Spearman's Rho Correlation Test Research Articles

DETERMINANTS AND BENEFITS OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT: CASE OF THE DRGB SONATRACH TRC

Knowledge management has become essential for organizations seeking a sustainable competitive advantage. However, its success depends on several prerequisites. This article aims to provide an overview of knowledge management applied within an Algerian company, the Regional Directorate of Bejaia, for transporting hydrocarbons by pipelines, "DRGB SONATRACH TRC." To this end, we employed two research instruments: an interview guide for a hierarchical manager and a questionnaire addressed to employees. Our final sample consists of 51 employees from various professional categories. SPSS version 23 was used for the analysis of the collected data, and the non-parametric Spearman's rho correlation test was utilized to verify the research hypotheses. Our findings indicate that knowledge management in the studied enterprise manifests through the combination of five subprocesses: creation, acquisition, application, sharing, and storage of knowledge. These processes are influenced, to varying degrees, by the following determinants: organizational culture, leadership, information technologies, and strategy. Our study also highlighted the benefits of knowledge management, such as increased market share, improved quality of products and services offered, and enhanced company image and productivity. In light of these results, we recommend the formalization of knowledge management practices and their integration into the company’s strategy, the promotion of a flexible compensation system that includes rewards for innovative ideas and solutions, as well as the relaxation of bureaucratic procedures to encourage individual initiatives and creativity. This study enriches the existing literature, which tends to analyze the knowledge management process in a fragmented manner, by proposing a focus on concrete mechanisms applicable in practice. Its practical contribution is reflected in the identification of strengths to leverage and obstacles to overcome.

The Effect of Characteristics, Patient Knowledge and Availability of Pulmonary TB Drugs with Compliance with Taking Pulmonary TB Drugs at the Jambi City Health Center in 2023

Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by *Mycobacterium tuberculosis*. One of the factors contributing to the low cure rate is non-adherence to TB treatment. Non-adherence is influenced by patient-related factors, including respondent characteristics, knowledge about pulmonary TB, and drug availability. The objective of this study is to analyze the influence of respondent characteristics, namely age, gender, education, knowledge about pulmonary TB, and drug availability on adherence to medication. This is a quantitative study with a cross-sectional approach. Samples were collected proportionally from 59 pulmonary TB patients undergoing treatment at 20 community health centers. The instrument used was a questionnaire based on MMAS-8, and the data were analyzed using univariate and bivariate analyses with Spearman Rho correlation test and Ordinal Logistic Regression. Adherence to pulmonary TB treatment was better in the older age group (36-45 years) with 85.4%, those with a high school education at 73.2%, respondents with high knowledge at 63.4%, and those reporting good drug availability at 88.9%. No respondents were categorized as non-adherent. The factors significantly affecting adherence to TB treatment were age (p = 0.046), education level (p = 0.013), knowledge (p = 0.021), and drug availability (p = 0.000), with drug availability having the greatest influence. Meanwhile, gender did not have a significant effect on adherence. The R-Square value was 0.525, and the regression equation was \( Y = 0.492 + 0.190 X1 – 0.101 X2 + 0.195 X3 + 0.356 X4 + 0.505 X5 + \epsilon \).

Hubungan antara Prokrastinasi Akademik dengan Kecemasan Akademik pada Mahasiswa Mengerjakan Tugas Akhir di Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

This research is based on the phenomenon of academic procrastination found in final students of Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo. Academic procrastination is task avoidance caused by feelings of displeasure with the task and fear of failing to complete the task. One of the factors that trigger academic procrastination is academic anxiety. The academic anxiety variable was measured using the academic anxiety scale adopted from Ridwan with a validity coefficient value moving from 0.926 -0.746 and an alpha reliability coefficient (α) value of 0.907. The academic procrastination variable was measured by the academic procrastination scale in completing the thesis adapted from Rahayu. with a validity coefficient value moving from 0.094 to 0.596 and with an alpha (α) reliability coefficient value of 0.858. The correlation between variables was analyzed using Spearman's Rho correlation test with the help of JASP 19.0 software. The results showed that there was a relationship between the two variables with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.703 with a significance (p) of 0.001 (<0.05).

