Spearman's Test Research Articles

Bioelectrical impedance vector analysis and track and field jump performance across different specialties: Sex differences and electrode configuration.

The assessment of athletic performance using non-invasive methods has been a significant focus in research aimed at measuring physiological parameters. This study explores the application of bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) among track and field athletes, with a focus on sex differences, electrode configuration, and the correlation between BIVA parameters and jump performances. This cross-sectional study involved 61 Italian track and field athletes: 31 females and 30 males (age: 21.4 ± 3.8; 21.1 ± 2.6 years; stature: 166.1 ± 6.1; 180.1 ± 5.0 cm; body mass: 57.4 ± 9.7; 72.5 ± 10.5 kg, respectively). Anthropometric measurements, bioelectrical impedance analysis, and athletic jump performance were conducted. The RXc graph, two-sample Hotelling's T2 test for BIVA, and one-way ANOVA for specialty comparisons were employed. Pearson and Spearman's tests evaluated the correlations between BIVA parameters and jump performance. Differences in bioimpedance values were observed between athlete groups. Lateral asymmetries were more pronounced in females. Correlations between BIVA and jump performance also varied by sex and electrode configuration, ranging from r = -0.072, p = 0.699-r = 0.555, p = 0.001 in females, and from r = 0.204, p = 0.281-r = 0.691, p = 0.001 in males. This study highlights the utility of BIVA in providing rapid and non-invasive assessments of body composition and its relationship with jump performance, considering variations in athlete sex and electrode configuration.

Gender, race, and ethnicity in lung cancer clinical trial participation: Analysis of 253,845 patients from 2002 to 2021

BackgroundLung cancer remains the greatest cause of cancer-related death, and multiple large studies have identified persistent racial disparities in lung cancer outcomes. In this study, we used public recording of lung cancer data on clinicaltrials.gov to sample age, gender, racial, and ethnic characteristics of participants in lung cancer clinical trials. MethodsClinicalTrials.gov, a US federal government repository of clinical trials, was queried for the term “lung cancer” and several related terms. A list of all studies matching these criteria was generated, and information regarding age, gender, ethnicity, and racial breakdown of participants was analyzed. Studies that did not report results to ClinicalTrials.gov or had at least one non-US site were excluded. Hypothesis testing was performed with the Student t test and χ2 test. Trends were analyzed using Spearman testing in Python (VSCode). ResultsRates of minority (ie, nonwhite) and female participation in US lung cancer clinical trials have increased significantly (P < .01) over the 20-year period from 2002 to 2021 but still do not represent parity with lung cancer incidence. Subset analysis by intervention offered did not show any significant differences in race, gender, or ethnic participation between studies that offered surgical intervention and those involving noninvasive interventions. National Institutes of Health–funded studies do not appear to have recruited any Hispanic participants, as assessed by reporting on ClinicalTrials.gov. The rates of race and ethnicity reporting also increased significantly over the study period. ConclusionsOur data demonstrate that there are persistent but improving racial and ethnic disparities in lung cancer clinical trials. Limitations of this study include poor reporting of results on clinicaltrials.gov. These findings demonstrate significant progress in the recruitment of minority participation, but also identify a significant role for policy changes to align participation with lung cancer incidence.

Comparison of Pediatric Risk of Mortality (PRISM III) score with Pediatric Index of Mortality (PIM III) score in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit: A Single center, prospective observational study from South India

Abstract Background: Pediatric risk of mortality (PRISM III) score and pediatric index of mortality (PIM III) scores are most recent versions of PRISM and PIM score used for mortality prediction in the Pediatric intensive care units (PICUs). This study aims to compare the performance of these two scores in children admitted to a tertiary PICU of South India. Subjects and Methods: This single-center, prospective observational study was conducted in PICU at a Tertiary Care Hospital in South India over a period of 20 months. A total of 214 cases admitted between the age groups of 1 month and 18 years were included in this study. PIM III and PRISM III scores were calculated. Quantitative correlation between the results of the score was analyzed by spearman test. Discrimination was assessed using the area under receiver operating characteristics curve and calibration using Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test. Results: Out of 214 children, observed mortality was 11 (5.1%). Estimated mortality using PRISM III and PIM III was 4 (1.86%) and 2 (0.93%), respectively. Although both scoring systems had good discrimination performance, PIM III score (0.934 [confidence interval (CI) 95%, 0.886–0.982]) had higher discrimination than PRISM III score(0.888 [CI 95%, 0.797–0.980]). PRISM III score (χ 2 = 4.469 and P = 0.484) had better calibration as compared to PIM III score (χ 2 = 16.093 and P = 0.041). Conclusions: Both PRISM III and PIM III score showed good discriminatory performance, however PRISM III had better calibration than PIM III score.

