other irrelevant tasks instead, which is beneficial to the ultimate solution of the original problem. In recent years, researchers have conducted extensive studies on incubation effect of creative thinking and its influences, and put forward many theories to explain incubation effect. The representative theories include “selective forgetting theory”, “spreading activation and cue assimilation theory” and “unconscious work theory”. They explain the mechanism of incubation effect from different perspectives and predict different influences and phenomena respectively. For example, the attention-withdrawal theory supposes that the length of incubation will not influence the incubation effect. And the forgetting-fixation theory recommended a longer break to incubate. Furthermore, some factors are mentioned in many theories, such as the length of incubation and the length of preparation period. So the empirical researches about them can be explained by these related theories. While some factors are only mentioned by a few theories. For example, the function of beneficial cues can only be explained by the opportunistic assimilation theory. However, the research field of incubation effect has begun to combine with mind wandering and sleep. Many of the results of these studies are difficult to be well explained by the above theories, but should be explained in the light of the characteristics of mind wandering and sleep. Until now, related researches of mind wandering and sleep further shed light on the mechanism behind incubation effect. For example, mind wandering increases unconscious associate processing to serve creative problem-solving. Sleep, as a special long period of incubation, may promote problem solving through various mechanisms such as the reconstruction of memory representation and the reactivation of memory. But there is also conflicting evidence as to whether mind wandering and sleep promote the incubation effect. There are many studies that have failed to prove the effect of mind wandering and sleep on creative problem solving. The psychological processes underlying the incubation effect includes at least two cognitive components: the transformation of problem representation and the formation of remote associations. Different brain mechanisms are responsible for these two basic components. During the incubation period, memory systems are regulated by the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to break the fixation caused by false assumptions. The cooperation of right frontal lobe, temporal lobe and parietal lobe was beneficial to assimilation of beneficial cues. The striatum-hippocampus-prefrontal lobe network continued to catalyze the reconstruction of representations during incubation period. Mind wandering promotes insight through the interaction of the medial temporal lobe, default network and executive network. The research on sleep can reflect the mechanism of long-term incubation in real life, and future research can further investigate the role of different sleep stages and their corresponding brain mechanisms. Future research needs to improve the ecological validity of relevant studies, promote the development of incubation theories, improve reproducibility, explore the positive factors that promote the incubation effect, and pay attention to the relationship between the incubation effect and emotion or other non-cognitive factors.