INTERPERSONAL SKILLS AND ADOLESCENTS’ SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT: THE IMPLICATION OF THE TEACHING LEARNING PROCESS IN THE UNIVERSITY OF BUEA, CAMEROON

The study investigated interpersonal skills as determinants of adolescents’ social adjustment in the University of Buea. The study employed a cross-sectional survey research design, specifically utilizing a sample survey approach. The research focused on a population of 5,736 adolescent students across three faculties. To determine an appropriate sample size, the researchers applied the Krejcie and Morgan model, which indicated that 361 students would constitute a representative sample. The sampling process combined purposive sampling to identify the population of interest, followed by random selection of individual participants. For data collection, the researchers developed and administered a questionnaire that included both open-ended and closed-ended questions. The data management process began with entering the collected data into EpiData version 3.1. To ensure data quality, the researchers then conducted rigorous data cleaning and validation checks using SPSS version 23.0, which helped identify and address any invalid codes in the dataset. To establish the reliability of the research instrument, the team assessed the internal consistency of responses using Cronbach's Alpha reliability coefficient. The statistical analysis employed two main tests: Chi-square analysis was used to examine and compare descriptive differences in the data, while Spearman's rho correlation test was selected for hypothesis testing due to the normal distribution of the data. This comprehensive methodological approach allowed the researchers to systematically collect, process, and analyze data while maintaining scientific rigor throughout the study. The combination of purposive and random sampling techniques helped ensure both the relevance and representativeness of the sample, while the statistical tests chosen were appropriate for the nature of the data and research objectives. The data analysis incorporated both descriptive and inferential statistical methods to examine the relationship between social adjustment and interpersonal relationships among university adolescents. The fundings yielded a statistically significant positive correlation (R = 0.411, p < 0.01) between interpersonal relationship formation and social adjustment outcomes in the university environment. This moderate correlation coefficient indicates that adolescent students who successfully establish and maintain quality interpersonal relationships demonstrate enhanced social adjustment within the university context. The strength of this correlation (R = 0.411) suggests a meaningful association between these variables, though it also indicates that other factors are likely to contribute to social adjustment outcomes. This empirical evidence underscores the importance of interpersonal relationship development as a key facilitator of successful social adaptation among adolescent university students.

Utilization of Digital Financial Transactions and Perspectives of Digital Payment among School Employees

This descriptive-correlational research determined the utilization of digital financial transactions and perspectives of digital payment of the employees in one private higher education institution in the Philippines and correlated these to their demographic and household profiles. A total of 115 employees participated in this study. Contingency coefficient, Chi-square test, and Spearman rho correlation test were used to determine the association of the variables. Findings reveal that the majority of the participants prefer cash for their financial transactions. In general, they are confident in making financial transactions using digital devices. They often utilize digital payment to pay for mobile recharge/loads and cable/internet, and many of the participants have been using digital payment methods for more than three years and above. Findings further show that, generally, the participants have positive perceptions toward digital payment. Single individuals, graduates of education courses, and families with two to three household members below 18 years old prefer cash transactions more than the other groups. There are demographic and household factors that are significantly correlated with confidence in and frequency of making digital financial transactions and the time period of using digital payment methods. Findings may imply the inclusion of digital and financial literacy in the development program for employees to increase awareness and understanding of the benefits, safety measures, and convenience of digital finance.

