Special Joint Research Articles

Le défi

This speech was given by the Prime Minister at the closing banquet of the Conference on the Reform of Federal Institutions in Quebec on March 30, 1984. He suggested that Reform is desirable because Canadian Federalism is capable of evolution and renewal. Canada needs institutions in which a national consensus on its fundamental options can be developed frankly and openly. The federal government's representativeness and its authority to speak and act in the name of all regions and of all Canadians must be strengthened. The proposed reform of the Upper House conducted by the Special joint Committee on Senate Reform indicates that provinces and regions should be represented adequately, not the provincial governments. These governments, because regional interests were not perceived to be adequately represented within the federal institutions, have had a tendency to present themselves as the only legitimate representatives of the regions. The idea of a second chamber elected directly by the people would enhance the independence and authority of senators in their role as regional representative. Mr. Trudeau indicates that the institutionalization of federal-provincial conferences ought to be looked at with the aim of harmonizing the policies of the two orders of government. This should establish coordination and effective management in areas of shared jurisdiction.

Du modèle australien au modèle canadien

In recent years, many political analysts as well as the Special Joint Committee on the Reform of the Senate have been proposing the Australian system as a model for the reform of the Canadian Senate. Some of the proposals of the Joint Committee, and their implications, are discussed here, particularly proposals concerning how senators are elected, duration of their mandate, and the powers of the Senate. One important problem about an elected Senate is that the senators might rapidly become more preoccupied with party lines than with an adequate representation of regional interests.

Morphological and Cytofluorimetric Analysis of Adult Mesenchymal Stem Cells Expanded Ex Vivo from Periodontal Ligament

Many adult tissues contain a population of stem cells that have the ability of regeneration after trauma, disease or aging. Recently, there has been great interest in mesenchymal stem cells and their roles in maintaining the physiological structure of tissues, and their studies have been considered very important and intriguing, after having shown that this cell population can be expanded ex vivo to regenerate tissues not only of the mesenchymal lineage, such as intervertebral disc cartilage, bone, tooth-associated tissue, cardiomyocytes, but also to differentiate into cells derived from other embryonic layers, including neurons. Currently, different efforts have been focused on the identification of odontogenic progenitors from oral tissues. In this study we isolated and characterized a population of homogeneous human mesenchymal stem cells proliferating in culture with an attached well-spread morphology derived from periodontal ligament, a tissue of ectomesenchymal origin, with the ability to form a specialized joint between alveolar bone and tooth. The adherent cells were harvested and expanded ex vivo under specific conditions and analysed by FACScan flow cytometer and morphological analysis was carried out by light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Our results displayed highly evident cells with a fibroblast-like morphology and a secretory apparatus, probably indicating that the enhanced function of the secretory apparatus of the mesenchymal stem cells may be associated with the secretion of molecules that are required to survive and proliferate. Moreover, the presence in periodontal ligament of CD90, CD29, CD44,CD166, CD 105, CD13 positive cells, antigens that are also identified as stromal precursors of the bone marrow, indicate that the periodontal ligament may turn out to be a new efficient source of the cells with intrinsic capacity to self-renewal, high ability to proliferate and differentiate, that can be utilized for a new approach to regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.

The red man's on the warpath: the image of the "Indian" and the Second World War

Introduction 1 The Image of the in English Canada, 1930-39 2 The Administrative as Soldier and Conscript, 1939-45 3 The Public Goes to War, September 1939-December 1941 4 Winning the War Only to Lose the Peace? Reconstructing the Public Indian, 1943-45 5 The Administrative at the Threshold of Peace, January-March 1946 6 Into the Arena: Marshalling the Competing Indian Images in Postwar Canada, 1945-48 7 Whither the Indian? The Special Joint Senate and House of Commons Committee to Reconsider the Indian Act, 1946-48 Conclusion Notes Bibliography Index