THE RELATIONSHIP OF FEAR OF MISSING OUT (FoMO) AND PEER SOCIAL SUPPORT WITH THE BODY IMAGE OF FEMALE ADOLESCENT AT SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Introduction: Adolescent girls are involved and exposed to various comments regarding physical appearance, which can lead to experiences of body dissatisfaction, resulting from failing to meet the unrealistic standards of physical attractiveness set by society. This condition can be influenced by FoMO and social support from peers. This research aims to analyze the relationship between Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) and social support from peers with body image in adolescent girls at SMA Negeri 13 Surabaya. Method: This research use descriptive correlation design with cross-sectional approach. The population was 650 people, with a sample size of 191 female teenagers at senior high school in Surabaya. The sampling technique used is simple random sampling. The independent variables are FoMO and peer social support. The dependent variable is body image. Data was taken using a questionnaire and analyzed using the Spearman's rank test. Results: There is a relationship between FoMO and body image in female adolescents (p=0,031&lt;0.05 and (r) = -0,156). For the peer social support variable, the value obtained was p=0,568&gt;0,05, which means there is no relationship. Discussion: FoMO may be related to body image. Peer social support is not associated with body

The incidence and trends of proteinuria, azotemia and hypertension in cats receiving toceranib phosphate.

This retrospective study aimed to determine the incidence and trends of proteinuria, elevations in serum creatinine and urea, and systolic blood pressure in cats undergoing treatment with toceranib. In total, 32 cats treated with toceranib for malignancies were analyzed. Cats were included if urinalysis and urine protein:creatinine ratio (UPC) measurements were available at 28 days (T1) and 56 days (T2) after starting the treatment. Cats with concurrent lower urinary tract disease, including urinary tract malignancy, were excluded. Friedman's ANOVA compared variables between time points, and the Spearman test assessed the correlation between treatment duration and UPC. The median starting dose of toceranib was 2.68 mg/kg (range 1.7-3.9). In total, 15 (46.9%) cats received concurrent non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The most commonly treated tumors were oral squamous cell carcinoma (n = 10) and mast cell tumor (n = 5). None of the 32 cats developed progressive proteinuria or azotemia during the follow-up period (median 56 days; range 56-336). Notably, UPC and serum creatinine were significantly lower at T2 compared with baseline (P = 0.012 and 0.001, respectively). Among the four cats with baseline proteinuria, UPC decreased over time with or without concurrent telmisartan treatment (n = 2). All four of these cats experienced a reduction in tumor size with toceranib concurrently with their decreased UPC. There was no significant correlation between UPC and the duration of toceranib treatment (P = 0.089). Blood pressure was not significantly different over the assessed time points. The incidence of proteinuria, renal azotemia and hypertension in cats treated with toceranib for neoplasia appears to be low. Toceranib may be a viable treatment option even in cats with pre-existing proteinuria or renal disease, with careful monitoring of trends recommended.