Exploring the Impact of Self-Leadership on Work Motivation and Nursing Performance

Background: Self-leadership is a process that exists within a person to increase motivation and direct himself to behave in a way that is in accordance with what other people expect of him. Individuals who have self-leadership are able to build themselves up in achieving their goals and to provide the needed direction and/or support to ensure that their goals are aligned with the general goals of the group or organization. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between Self Leadership and work motivation and performance of nurses. Methods: The design of this study was an analytic descriptive study with a cross sectional approach with a population of 86 nurses and a sample of 71 nurses, using a simple random sampling technique. The instrument in this study used a questionnaire. The analysis in this study used the Spearman Rho correlation test (p <0.05). Results: The results of the study show that there is a very significant relationship between self- leadership and work motivation. The level of relationship is very high in the number of respondents 71 people with r correlation = 0.618 (r minimum 0.234). The statistical test shows that p = 0.000 so that p < α (0.05) which means that the hypothesis (H1) is accepted. And from the test results there is a very significant relationship between self-leadership and nurse performance. The level of relationship is very high in the number of respondents 71 people with r correlation = 0.620 (r minimum 0.234). The statistical test shows that p = 0.000 so that p < α (0.05) which means that the hypothesis (H1) is accepted. Conclusion: There is a Relationship between Self Leadership on Work Motivation and Nurse Performance at Muhammadiyah Gresik Hospital. Keywords: Self Leadership, Work Motivation, Performance

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GADGET ADDICTION AND INTEREST IN STUDYING AND SLEEP QUALITY IN SCHOOL CHILDREN

Introduction: Excessive use of gadgets in children can lead to addiction and the bad impact can influence students' interest in studying and sleep quality because students will experience dependence and explore more of the other applications of gadgets. This research aims to analyze the relationship between gadget addiction interest in learning and sleep quality in school children. Methods: The research method is quantitative and uses a cross-sectional approach. The sample of this study was 83 children in 6th-grade elementary school at SD Muhammadiyah 21. Gadget addiction was measured with a modified questionnaire consisting of 30 favorable items, which were then altered and tried out into 21 questions, consisting of 14 favorable items and 7 unfavorable items with a Cronbach's alpha reliability test result of 0.880. Interest in learning is measured with a questionnaire consisting of 4 answer items and sleep quality is measured with a sleep quality questionnaire (SQQ). Research data analysis used the Spearman rho correlation test. Results: There is a relationship between gadget addiction and interest in learning (p=0.000; (r) = 0.902) and there is a relationship between gadget addiction and sleep quality (p=0.000; (r) = 0.843).Conclusions: So, it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between gadget addiction and students' interest in learning and sleep quality. So, teachers should have a good relationship with students' parents to control the intensity of students' gadget addiction and foster students' motivation to learn and get enough sleep.

Necrosis area, Tumor Size, and Lymph Node of Breast Cancer

Background: Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in women worldwide in 2020. The high mortality rate is often influenced by various reasons, one of which is patients's prognosis. One of the prognostic factors is necrosis area, caused by hypoxic tumor tissue that can affect tumor growth and metastasis. Therefore, this study aims to determine the relationship between necrosis area with tumor size and lymph node metastasis in breast cancer patients. Methods: This study was an observational analytic with a cross-sectional approach. This research was conducted at the Anatomical Pathology Laboratory of Dr Soedarso Pontianak General Hospital and the Microscopy Laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine Tanjungpura University from September until November 2022. The study sample was 55 slides of Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE). The study was conducted by observing the preparations under a microscope and then analyzed using ImageJ and SPSS software. The independent variable in this study was the necrosis area in the tumor microenvironment, and the dependent variables were tumor size and lymph node metastasis in breast tissue. Results: All study samples were female patients with invasive ductal carcinoma. Breast cancer tends to occur in patients aged 48-55 years. The highest percentage of necrosis area was 21% and the most diagnosed breast tumor size and lymph node metastasis were stage T4 and stage N2. Spearman's rho correlation test showed that there was no relationship between necrosis area and tumor size (p = 0.122; r = 0.16) and lymph node metastasis (p = 0.637; r = 0.18). Conclusions: There is no correlation between necrosis area with tumor size and lymph node metastasis of breast cancer patients in the Anatomical Pathology Laboratory at Dr Soedarso Pontianak General Hospital.

Enhancing Nursing Excellence: Exploring the Relationship between Nurse Deployment and Performance.