Minimal incision total hip arthroplasty via the anterior approach

Purpose of review: There has been a great deal of interest recently in minimally invasive techniques for hip arthroplasty by surgeons, patients, and orthopedic companies. Academic publications and presentations have been far outstripped by commercially driven advertisements and material in the lay press. This review focuses on developments and information presented in the past year on total hip arthroplasty (THA) through the anterior approach that can be construed as minimally invasive or less invasive. Recent findings: The various permutations of anterior minimally invasive THA focus on one, two, or three incisions and have been described both with and without the use of fluoroscopy, specialized operating tables, and specialized instrumentation. There is significant disparity in agreement over which patients are candidates for the surgery and, indeed, even over exactly how the ubiquitous term minimally invasive is defined. Few reports deal with case series of significant size, and although some of the techniques have been used for many years, few of the studies of the past year provide follow-up of longer than 2 years. Summary: As greater interest develops in minimally invasive THA, more information will become available. The anterior approach has been described by several authors using various minor modifications, and it remains for additional centers and investigators to report their results with such surgery. Retrospective review from a large, specialized joint center has demonstrated excellent results, but it is unclear whether these same results can be realized by less specialized centers.

Finite element modelling and analysis of bolted joints of 3D tubular structures

In the paper, research results on a special joint of a new type of steel cooling tower are presented. The structural members are tubular elements with high radius-to-thickness ratios. The 3D jointing and the bolted connections result in extremely complex joints that should be studied by experiments and advanced analysis. This paper focuses on the numerical modelling of two joint prototypes. The models are verified by test results. Virtual experiments are completed to study the elastic load-transfer as well as the ultimate behaviour. On these bases, the failure modes are determined and characterized, and the design procedure is improved.

CHALLENGING CANADA'S NUCLEAR COMMITMENTS: AN ANALYSIS OF DEFENCE DISCOURSE

FOR INDIVIDUALS INTERESTED in the historical development of Canadian defence policy, the 1987 White Paper on Defence, Challenge and Commitment: A Defence Policy for Canada, continues to generate a remarkable amount of discussion. For many commentators, this policy initiative signalled a decisive turning point in debates about Canada's national defence, namely by advocating a massive increase in military spending - including the purchase of a fleet of nuclear-powered submarines - just at the time when the Cold War had finally begun to thaw. In an article published in this journal, for example, Michaud (1998: 112) points out that this policy 'offers several elements of interest: it comes on the eve of the collapse of the Eastern Block countries; it is in total conflict with policies expressed in other Canadian White Papers; and it could be related to strong electoral commitments, revealing a troubling partisan aspect.' In examining the role played by different actors involved in the decisionmaking process, Michaud offers fresh insights into how these complex interactions may be best accounted for in terms of different policy making models. In choosing in the end to elaborate upon Lemieux's (1989) theory of the structuration of power, he provides a useful approach to bureaucratic politics for future investigations into the contending forces underpinning the formulation of this particular policy framework.1 In this article, it is my intention to approach the 1987 Defence White Paper from a different angle altogether, albeit in way which I hope will help to establish a complementary line of inquiry. That is to say, where Michaud (1998) accentuates the need to understand the imperatives of defence policy making at the level of individuals within institutions, I want to propose that the 1987 White Paper be viewed on its own terms as a cultural text. Accordingly, I shall endeavour to discern the textual strategies through which this document's authors articulate certain preferred ways to speak the realities of 'Canadian security in the nuclear age' as they chose to define them at the time. Of primary concern, as I intend to show, is the need to examine the mode of address or authorial voice of this document precisely as it initiates a series of rhetorical devices to first render problematic, and then undermine, alternative interpretive positions as being 'outside of the defence policy consensus'. More specifically, I shall argue, its aim is to invoke a certain 'common sense of nuclearism' (Allan 1996) as being consistent with 'Canadian values and traditions'. Of challenge and commitment The Progressive Conservative Party, having promised over the course of its successful 1984 election campaign to restore national pride in the armed forces, prepared to chart a new direction in defence policy immediately upon taking office in September of that year. Pointing to the recent 'failure' of former Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau's 'peace initiative' to bring about 'tangible results', officials in the new Mulroney Government moved quickly to declare their resolve to enhance Canada's role in international affairs through a massive re-equipping of the country's 'long suffering' Armed Forces. Work began almost at once to draft policy recommendations for the 'reinvigoration' of the military, principally through the means of a defence review and a foreign policy review (the latter would not lead to a White Paper, but did produce a Green Paper the following Spring, to be followed by a Special Joint Committee report in June 1986). Also within the first year of office, a decision was made to reassign the traditional colours to the uniforms of personnel in the three services. Moreover, officials claimed that, due to the federal spending deficit, the defence budget would not be increased to the level pledged during the election campaign. Next, the Mulroney Government reaffirmed Canada's commitment to both the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (nato) and the North American Aerospace Defence Command (negotiations with the United States to 'modernise' norad were concluded in March 1985), and then pushed forward the reequipment programs initiated by their Liberal predecessors. …