The Connection Between Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis (RAS) and Psychological Stress in Patients at RSGM Nala Husada

Background: The most common oral soft tissue disease at RSGM Nala Husada is recurrent aphthous stomatitis. RAS is a condition marked by inflammation of the orakl mucosa, which manifests as one or more ulcers that recur over time. RAS can be influenced by various predisposing factors, with stress being a common trigger. Stress refers to the body's reaction to challenges or pressures that lead to uncomfortable feelings, which are perceived differently by each person. Objective: To determine the relationship between stress in patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis at RSGM Nala Husada. Materials and Methods: The population and samples of all RAS patients who visited RSGM Nala Husada were taken by purposive sampling with a total of 100 people. The level of stress experienced by a person measured from the Depresion Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS) questionnaire which consists of 42 questions. Data on RAS were taken from subjective examination and intra-oral examination. Processing of data using correlation test with Spearman test in SPSS program. Results: The results of the Spearman test are a weak correlation, which can be seen from R= 0.115 (Sig = 0.175.&gt; 0.05). A positive R value means that the relationship is in the same direction. Conclusion: In this study there was no significant relationship between psychological stress in RAS patients at RSGM Nala Husada. Therefore, it is necessary to review further the severity, duration and intensity of stress that can trigger the emergence of RAS and reconsider other predisposing factors related to RAS besides stress.

Readiness Society to Enter the Era of Halal Drug Certification Mandatory in Terms of Knowledge, Perceptions, and Attitudes

The halal lifestyle trend is currently developing in various regions of the world, not only in areas where the majority of the population is Muslim but also where the population is Muslim minority. This study aims to determine the level and correlation of public knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes toward halal medicine and correlation with demographic data. This cross-sectional study was conducted online using a validated questionnaire, conducted in January-February 2023 on 600 respondents in six provinces of Java Island, using a purposive sampling method with inclusion criteria over 17 years old and exclusion criteria not being a doctor or pharmacist. The Spearman test was used to correlate knowledge-perception-attitude, and the Chi-square test was used to correlate demographic data with knowledge, attitude, and perception. The results showed that the level of public knowledge was sufficient (mean score 33.74 ± 2.37), the perception was sufficient (mean score 35.91 ± 3.47) and the attitude was sufficient (mean score 31.17 ± 4.25) towards halal medicine. Age, education, and place of work affect knowledge; and place of work affects perception. It is concluded that the community has sufficient knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes, knowledge-perception is significantly correlated, knowledge-attitude is weak and perception-attitude is strongly correlated

Relationship between MRI findings and renal histopathology in IgG4-related tubulointerstitial nephritis.

MRI is expected to be a valuable tool for evaluating disease activity in immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-related tubulointerstitial nephritis (IgG4-TIN). However, the correlation between MRI findings and renal histopathological findings remains to be elucidated. This study aimed to clarify the correlation between MRI findings and renal histopathological findings in IgG4-TIN. This retrospective cross-sectional study investigated 26 patients with biopsy-proven IgG4-TIN who underwent simultaneous percutaneous kidney biopsies and abdominal MRI examinations at Toranomon Hospital or Toranomon Hospital Kajigaya between December 2007 and November 2022. We reviewed kidney biopsy specimens and scored the degree of inflammatory cell infiltration and interstitial fibrosis. We assessed abdominal MRI, specifically examining T1WI, T2WI, and DWI, for the presence of abnormal signals in the inferior pole of the kidney on the side where the kidney biopsy was performed. Spearman's correlation coefficient test was conducted to examine the relationship between the images and histological findings. For T1WI, eight cases showed a positive low-intensity signal, and 18 cases were negative. For T2WI, 19 cases were positive for a low-intensity signal, and seven cases were negative. In DWI, 23 cases were positive for a high-intensity signal, and one was negative. T1WI low-intensity signal and T2WI low-intensity signal were significantly correlated with interstitial fibrosis score (correlation coefficient 0.52 and 0.64). DWI revealed IgG4-TIN detected IgG4-TIN lesions with the highest sensitivity; however, the correlation with inflammatory cell infiltration score was not significant. Low-intensity signal on T2WI is useful for predicting the degree of fibrosis in IgG4-TIN.