Proper nurse placement is crucial for enhancing the performance and quality of health services. This study aims to explore in-depth the relationship between nurse placement and performance in order to promote nursing excellence. A quantitative analysis was conducted using a descriptive correlational methodology. The population in this study consisted of 214 executive nurses at Medan Government Hospital, with a sample size of 139. The study's findings revealed that nurses performed exceptionally well in providing nursing care, scoring 94.2%, with those well-placed scoring 90.6%. The results from the Spearman rho correlation test showed that nursing qualifications, experience, work environments, and team dynamics have significant relationships with nurse performance. Meanwhile, the nurse's rho factor towards patients and the policy or regulation component showed low significance and relationship. The novelty of this study lies in its indication that nursing performance can be enhanced by aligning the placement of nurses with their abilities and experience, and fostering a work environment and positive team dynamics that encourage collaboration and efficiency. These findings provide vital insights for nursing staff management in order to enhance nursing care quality and patient health outcomes. This study highlights the need for suitable placement and professional development for nurses in order to attain maximum performance.

Hubungan Pengetahuan Rekam Medis Elektronik (RME) dengan Kesiapan Perawat Menggunakan Rekam Medis Elektronik (RME) di Rumah Sakit Wonolangan Probolinggo

According to the 2021 LAKIP (Performance Accountability Report of Government Agencies) data, 123 hospitals in Indonesia have integrated and implemented electronic medical records (EMR). In East Java, 13 hospitals have adopted EMR, but none in Probolinggo Regency have yet integrated this system. This study aims to examine the relationship between knowledge of Electronic Medical Records (EMR) and the readiness of nurses to use EMR at Wonolangan Hospital, Probolinggo. The study was conducted in 2023 with a population of 80 nurses, selected using the total sampling technique. The research employed a descriptive quantitative approach with statistical analysis using Spearman's rho correlation test, and data collection was done through questionnaires. The results indicated that in terms of knowledge, 70 nurses (87.5%) had good knowledge, 9 nurses (11.25%) had moderate knowledge, and 1 nurse (1.25%) had low knowledge. In terms of readiness, 51 nurses (63.75%) were categorized as having high readiness, 28 nurses (35%) as medium, and 1 nurse (1.25%) as low. The statistical test showed a P value of 0.000 (P < 0.05), indicating a significant relationship between knowledge of EMR and nurses' readiness to use EMR at Wonolangan Hospital, Probolinggo.

Financial Literacy among School Employees Vis-A-Vis their Financial Resilience

This study intended to examine the relationship between financial literacy and financial resilience among employees at a private higher education institution in the Philippines. The research instrument was adapted from the OECD INFE financial literacy questionnaire. The data was analyzed using frequency, percentage, ranking, mean, contingency coefficient, Chi-square, and Spearman rho correlation tests. Most of the participants were female, single, college graduates of education programs followed by business-related courses, with full-time work status, and have been employed for more than ten years in the institution. The results reveal that most participants perform very well on a test covering interest rates, inflation, and risk diversification. Most of them have low financial resilience as they can sustain their living expenses for at least a week only but not up to one month without needing to borrow money if loss of income occurs. Moreover, a positive weak significant relationship exists between financial resilience and money-related knowledge. The findings imply the development of financial education programs focusing on key areas that can help improve the employees’ overall financial well-being and empower them to make informed financial decisions throughout their lives. Keywords: financial literacy, financial resilience, school employees, Spearman rho, contingency coefficient, Chi-square test, Philippines

Relationship Between Anxiety Level and Sleep Quality in Patients Pre-Cardiac Surgery at Dr. Kariadi Hospital, Semarang, Indonesia