Branch Migrating Sister Chromatid Junctions Form at Replication Origins through Rad51/Rad52-Independent Mechanisms

Cells overcome intra-S DNA damage and replication impediments by coupling chromosome replication to sister chromatid-mediated recombination and replication-bypass processes. Further, molecular junctions between replicated molecules have been suggested to assist sister chromatid cohesion until anaphase. Using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, we have identified, in yeast cells, replication-dependent X-shaped molecules that appear during origin activation, branch migrate, and distribute along the replicon through a mechanism influenced by the rate of fork progression. Their formation is independent of Rad51- and Rad52-mediated homologous recombination events and is not affected by DNA damage or replication blocks. Further, in hydroxyurea-treated rad53 mutants, altered in the replication checkpoint, the branched molecules progressively degenerate and likely contribute to generate pathological structures. We suggest that cells couple sister chromatid tethering with replication initiation by generating specialized joint molecules resembling hemicatenanes: this process might prime cohesion and assist sister chromatid-mediated recombination and replication events.

Design and study of a novel hyper-redundant manipulator

A novel hyper-redundant manipulator named RT1 is presented in this paper. The key feature of RT1 is that all degrees of freedom (DOF) are actuated with only one motor, via specially designed hinge bar universal joints. The mechanism of RT1 which includes a special hinge bar universal joint, bend structure and motion diversion structure is described. RT1 is a discrete manipulator; the discrete working space is described, and the parameter optimization for kinematical redundancy resolution is also studied. In selecting the unit increment of joints angles as an optimizing parameter, the criterion used is to alter the design parameter as little as possible during the manipulator's motion from the initial to the expected position.

Acoustics class at Berklee College of Music

Berklee College of Music (in Boston) was developing its outstanding Music Technologies Division, and understood the need for a comprehensive class on acoustics. The result was a three-credit-hour class, offered twice per year, covering the fundamentals, architectural acoustics (outdoors, indoors, and transmission), vibration isolation, hearing and psychoacoustics, and more. One outgrowth was the Acoustical Society at Berklee, with presentations by local and visiting ASA members, yearly visits to an anechoic chamber, special studio sessions, tours, and joint meetings with professional societies. Over 2000 students have completed and performed well in the class. The author’s favorite measure of success is the growing number of students who have chosen a career in acoustics. This paper will summarize and discuss this class.

Modified micro–macro thermo-mechanical modelling of ceramic ball grid array packages

The ceramic ball grid array (CBGA) packages are typically used for high I/O count area array assemblies. As the package size is large, the distance to neutral point is also high resulting in a large thermal deformation mismatch between the CBGA package and the printed circuit board (PCB). In order to cope with this problem, a special solder joint connection is used. As CBGA assemblies are used for high pin count assemblies, a full 3D thermo-mechanical modelling of an assembly to an FR4 board is not possible anymore. Therefore, a modified micro–macro methodology is proposed where only the critical solder joint is modelled in detail, while the other connections are replaced by equivalent connections. For several CBGA configurations, simulation results are correlated to thermal cycling test results. Finally, a parameter sensitivity study shows that the PCB properties have a significant influence on the solder joint reliability.

