Specific Objectives Research Articles

동의에 의한 수색에 관한 연구

Searches are compulsory actions carried out on certain places, objects, or persons to discover specific objects or persons. The Constitution stipulates due process and warrant principles for searches related to compulsory dispositions. The Criminal Procedure Act also stipulates due process and warrant principles to ensure that searches are conducted in accordance with legal procedures and methods, and it also provides for exceptions to the warrant requirement. There are no explicit provisions allowing for consent searches. However, they are commonly conducted in investigative practice because they are more procedurally simple and efficient than searches conducted with warrants. There is a risk of abuse of consent searches as a means of circumventing or avoiding the warrant principle. The question is whether consent searches are permissible in light of the due process provisions, warrant principles, and exceptions to the warrant principle in the Constitution and Criminal Procedure Act. Consent searches are considered permissible as a voluntary investigative method as long as voluntary consent is guaranteed. Even if consent searches are generally permissible, legal requirements must be strictly established to prevent abuse. A search based on consent is lawful if a person capable of consent gives voluntary consent and the search is conducted within the scope of that consent. Whether the investigative agency must inform the person of their right to refuse consent is a matter of debate. While the notification of the right to refuse consent is not an absolute standard for determining voluntariness, it is an important factor to consider. If consent is given after being informed of the right to refuse, it is more likely to be considered voluntary. In criminal proceedings, the issue arises of how to determine the legality of a consent search. The burden of proving the legality of a consent search lies with the prosecutor, and any disadvantage in cases where the truth is unknown must fall on the prosecutor. The legality of a consent search can be proven through free proof as a legal fact, but the degree of proof must be sufficient to exclude reasonable doubt. When the legality of a consent search is contested, the decision should be based on whether the legality has been clearly proven by objective circumstances.

THE ROLE OF CAVE NAMES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM IN KAZAKHSTAN

Geographical names, including speleonyms, which were once not registered in official sources, have been preserved in the form of missing words or errors in the Russian language. Therefore, the task of their collection and systematization is fixed by many resolutions of the government of the Republic of Kazakhstan and other authorized bodies. One of the issues of determining the ways of implementing the project "sacred geography of Kazakhstan" and the direction of research work is aimed at restoring the names of caves. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of the formation of cave names on the territory of Kazakhstan and the geographical prerequisites for their restoration. Research objectives: to determine the role of physical and geographical conditions of Kazakhstan in the formation of speleonyms; to reflect the patterns and areas of cave distribution in Kazakhstan and to analyze the geographical aspects of the formation of speleonyms; analysis of geographical aspects of the formation of speleonyms; determination of the place of speleonyms as tourist and recreational objects; making proposals for the preservation of caves and Speleonyms of Kazakhstan. The object of the study is caves and other underground parts distributed on the territory of Kazakhstan as special objects of the sacred regions of the country, the subject of the study is the conditions and meaning of the formation of the names of these caves, their geographical prerequisites and opportunities for restoration. The caves will be of great interest from a geomorphological, hydrological, bio-speleological, archaeological and paleozoological point of view. In recent years, they are studied as unique natural landscapes. The importance of caves for speleotourism is also difficult to overestimate.

DEFINITION OF THE RECONSTRUCTION METHOD OF A PUBLIC BUILDING OR STRUCTURE

A systematic approach to the organization and management of various types of work within a particular industry is what makes the research relevant, including the creation of a well-established method for selecting methodological solutions. The various industries that make up the structure of the national economy have certain distinctive features. Construction, as one of the most complex industries from an organizational and technological point of view, is of particular interest to study. The various types and areas of activity in its composition define narrow areas of research. The definition of the reconstruction method as an integral part of the organizational and technological system is a serious and urgent task of urban planning. The construction of new buildings and structures for cultural, educational purposes and spiritual and ethical education is currently carried out much less frequently than residential buildings. Accordingly, it is often necessary to reconstruct buildings and structures that have already been built. The reconstruction process includes a significant number of types of work, has its own specifics that distinguish it from new construction. The choice of the method of reconstruction of a public building or structure involves making decisions based on the established tasks for each specific object of reconstruction. The article considers the concept of reconstruction, systematizes the tasks of reconstruction of public buildings and structures, develops an algorithm for choosing a reconstruction method, and considers the factors that determine decision-making at certain stages of work.