Comparison of Glucose and Immunoglobulin a Levels in Serum and Saliva of Patients with Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes

Introduction: The monitoring and management of blood glucose levels are of significant importance in individuals diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to examine the potential of a non-invasive approach for the diagnosis and management of diabetes, through the measurement of glucose concentration and salivary IgA, and a comparison with fasting glucose and serum IgA levels in individuals with type 1 and 2 diabetes, in relation to a control group of healthy individuals. Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 76 individuals with diabetes (31 with type 1 diabetes and 45 with type 2 diabetes) and 24 healthy individuals. After obtaining the code of ethics and informed consent, serum and salivary IgA levels as well as fasting glucose, were measured for each participant. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 statistical software and the Spearman, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney tests. Results: The results showed a significant difference among the three groups (type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and healthy group) based on Fasting Blood Glucose, Hemoglobin A1c, Immunoglobulin A, salivary sugar, and salivary IgA (p&lt;0.001). Additionally, in the case group, parameters such as FBS, HbA1c, and salivary IgA showed a significant correlation with salivary sugar. Conversely, in the control group, only the salivary sugar level demonstrated a significant relationship with serum glucose level. The study's findings indicated that serum and salivary IgA levels were lower and higher, respectively, in the control subjects compared to the diabetic group (p&lt;0.001). Conclusion: In healthy individuals, salivary sugar can serve as an indicator to determine fasting blood sugar levels. In diabetic patients, salivary sugar can predict of FBS, HbA1c, and salivary IgA levels.

Motor self-efficacy and physical education in school bullying.

In recent years, there has been a notable increase in bullying rates in school. Bullying is characterized as a repeated set of malicious actions by an individual or group toward another individual in an imbalanced power dynamic, resulting in physical, psychological, social, or material harm to the victim, with the intention of causing social exclusion. The scientific literature has investigated the factors that influence this type of behavior, environmental factors, such as school location and student age, as well as other factors, such as gender and level of physical fitness, also play an important role. This study examined the correlation between motor self-efficacy and bullying, considering that physical activity acts as a regulator in these cases. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was employed to assess the normality of the data distribution, and Spearman's Rho test was used to analyze the relationship between each dimension of the EBIPQ and E-AEM scores. The Cronbach's alpha was used to evaluate the reliability of each instrument. The results indicated a significant inverse correlation between the EBIP-Q and E-AEM in the variables of sex, educational stage and school environment. In conclusion, an inverse correlation was observed between motor self-efficacy and bullying, indicating that higher levels of motor self-efficacy are related to lower levels of bullying victimization. Motor self-efficacy could be used as a tool to reduce bullying situations at school. It would be important for government policies to encourage the practice of physical activity in all areas of life in order to improve motor self-efficacy and end bullying.

Hubungan Rotasi dengan Kinerja Perawat di RS Martha Friska Multatuli

Job rotation is a move from one room to another but still within the same scope of work. Rotation is carried out as a way to improve the quality of nursing services, to refresh and prevent boredom, to meet the needs of nursing staff in the room, and to improve nursing skills. At Martha Friska Multatuli Hospital, rotation has been implemented since 2020. This research aims to determine the relationship between rotation and the performance of nurses at Martha Friska Multatuli Hospital. This research method uses descriptive correlation with a cross sectional design. The sample size in this study was 71 respondents with a sampling technique using total sampling. Data analysis in this study used the Spearman's Rank correlation coefficient test. The research results showed that the majority of nurses stated that the rotation at Martha Friska Multatuli Hospital was a fairly good rotation, 42 respondents (59.2%) and it was also known that the majority of nurses' performance was in the good category, 58 respondents (81.7%). The results of statistical tests using the Spearman rank test obtained an r-value of 0.255 with a ρ-value of 0.032. This shows that there is a correlation or positive relationship between rotation and the performance of nurses at Martha Friska Multatuli Hospital with a low level of relationship. Keywords: Peformance, Rotation

Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate and Sleep Quality in Stage 3-5 Non-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: Is There a Correlation?