The Indian Association of Alberta: a history of political action

Illustrations Acknowledgments Introduction 1. A General Setting 2. The Indian Association of Alberta: Its Origins and Structure 3. The Structure and Expansion of the Early Indian Association of Alberta 4. Outside Help: John Laurie and Non-Indian Supporters of the Indian Association of Alberta 5. The Indian Association of Alberta and Its Relations with the Indian Affairs Branch, 1939-46 6. Reconciling Citizenship and Treaty Rights: The Indian Association of Alberta and the Special Joint Committee of the Senate and House of Commons, 1946-48 7. Political Pragmatics: Amending the Indian Act, 1948-58 8. Political Visions: Diefenbaker to Trudeau 9. Nikanastewimakewin: Comparing the Political Thought of John Callihoo and John Tootoosis 10. Final Thoughts Appendices A. Indian Association of Alberta Executive Members, 1939-68 B. Supervisors of Local Department of Indian Affairs, Alberta, 1939-69 C. Indian Affairs Administration, 1939-69 D. Alberta Reserve Land Surrenders Notes Bibliography Index

The reliability of diagnosis of infection during revision arthroplasties.

Follow up studies have shown that 0.5 to 4% of the total joint arthroplasties will be complicated by infection. Distinction between aseptic loosening and infection is important for prediction of the final outcome after revision arhtroplasty but also for the choice of operative treatment. However, diagnosis of low grade chronic infection is extremely demanding. 68 hip and knee revision arthroplasties were reviewed retrospectively in order to evaluate the reliability of pre- and perioperative analysis of infection during total joint revision arthroplasties. The sensitivity and specificity for clinical signs, blood white-cell count, C-reactive protein level, radiographic analysis, bone and leukocyte scans, joint aspirations, and gram staining were determined. Tissue sample were harvested and cultured in all cases. Positive cultures were regarded as a true infection. We were not able to characterize the infection by clinical signs. Also no single test was able to show the presence of infection in all cases. The best results were obtained from pre- and perioperative joint aspirations. Joint aspiration showed 1.0 specificity and 0.75 sensitivity. It is clear from this study that no single test is able to show the presence of infection in every case. Classical clinical signs, laboratory tests, special imaging studies and joint aspirations have all yielded a notable rate of false negative results. Therefore, we recommend that, if arthroplasty patients have pain in prosthetic joint without clear radiological evidence of loosening, bone scans and preoperative joint aspirations should be undertaken. Also, if radiological evidence of loosening is accompanied with one or more of following criteria; C-reactive protein level elevated, radiologic evidence of infection, loosening within the first five years after implantation. In case of infection a delayed two-stage reconstruction should be managed.

Comparative Assessments of the Position of Indigenous Peoples in Quebec, Canada and Abroad