Fire-RPG: An Urban Fire Detection Network Providing Warnings in Advance

Urban fires are characterized by concealed ignition points and rapid escalation, making the traditional methods of detecting early stage fire accidents inefficient. Thus, we focused on the features of early stage fire accidents, such as faint flames and thin smoke, and established a dataset. We found that these features are mostly medium-sized and small-sized objects. We proposed a model based on YOLOv8s, Fire-RPG. Firstly, we introduced an extra very small object detection layer to enhance the detection performance for early fire features. Next, we optimized the model structure with the bottleneck in GhostV2Net, which reduced the computational time and the parameters. The Wise-IoUv3 loss function was utilized to decrease the harmful effects of low-quality data in the dataset. Finally, we integrated the low-cost yet high-performance RepVGG block and the CBAM attention mechanism to enhance learning capabilities. The RepVGG block enhances the extraction ability of the backbone and neck structures, while CBAM focuses the attention of the model on specific size objects. Our experiments showed that Fire-RPG achieved an mAP of 81.3%, an improvement of 2.2%. In addition, Fire-RPG maintained high detection performance across various fire scenarios. Therefore, our model can provide timely warnings and accurate detection services.

Необходим ли системный подход для социогуманитарных исследований?

There are two points of view on the systemic approach and its use: according to the first, this approach is conceived as universal, suitable for any disciplines and practices, according to the second, it includes a specific objectivity, should grasp the features of a certain field of knowledge. In order to choose one of them, the author analyzes on the basis of two cases (“The Critique of Pure Reason” by I. Kant and the works of G.P. Shchedrovitsky) the formation and features of the systemic approach, showing that it is the design of an object of study in a special epistemic situation. Its feature is, on the one hand, the presence of several objects that describe the proposed object, on the other hand, the belief in the existence of an ontology and laws in accordance with which this object can be designed. The systemic approach in this version (as the configuration of various objects and the design of an object based on this process) is compared with humanitarian and socio-humanitarian research and development (A.S. Pushkin’s personality research and the successful Donor project), which make it possible to do without systemic ideas and thinking. They are replaced by methodology and research in the subject. The author draws attention to the fact that the ideas of identifying and searching for the integrity, nature and boundaries of the phenomenon under consideration, taking into account connections and influences, the correlation of synthesis and analysis, and a number of others that are today referred to as a systemic approach, were developed meaningfully (in other non-systemic concepts and languages) throughout the entire history of the development of philosophy, methodology and science. As a result, it turns out that it is necessary to distinguish between the methodology of a systemic approach and other methodologies that allow systemic problems and tasks to be solved, so to speak, non-systemically.

A Common Knowledge-Driven Generic Vision Inspection Framework for Adaptation to Multiple Scenarios, Tasks, and Objects.

The industrial manufacturing model is undergoing a transformation from a product-centric model to a customer-centric one. Driven by customized requirements, the complexity of products and the requirements for quality have increased, which pose a challenge to the applicability of traditional machine vision technology. Extensive research demonstrates the effectiveness of AI-based learning and image processing on specific objects or tasks, but few publications focus on the composite task of the integrated product, the traceability and improvability of methods, as well as the extraction and communication of knowledge between different scenarios or tasks. To address this problem, this paper proposes a common, knowledge-driven, generic vision inspection framework, targeted for standardizing product inspection into a process of information decoupling and adaptive metrics. Task-related object perception is planned into a multi-granularity and multi-pattern progressive alignment based on industry knowledge and structured tasks. Inspection is abstracted as a reconfigurable process of multi-sub-pattern space combination mapping and difference metric under appropriate high-level strategies and experiences. Finally, strategies for knowledge improvement and accumulation based on historical data are presented. The experiment demonstrates the process of generating a detection pipeline for complex products and continuously improving it through failure tracing and knowledge improvement. Compared to the (1.767°, 69.802 mm) and 0.883 obtained by state-of-the-art deep learning methods, the generated pipeline achieves a pose estimation ranging from (2.771°, 153.584 mm) to (1.034°, 52.308 mm) and a detection rate ranging from 0.462 to 0.927. Through verification of other imaging methods and industrial tasks, we prove that the key to adaptability lies in the mining of inherent commonalities of knowledge, multi-dimensional accumulation, and reapplication.