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a growing health issue that significantly affects patients' quality of life. CKD patients are prone to sleep disturbances, which can lead to chronic fatigue and a decrease in their quality of life. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is a parameter that can be used to assess the sleep quality of CKD patients. Objective: This study aims to determine the relationship between estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and sleep quality in non-dialysis CKD patients. Methods: The research design is an observational analytic study with a cross-sectional approach. The research subjects were stage 3-5 non-dialysis CKD patients aged 18 to 60 years at Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital Manado from March to May 2022. The sleep quality of CKD patients was assessed using the PSQI score. Data analysis was performed with a significance level of p &lt; 0.05. Results: A total of 30 patients with stage 3-5 non-dialysis CKD were found. They consisted of 20 males and 10 females, aged 38-59 years, with an average of 59.80 ± 9.86 years. In the normality test using Shapiro-Wilk, the patient samples were not normally distributed (p = .000). For statistical analysis using the Spearman test, a negative correlation was found between eGFR and PSQI scores (r = -0.554), which was statistically significant (p = 0.002). Conclusion: This study found a significant relationship between eGFR and PSQI scores, which shows that a decrease in eGFR worsens the sleep quality of non-dialysis CKD patients.

Diversity and structure of pelagic microbial community in Kuroshio Extension

Kuroshio Extension (KE) is the most active region of oceanic change in the North Pacific Ocean, which provides an essential place for the survival of marine microorganisms. However, Vertical changes in microbial communities in the Kuroshio Extension and the mechanisms by which environmental factors drive vertical changes in community structure remain unclear. In this work, microbial diversity, abundance, and community structure of 12 water layers (from surface to bottom) at five stations were uncovered by 16S rRNA gene high–throughput sequencing. Microbial diversity and richness decreased with increasing seawater depth. Microorganisms in the euphotic zone can be well separated from other zones based on NMDS analysis. Proteobacteria (65.20%), Bacteroidota (8.48%), Actinobacteriota (5.76%), and Crenarchaeota (4.49%) accounted for a relatively large proportion and their distribution is similar in four zones. Most of microorganisms were significantly (Spearman test, p < 0.05) correlated with salinity, density, pressure, and temperature. This work enhances our understanding of vertical microbial diversity and provides insights into the pelagic microbial community structure.

Analisis Faktor Psikososial pada Tenaga Kesehatan di KecamatanSungai Raya Kabupaten Kubu Raya

Introduction: Psychosocial risks can lead to stress and depression in the workplace, causing potential negligence and errors in performing work resulting in workplace accidents. Objective: To analyze the psychosocial risk factors of health workers in health centers that lead to the risk of workplace stress. Methods: Deskriptif analysis research using the Spearman test with a sample 65 people selected by purposive sampling from 186 health workers who served at the Sungai Durian, Sungai Raya Dalam, and Korpri health centers in Kubu Raya Regency. Research variables: Role Confusion, Role Conflict, Quantitative Overload, Qualitative Overload. Career Development, Responsibility for Others and job stress. Data were obtained from the IFRC and SDS. Results: Spearman test the most influential is qualitative overload mean value (x̄=11.28) moderate stress (39.24%). severe stress (1.54%), second quantitative overload (x̄=10.25) moderate stress 49.24%, third responsibility to others (x̄=10.26) moderate stress (41.34%). severe stress (3.0). The significance of the relationship between the variables of psychosocial risk factors and work stress very strong correlation level, the direction of the relationship is positive and unidirectional between psychosocial risk factors and work stress in health workers. Conclusion: Psychosocial risk factors experienced by health workers quantitative overload and responsibility for others need to be of concern to management there is a decrease in motivation and weakening of activities. Suggestions for management leader and health workers to increasing motivation and managing effective working hours.

Hubungan Protein Urine dengan Berat Jenis Urine Pada Pasien Gangguan Ginjal

Kidney impairment is a condition where there is a decrease in kidney function. The kidneys filter the blood and excrete metabolic waste through urine. When the kidneys are damaged, the ability of the kidneys to filter blood and excrete waste may decrease. Supporting examination parameters for examining kidney disorders are urinalysis examinations such as Urine Protein and Urine Specific gravity. This study aims to determine the relationship between urine protein and urine specific gravity in patients with kidney disorders. This study was conducted with an analytical observational design with a cross-sectional approach with a sample of 34 samples. The results were tested using the Spearman test. The results showed the highest urine protein level was +4 and the highest urine specific gravity level was 1.005. Spearman test results showed a value of 0.004 (&lt;0.05). There is a relationship between urine protein and urine specific gravity in patients with kidney disorders. Keywords: urine specific gravity, kidney disorders, urine protein