The original study was prepared in late 1991 to early 1992 and was written within the context of a number of critical factors. It was prepared at the request of the National Assembly of Quebec's Committee to Examine Matters Relating to the Accession of Quebec to Sovereignty, at a time of major constitutional and social debate and controversy. The proposed constitutional amendments contained within the Meech Lake Accord had expired on June 23, 1990, having failed to acquire approval by all ten provincial legislatures and the Parliament of Canada within the three year deadline established by subsection 39(2) of the Constitution Act, 1982. The deep emotional dispute over the planned use of a Mohawk cemetery as part of an expansion to a local golf course by the municipal government of Oka led initially to peaceful road blocks in the Spring of 1990, but exploded into violence in July between the Surete du Quebec and members of the Mohawk community in Kanesatake, culminating in the intervention of the Canadian Army and a standoff that subsisted for a further two months. Criminal charges were subsequently laid and tensions simmered for years afterwards that have not yet fully dissipated. The Spicer Commission was appointed by the Government of Canada to consult with the Canadian public generally about their vision for the future of Quebec and Canada. The establishment of this Commission was then quickly followed by a Special Joint Committee of the Senate and House of Commons appointed on December 17, 1990, to review the existing constitutional amending formula and suggest changes, and it reported in June of 1991. A further Special Joint Committee of the Senate and House of Commons was immediately created after the prior one had reported, with the mandate to inquire into and make recommendations upon the latest proposals for constitutional change that the federal government was planning to distribute after the Committee was appointed. A number of provincial legislative committees and task forces were struck in 1991 to discuss possible constitutional change and to consider what positions to adopt regarding specific principles that might arise to guide possible reform. Then Prime Minister Brian Mulroney appointed a seven member Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples on August 26, 1991, to undertake the most exhaustive review in Canadian history on the position of Aboriginal peoples within Canada, with a sweeping mandate including 16 broad themes. The Government of Canada then released a series of discussion papers and launched a national campaign to discuss its proposals for a comprehensive overhaul to the Constitution in the Fall. Another round of constitutional negotiations was then initiated under the leadership of the then federal Minister Responsible for Constitutional Renewal, the Rt. Hon. Joe Clark, with provincial, territorial and Aboriginal leaders in March of 1992. The Government of Quebec did not participate formally in these negotiations, later called the Canada Round, until the very end. The agreement reached among First Ministers and Aboriginal leaders in August, called the Charlottetown Accord after the city in which it was finalized, was subsequently rejected in a national referendum on the 26th of October, 1992. The Province of Quebec was, of course, not a bystander in the aftermath of the collapse of the Meech Lake constitutional amendments. The National Assembly enacted the Act to establish the Commission on the Political and Constitutional Future of Quebec in 1990 that authorized the Belanger-Campeau Commission, which reported the following year after holding extensive hearings within Quebec. The National Assembly then enacted the Act respecting the process for determining the political and constitutional future of Quebec on June 21, 1991. This latter statute provided the foundation for the Committee to Examine Matters Relating to the Accession of Quebec to Sovereignty for which the original paper was prepared. I appeared before the Committee on March 26, 1992 and my submission, Comparative Assessments of Indigenous Peoples in Quebec, Canada and Abroad, was quoted by the Committee on several occasions in the section of its report addressing Aboriginal nations. This current paper reflects a complete updating and reworking of my original paper of 1992 at the request of the current Government of Quebec as part of an effort to revitalize all of the research prepared for the different Quebec commissions and committees exploring expanded sovereignty, constitutional reform and separation from 1990-1992.

Introducing Ductile Strip for Durability Enhancement of Concrete Slabs

This paper presents an experimental study on the potential applications of the fiber-reinforced engineered cementitious composite ~ECC! in concrete slabs, such as concrete bridge decks and pavements. It is recognized that cracking due to concrete shrinkage and temperature gradient in the transverse direction in concrete slabs strongly influences the fatigue service life of the slabs. In the present study, attempts at localizing cracks, especially shrinkage cracks, into designated strips, where ECC material with strain-hardening and high strain capacity ~up to 5%! and high fatigue crack resistance behavior is used, were carried out. As a result, while microstructure damage exists in the ECC strip, the concrete remains intact. This is demonstrated by simulating the shrinkage in concrete under restrained conditions as tensile load acting on a specially designed specimen. Experimental results show that it is possible to achieve the targeted deformation mode with a certain design on the ECC/concrete interfaces and a certain curing period on the ECC-concrete composite slab. Due to the special material properties of ECC, the strain energy produced by shrinkage ~under restrained conditions! of hardened cement and temperature changes can be released by the high strain ability of ECC material so that cracking in plain concrete can be avoided. Thus, the fatigue durability of concrete slabs can be improved, resulting in a longer service life. The proposed design concept may be implemented by placing ECC as periodic special joints or ''ductile strip'' between stretches of concrete slabs. By replacing standard joints, common deterioration ~e.g., D-cracking! problems associated with joints may be also eliminated.

Probabilistic inequalities and remarks

The authors use their recently proved integral inequality to obtain bounds for the covariance of two random variables 1. in a general setup and 2. for a class of special joint distributions. The same inequality is also used to estimate the difference of the expectations of two random variables. Finally, the authors study the attainability of a related inequality.