El derecho a la paz con enfoque territorial y la convivencia escolar en Colombia: Estudio de caso comparado en la Ciudad de medellín

This article reviews the concept of the Right to territorial peace from the convergences between the Peace Agreements of 2016 and the national regulations. It presents Medellin as a city that requires processes of construction and guarantees of the right to territorial peace, where the responsibility is not only of the State agents but also of the school. The main objective is Understand the relationship between the right to peace with a territorial approach and school coexistence from a comparative case study in the city of Medellín, Colombia. The specific objectives are developed, first, tobase territorial peace as a right and as a value, second, to recognize the different ways of building peace with a territorial approach within the Schools and, third, to analyze the appropriation of three Educational Institutions of the city of Medellín on school coexistence as particular scenarios for building peace with a territorial approach for children and adolescents. Methodologically a comparative case study is carried out in Medellin among Institución Educativa La Independecia, Institución Educativa José Roberto Vazquez and Institución Educativa La Candelaria. As a result, it was identified that school coexistence is not including a perspective of building peace from the territories. In conclusion, it is specified that to guarantee the right to peace, spaces for participation, inclusion and education are necessary in educational institutions.

Symbiotic Electromagnetic Shadow for Regional Invisibility and Camouflage.

Low detectability and camouflage skills in the electromagnetic wave and light frequency range provide survival advantages for natural creatures and are essential for understanding the operational principles of the biosphere. Taking inspiration from natural mutualistic symbiosis, this paper proposes a symbiotic electromagnetic shadow camouflage mechanism based on a superdispersive surface, aiming to investigate its impact on the observability of specific objects. The design and experimental results indicate that the symbiotic shadow dihedral can significantly reduce overall scattering quantity, which reaches at least 10 dB shrink in the 12-18 GHz frequency range compared to the contrast object. Unlike known camouflage methods, the electromagnetic shadow technology shrinks the overall scattering without any coating and shield metal target while probably offering extensive functional design freedom for the concealed object, creature, or equipment. This also provides a hint to explore symbiosis-related camouflage phenomena in nature.

Time-traveling object-centric breakpoints

Object-centric breakpoints aim to facilitate the debugging of object-oriented programs by focusing on specific objects. However, their practical application faces limitations. They often produce false positives and require developers to identify objects to debug in a running program, which is sometimes not possible due to non-determinism. Additionally, object-centric breakpoints are difficult to build because, to the best of our knowledge, their implementations have never been abstracted from low-level concerns. The literature describes complex reflective architectures necessary for implementing these breakpoints, and their rare available implementations are language-specific.In this paper, we introduce Time-Traveling Object-Centric Breakpoints (TTOCBs), a new definition and implementation of object-centric breakpoints based on Time-Traveling Queries (TTQs). TTQs are an extensible time-traveling debugging system that allows developers to explore their program executions back and forth by executing debugging queries. We argue that our query-based implementation helps to overcome the limitations of traditional object-centric breakpoints. We describe how TTOCBs assist developers in searching for objects to debug within their program executions, even in the presence of non-determinism. We illustrate how existing object-centric breakpoints from the literature can be implemented and how new ones can be created in a few steps using the TTQ abstractions and scripting API. To build breakpoints, developers need to familiarize themselves with a short API instead of learning language reflection techniques and libraries. This makes our TTOCBs independent of the underlying TTQs and debugger implementations.To evaluate our solution, we conducted an initial anecdotal user study on four example scenarios, providing evidence that debugging with TTOCBs requires fewer actions than with traditional object-centric breakpoints. We then discuss the comparison between object-centric breakpoints and TTOCBs in terms of applicability and performance.