Hubungan Antara Stres Kerja dan Keluhan Nyeri Punggung Bawah Pekerja Las Industri Pembuatan Kapal

Low Back Pain (LBP) is a widespread health issue that profoundly impacts workers' productivity and quality of life. In addition to non-specific health effects, LBP can result in long-term disability and considerable economic losses. Globally, LBP affects 619 million individuals, with projections suggesting an increase to 843 million by 2050, particularly Low Middle Income Countries (LMICs) in Asia and Africa. The shipbuilding industry, known for its physically strenuous tasks and stringent deadlines, presents unique ergonomic challenges that can exacerbate job-related stress and precipitate the onset of LBP. This study examines Project X PT Y, a pivotal entity in Indonesia's shipbuilding sector. Utilizing a quantitative methodology and a cross-sectional research design, the study encompasses all 26 workers from the welding workshop at Project X PT Y. The analysis, conducted using the Spearman test, reveals a robust monotonic relationship between work-related stress and LBP complaints, indicating that the incidence of LBP increases concomitantly with elevated work stress.

Nontechnical Skills Assessment in Acute Care Trauma Simulations: A Mixed Methods Approach Using Eye Tracking and Behavioral Marker Systems.

The condition of trauma patients and the urgent need for timely resuscitation present unique challenges to trauma teams. These difficulties are exacerbated for military trauma teams in combat environments. Consequently, there is a need for continued improvement of nontechnical skills (NTS) training for trauma teams. However, current approaches to NTS assessment rely on subjective ratings, which can introduce bias. Accordingly, objective methods of NTS evaluation are needed. Eye-tracking (ET) methods have been applied to studying communication, situation awareness, and leadership in many health care settings, and could be applied to studying physicians' NTS during trauma situations. In this study, we aimed to assess the relationship between trauma team leaders' objective gaze patterns and subjective expert NTS ratings during patient care simulations. After Institutional Review Board approval, 9 trauma teams from first-year post-graduate general surgery and emergency medicine residents were recruited to participate in 1 of 2 trauma simulations (a difficult airway case and a multi-patient trauma). Each scenario lasted approximately 15 minutes. All team leaders wore a mobile ET system to evaluate gaze metrics-time to first fixation (TTFF), average fixation duration (AFD), and total percentage of the scenario (TPS) focused on Areas of Interest (AOI), which included patient, care team, diagnostic equipment, and patient care equipment. Trained faculty raters completed the Non-Technical Skills for Surgeons (NOTSS) assessment tool and the Trauma Non-Technical Skills (T-NOTECHS) scale. One-way analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis, and appropriate post-hoc pairwise comparison tests were run to assess differences between ET metrics across AOI groups. Spearman's Rho tests were used to assess correlations between ET and subjective NTS ratings. Compared to other NTS domains, trauma teams scored relatively poorly on communication across both T-NOTECHS (3.29$ \pm $0.61, maximum = 5) and NOTSS (2.87$ \pm $0.66, maximum = 4). We found significant differences in trauma team leaders' TTFF between teammates and the patient (Team: 1.56 vs Patient: 29.82 seconds, P < .001). TTFF on the diagnostic equipment was negatively correlated (P < .05) to multiple measures of subjective NTS assessments. There were no significant differences in AFD between AOIs, and AFD on teammates was positively correlated (P < .05) to communication and teamwork. There were significant differences in TPS across most AOI pairs (P < .05), and the average TPS fixated was highest on the patient (32%). Finally, there were several significant correlations between additional ET and NTS metrics. This study utilized a mixed methods approach to assess trauma team leaders' NTS in simulated acute care trauma simulations. Our results provide several objective insights into trauma team leaders' NTS behaviors during patient care simulations. Such objective insights provide a more comprehensive understanding of NTS behaviors and can be leveraged to guide NTS training of trauma physicians in the future. More studies are needed to apply these methods to capture NTS from a larger sample of teams in both simulated and real trauma environments.