A case study of hydraulic fracturing using finite element methods

Hydraulic fracturing can occur in the clay core of an earth and rock-fill dam if the vertical effective stress in the core is reduced to levels that are small enough to allow a tensile fracture to occur. This situation may arise if the total stress in the core is reduced by the "arching effect" where the core settles relative to the rock-fill shoulders of the dam. Water pressure increases in the core which occur on first impounding of water will reduce effective stresses further, and if they reach low enough values, a fracture will occur. The design of earth dams to resist hydraulic fracture is therefore of great importance (especially those dams with thin vertical or near-vertical central cores), as there have been several dam failures in the past that have been attributed to hydraulic fracture. This paper presents a method of predicting hydraulic fracture in the core of earth and rock-fill dams by using a numerical procedure based on the finite element method. The finite element procedure makes use of special joint elements that allow fluid flow and fracture to be modeled and is an advance over previous methods in that it allows the complete history of pore-pressure development in the core of a dam to be simulated. A study of the behaviour of the Hyttejuvet Dam, which was thought to have failed due to hydraulic fracturing, is also carried out, and the results of the analysis suggest that the failure of the dam was probably due to hydraulic fracturing that occurred during first filling of the reservoir. The fractures predicted occur at about the location that the actual fracture was thought to have been located. Key words: hydraulic fracture, earth and rock-fill dams, finite element method.

Teaching subjects to pupils with profound and multiple learning difficulties

Nicola Grove, who lectures in speech and language therapy and works in a school for pupils with severe and profound learning difficulties, and Nick Peacey, Director of the Special Educational Needs Joint Initiative for Training (SENJIT) at the Institute of Education, discuss the development of a framework for teaching National Curriculum subjects to pupils with profound learning difficulties through discussion with mainstream specialists.

Motion control of non-fixed base robotic manipulators

Robotic manipulators mounted on spacecraft experience a number of kinematic, dynamic, and control problems because the motion of the spacecraft is affected by the robot motion. In this paper, the general three dimensional equations of motion are derived for an n link manipulator mounted on a non-fixed base object. Instead of performing a single inverse kinematic calculation at the beginning of a movement to determine the required joint setpoints, multiple inverse kinematic updates are done throughout a movement. The updating sequence is determined by an optimal inverse kinematic updating algorithm. This motion control algorithm is based on experimental simulation results performed in Matlab and a set of performance indices that are used as guidelines. Simple PD joint controllers and a special joint trajectory generator are used for servoing the manipulator joints for a planar robot application. The derived motion control techniques incorporate the base motion without base motion control.

VIEWPOINT: Sub-regional planning: the missing link?

The recent revival of regional planning in Britain has been accompanied by a number of related political and procedural innovations. Examples of associated changes in policy include those that result from devolution to Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland; the proposed establishment of an elected Greater London Authority; the creation of Regional Redevelopment Agencies (RD As) in England; the review and revision of the operation of English Regional Planning Guidance (RPG); changes in the structure and organisation of Training and Enterprise Councils (TECS) at regional level; and, more recently, a number of adjustments to the regulations that govern the allocation and use of the European Union's Structural Funds. Change is also the order of the day at local level. In England, the final years of the Conservative administration saw the abolition of a number of county authorities and the granting of unitary status to shire districts; the hiving-off of larger districts as unitary authorities within those counties in which the county council was retained; and, as a consequence, the creation of joint arrangements for the preparation of structure plans. Similar reforms took place in Wales, with the abolition of all of the county councils and the creation of all-purpose unitary authorities, and in Scotland, with the abolition of the regional councils and the creation of unitary authorities. An interesting additional feature of Scottish reorganisation was the establishment of a special joint committee with responsibility for preparing a structure plan for the Glasgow and Clyde Valley sub-region. This institutional 'churning' has produced both positive and negative consequences for strategic planning. In one sense, the abolition of the county and regional authorities could be viewed as an opportunity to establish new administrative and planning arrangements that are more in-tune with the needs of the twenty-first century, whilst, from another perspective, the same 'reform' was considered by some observers to be the penultimate act in the