Cutting Through the Noise: Auditory Scenes and Their Effects on Visual Object Processing

Despite the intuitive feeling that our visual experience is coherent and comprehensive, the world is full of ambiguous and indeterminate information. Here we explore how the visual system might take advantage of ambient sounds to resolve this ambiguity. Young adults (ns = 20–30) were tasked with identifying an object slowly fading in through visual noise while a task-irrelevant sound played. We found that participants demanded more visual information when the auditory object was incongruent with the visual object compared to when it was not. Auditory scenes, which are only probabilistically related to specific objects, produced similar facilitation even for unheard objects (e.g., a bench). Notably, these effects traverse categorical and specific auditory and visual-processing domains as participants performed across-category and within-category visual tasks, underscoring cross-modal integration across multiple levels of perceptual processing. To summarize, our study reveals the importance of audiovisual interactions to support meaningful perceptual experiences in naturalistic settings.

Accidents at Waste Storage Facilities: Methods of Struggle with the Consequences of Accidents

The article deals with such issues as storage of industrial waste, causes, examples and prevention of accidents, NGO operation and reclamation, and methods of dealing with the consequences of accidents. When storing industrial waste in large volumes, various complications arise, including accidents in waste storage facilities. The article provides examples of accidents for specific objects and analyzes their causes and consequences. The methods of dealing with the consequences of accidents and their prevention are considered. The materials of the article can help specialists improve the design and operation of waste storage facilities.

A special source: making porphyritic andesite axeheads at the Eagle’s Nest, Lambay, Ireland in the Early Neolithic

ABSTRACT This paper considers the Early Neolithic phase of activity on an axehead quarry at the Eagle’s Nest, Lambay, a small island off the east coast of Ireland. The site is best known for activity in the later Neolithic and its cultural connections with the developed passage tomb tradition. One area of the site has produced evidence for quarrying from the thirty-eighth or thirty-seventh century cal BC, supplying secure evidence that axe production was integral to the Neolithic material world in Ireland from the beginnings of this period. Porphyritic andesite would seem a counter-intuitive choice to make stone axeheads, its naturally occurring internal fissuring resulting in a high likelihood of failure during working. On the other hand, when ground and polished it has a very distinctive visual appearance and texture with a lustrous quality. This paper examines the ontological significance of this transformation from source to special objects.

Light curve classification with DistClassiPy: A new distance-based classifier

The rise of synoptic sky surveys has ushered in an era of big data in time-domain astronomy, making data science and machine learning essential tools for studying celestial objects. While tree-based models (e.g. Random Forests) and deep learning models dominate the field, we explore the use of different distance metrics to aid in the classification of astrophysical objects. We developed DistClassiPy, a new distance metric based classifier. The direct use of distance metrics is unexplored in time-domain astronomy, but distance-based methods can help make classification more interpretable and decrease computational costs. In particular, we applied DistClassiPy to classify light curves of variable stars, comparing the distances between objects of different classes. Using 18 distance metrics on a catalog of 6,000 variable stars across 10 classes, we demonstrate classification and dimensionality reduction. Our classifier meets state-of-the-art performance but has lower computational requirements and improved interpretability. Additionally, DistClassiPy can be tailored to specific objects by identifying the most effective distance metric for that classification. To facilitate broader applications within and beyond astronomy, we have made DistClassiPy open-source and available at https://pypi.org/project/distclassipy/.