Small airway inflammation in atypical asthma

BackgroundLess attention has been paid to the pathophysiological changes in atypical asthma such as cough variant asthma (CVA) and chest tightness variant asthma (CTVA). The obstruction of large and small airways is the important component in the development of asthma. We investigated whether small airway inflammation (SAI) induced small airway dysfunction (SAD) in these atypical asthmatics. MethodsSix hundred and eighty-six patients were enrolled and analyzed in the study. The partitioned airway inflammation was assessed by fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), such as FnNO, FeNO50, FeNO200, and calculated alveolar fraction of exhaled NO (CaNOdual). Correlations between exhaled NOs and SAD-related variables were assessed, whereas cell classification was evaluated by Spearman's rank tests. Classic asthma, CVA, and CTVA about potential risk were conducted using binary logistic regression models. ResultsThe whole airway inflammation increased in classic and atypical asthma than controls, whereas the central and peripheral airway inflammation in the CVA and CTVA groups increased compared with the classic asthma group. Smoking exposure was found to increase the central and peripheral airway inflammation in patients with asthma. The exhaled NO of FeNO50 and FeNO200 was associated with SAD in classic asthma, but not in CVA and CTVA. FeNO200 was the main risk (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.591; 95 % CI, 1.121–2.259; P = .009) in classic asthma and (adjusted OR, 1.456; 95 % CI, 1.247–1.700; P = .000) in CVA. The blood eosinophil levels were correlated with FeNO50 and FeNO200 in classic asthma and atypical asthma. ConclusionMore severe inflammatory process was present in central and peripheral airways in CVA and CTVA, which might reflect a pre-asthmatic state. SAI was the predominant risk factor in the development of asthma before SAD.

Application of 4D flow MRI for exploring factors affecting haemodynamics of iliac veins in asymptomatic population.

Haemodynamics plays an important role in the development of vascular disease. There is currently a lack of studies evaluating the characteristics and affecting factors of the iliac vein haemodynamics in clinical practice. The goal of this study was to use 4D flow MRI to explore the haemodynamic characteristics of iliac veins and its affecting factors in an asymptomatic population. Thirty consecutive volunteers without venous-related symptoms or signs underwent four-dimensional postprocessing of their MRI images. Relevant parameters, the demographic data, common iliac vein-inferior vena cava angle, iliac vein area, tortuosity, iliac vein mean flow, mean velocity was computed and analysed. T tests and Spearman's tests were used for analysing. A P value of 0.05 or less was considered significant. Height and iliac vein area were positively correlated with flow, while degree of stenosis, and common iliac-inferior vena cava angle were negatively correlated with that. Degree of stenosis was positively correlated with velocity, but the common iliac-inferior vena cava angle and iliac vein tortuosity were negatively correlated with that. The mean flow and velocity of iliac veins in females were lower than males. The mean flow and velocity of the left iliac veins were lower than those of the right. The height, gender, tortuosity, degree of stenosis, common iliac vein-inferior vena cava angle of the iliac vein are important factors that affect flow and velocity of the iliac veins. There were differences in haemodynamic parameters of the bilateral iliac veins.

The Relationship Between Knowledge of Dental Caries and the Incidence of Dental Caries in Pregnant Women at Polindes Jungkarang, Sampang, Madura

Problem: Based on primary data collected from pregnant women at Polindes Jungkarang, Sampang Regency, the average DMF-T score was 5.37, indicating that dental caries in pregnant women is still in the high category. This has not yet reached the target set in the National Action Plan (RAN), where the DMF-T value should be 4.1 for all ages. Research Objective: To determine the relationship between knowledge about caries and the high incidence of dental caries in pregnant women at Polindes Jungkarang, Sampang Regency. Research Method: This research is an analytical study using a cross-sectional method, with a sample of pregnant women visiting Polindes Jungkarang, Sampang Regency, from January to March 2024. The data collection instruments used were a questionnaire to measure knowledge about dental caries and a DMF-T examination sheet to identify caries. The analysis technique used was Spearman's rho test. Results: There is a relationship between knowledge about caries and the high incidence of dental caries in pregnant women at Polindes Jungkarang