Max Weber’s Verstehende Soziologie and Florian Znaniecki’s Cultural Sociology: A Discussion of Two Distinct but Related Notions

This article compares Weber’s notion of Verstehende Soziologie with Znaniecki’s concepts of humanistic coefficient and cultural sociology. While both authors follow an interpretive perspective and agree that the specific object of sociological inquiry is social action, they diverge in their conceptions of social action and in their definition of sociology and its methods and aims. For, in contrast to Znaniecki, Weber holds that sociology aims not only to understand social action, but also to explain it. Social action, moreover, is differently defined according to whether it is oriented to the conduct of others, as with Weber, or aims to exert influence on others, as with Znaniecki. As for their respective methods of inquiry, Znaniecki proposes to reconstruct the actor’s experiences and viewpoints, while Weber advocates the formulation of generic ideal types for the purposes of describing and explaining social and historical courses of events. Finally, the study of the social order belongs to the cultural sciences, according to Znaniecki. For Weber, the social order is sociological, and follows from the prevalence of consensual action in particular communities such as the market or language communities. Otherwise, its prevalence should not be taken for granted.

Formation, Nature and Structure of the Concept

A person perceives the surrounding world through sensory organs. The received information is conceptualized in his (her) cognitive world, gets a name, and when it is realized, it is conveyed through that name or names. Concepts are gradually formed, enriched by taking on new shades of meaning. According to the characteristics of formation and the level of complexity, they are 1) objective and 2) abstract. Concepts with objects arise in the mind basing on the information received directly through the sensory organs and appear in the form of an image of a specific object and event. The second group of concepts arises on the basis of later, object concepts in human thinking. Keywords: concept, nature, mind, structure, language, information

Visual perceptual learning is enhanced by training in the illusory far space.

Visual objects in the peripersonal space (PPS), are perceived faster than farther ones, appearing in the extrapersonal space (EPS). This shows preferential processing for visual stimuli near our body. Such an advantage should favor visual perceptual learning occurring near, as compared to far from observers, but opposite evidence has been recently provided from online testing protocols, showing larger perceptual learning in the far space. Here, we ran two laboratory-based experiments investigating whether visual training in PPS and EPS has different effects. We used the horizontal Ponzo Illusion to create a lateralized depth perspective while participants completed a visual search task in which they reported whether or not a specific target object orientation (e.g., a triangle pointing upward) was present amongst distractors. This task was completed before and after a training phase in either the (illusory) near or far space for one hour. In Experiment 1, the near space was in the left hemispace, whereas in Experiment 2 it was in the right. Results showed that, in both experiments, participants were more accurate after training in the far space, whereas training in the near space led to either improvement in the far space (Exp. 1), or no change (Exp. 2). Moreover, we found a larger visual perceptual learning when stimuli were presented in the left compared to the right hemispace. Differently from visual processing, visual perceptual learning is more effective in the far space. We propose that depth is a key dimension that can be used to improve human visual learning.

Exploring the vulnerability of self-supervised monocular depth estimation models

Recent advancements in deep learning have substantially boosted the performance of monocular depth estimation (MDE), an essential component in fully-vision-based autonomous driving systems (e.g., Tesla and Toyota). These advancements, however, have been primarily directed towards optimizing performance, with limited consideration for security vulnerabilities. This study introduces the first backdoor attack against self-supervised MDE models. By conceptualizing backdoor attacks as a multi-task challenge, we propose a novel attack framework that employs multi-task learning to iteratively optimize the standard MDE subtask and the backdoor learning subtask. Within this framework, we design two types of backdoor attacks: Target Disappearing Backdoor Attack (TDBA) and Depth Increasing Backdoor Attack (DIBA). TDBA renders specific objects invisible to the compromised model, while DIBA dramatically inflates the depth of trigger-associated objects. Extensive evaluations on three mainstream MDE models show that TDBA can make the target model directly ignore the specific objects, with a mean depth error under 0.06 meters, while DIBA significantly increases the depth for trigger-associated objects, resulting in a mean depth error exceeding 94.2 meters. These findings highlight the urgent need for advanced security measures in the development of MDE models, to mitigate such vulnerabilities.

PlantSR: Super-Resolution Improves Object Detection in Plant Images.

Recent advancements in computer vision, especially deep learning models, have shown considerable promise in tasks related to plant image object detection. However, the efficiency of these deep learning models heavily relies on input image quality, with low-resolution images significantly hindering model performance. Therefore, reconstructing high-quality images through specific techniques will help extract features from plant images, thus improving model performance. In this study, we explored the value of super-resolution technology for improving object detection model performance on plant images. Firstly, we built a comprehensive dataset comprising 1030 high-resolution plant images, named the PlantSR dataset. Subsequently, we developed a super-resolution model using the PlantSR dataset and benchmarked it against several state-of-the-art models designed for general image super-resolution tasks. Our proposed model demonstrated superior performance on the PlantSR dataset, indicating its efficacy in enhancing the super-resolution of plant images. Furthermore, we explored the effect of super-resolution on two specific object detection tasks: apple counting and soybean seed counting. By incorporating super-resolution as a pre-processing step, we observed a significant reduction in mean absolute error. Specifically, with the YOLOv7 model employed for apple counting, the mean absolute error decreased from 13.085 to 5.71. Similarly, with the P2PNet-Soy model utilized for soybean seed counting, the mean absolute error decreased from 19.159 to 15.085. These findings underscore the substantial potential of super-resolution technology in improving the performance of object detection models for accurately detecting and counting specific plants from images. The source codes and associated datasets related to this study are available at Github.

Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) display gaze alternation and referential communication in an impossible task

Gaze cues play a vital role in conveying critical information about objects and locations necessary for survival, such as food sources, predators, and the attentional states of conspecific and heterospecific individuals. During referential intentional communication, the continuous alternation of gaze between a communicative partner and a specific object or point of interest attracts the partner's attention towards the target. This behaviour is considered by many as essential for understanding intentions and is thought to involve mental planning. Here, we investigated the behavioural responses of seven bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) that were given an impossible task in the presence of two experimenters (a ‘commanding experimenter’ and a ‘non-commanding experimenter’), whose attentional state towards the dolphins varied. We found that the dolphins spontaneously displayed gaze alternation, specifically triadic referential pointing, only when the human commanding experimenter was facing them. However, they ceased to alternate their gaze between the impossible object and the commanding experimenter when the experimenter had their back turned. Notably, the dolphins' behaviour differed from general pointing and gaze, as their triadic sequence occurred within a narrow time window. These findings suggest that the dolphins were sensitive to human attentional cues and utilized their own gaze cue (pointing) as a salient signal to attract the attention of the commanding experimenter towards a specific location.

Attention to object categories: Selection history determines the breadth of attentional tuning during real-world object search.

People excel at learning the statistics of their environments. For instance, people rapidly learn to pay attention to locations that frequently contain visual search targets. Here, we investigated how frequently finding specific objects as search targets influences attentional selection during real-world object search. We investigated how learning that a specific object (e.g., a coat) is task-relevant affects searching for that object and whether a previously frequent target would influence search more broadly for all items of that target's category (e.g., all coats). Across five experiments, one or more objects from a single category were likely targets during a training phase, after which objects from many categories became equally likely to be targets in a neutral testing phase. Participants learned to find a single frequent target object faster than other objects (Experiment 1, N = 44). This learning was specific to that object, with no advantage in finding a novel category-matched object (Experiment 2, N = 32). In contrast, learning to prioritize multiple exemplars from one category spread to untrained objects from the same category, and this spread was comparable whether participants learned to find two, four, or six exemplars (Experiment 3, N = 72). These differences in the breadth of attention were due to variability in the learning environment and not differences in task (Experiment 4, N = 24). Finally, a set-size manipulation showed that learning affects attentional guidance itself, not only postselective processing (Experiment 5, N = 96). These experiments demonstrate that the breadth of attentional tuning is flexibly adjusted based on recent experience to effectively address task demands. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).