Introduction: Cardiac surgery is a medical procedure that aims to improve the heart's structure and blood vessels. The procedure is performed within 4 to 6 hours. This can cause anxiety in patients and family members. Excessive anxiety can lead to increased blood pressure, tachycardia, depression, and even sleep disturbances before and after cardiac surgery. Poor sleep quality affects quality of life, health status, and activities of daily living. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between anxiety levels and sleep quality in patients with pre-cardiac surgery. Methods: This research was a descriptive correlation with a cross-sectional approach. The convenience sampling technique was used to select 65 respondents for the sample. The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS) questionnaire was used to gather information on anxiety levels. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire assessed the respondents' sleep quality before heart surgery. The obtained data was subjected to analysis using the Spearman-Rho test.Results: There were 36 respondents (55.38%) who had moderate sleep quality and experienced mild anxiety 28 respondents (43.08%). The Spearman rho correlation test of r value was 0.106 in the results. There is no relationship between anxiety level and sleep quality in cardiac pre-surgery patients.Conclusion: The majority of patients with pre-cardiac surgery at Dr. Kariadi Hospital Semarang experience anxiety and sleep disorders. Nurses can consider to manage the anxiety and sleep disorders experienced by patients.

The Correlation between Dental Health Status and Educational Level, Age, and Gender as Demographic Attributes of the Children of Migrant Workers

Introduction Migrant workers and their families appear to have greater health issues, given their need to adjust to new environments and restricted access to healthcare services. One obstacle to receiving healthcare is culture. This study aims to analyze the correlation between dental health status and the level of class, age, and gender as demographic attributes in the children of migrant workers. Methods This cross-sectional study involved the children of Indonesian migrant workers who resided in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The population of the study consisted of children who met the inclusion criteria. Their ages varied between six and twelve. In this study, we used the purposive sampling method. There are 93 samples that met the inclusion criteria. We obtained the data on dental health status using the RedCap online form, which is used in the WHO oral health survey. The researchers performed data analysis, the def-t and DMF-T measurement index and prevalence analyses, and the Spearman-Rho correlation tests to examine the data and determine the appropriate analytical tests. Results The characteristics of the children of Indonesian migrant workers are as follows: based on the class level, 1, 5, and 6; based on age, 6-8 and 9-11; and based on gender, nearly equal between the male and female respondents. The DMF-T index score was 1.22, and the def-t index was 3.77 among the migrant children. The prevalence of caries in permanent adult crowns was lower (53.76%) than that in primary children crowns (64.52%.). Root caries is present in less than 1% of the adult population; however, its prevalence among the children of migrant workers is indeterminable. The majority of the negative correlation occurs between the level of grade and age of the children of Indonesian migrant workers and their dental and oral health status; however, there is no significant correlation between gender and oral health status. Conclusion The DMF-T index of migrant children is low, while their def-t index is high. The prevalence of crown and root caries among the children of migrant workers is significantly higher. There are many negative correlations between the educational level and age of the migrant children and their oral health status.

Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Partisipasi pada Sistem Agroforestri di Areal Kerja Hutan Kemasyarakatan Catur Rahayu

The Catur Rahayu community forest (HKm) is located in Catur Rahayu Village, Dendang Subdistrict, East Tanjung Jabung Regency, Jambi Province. In 2019, 81% of their land experienced fire. Some of them have carried out replanting, but some have not yet done so due to limited funds, especially for land preparation activities. From a socio-economic aspect, the majority of GAPOKTANHUT Catur Rahayu members work as farmers and have education only up to elementary school, so they do not have much money, knowledge and knowledge to maximize their land management. This research aims to analyze participation, socio-economic factors, and the relationship between these two variables. The analysis method uses the Spearman's rho correlation test. The results of the research show that the level of participation of GAPOKTANHUT Catur Rahayu members at all stages of HKm activities is in the high category with a percentage of 36.78%. Based on indicators of socio-economic factors that correlate with participation in HKm activities, namely non-formal education, land area, income, cosmopolitan, leadership, and incentives, while socio-economic factors that are not correlated with participation in HKm activities are age, formal education, distance to HKM land, and number of dependents. In total there is no significant relationship between socio-economic factors and the participation of GAPOKTANHUT Catur Rahayu members.

Academic Self Efficacy and Student Academic Stress in the Pandemic Transition Period

The first year of college is a transition period from secondary education to higher education. The demand to be an independent learner, as well as the transition from distance learning to face-to-face meetings, can certainly cause academic stress. On the other hand, some factors influence the extent to which students can survive in the face of stress, one of which is self-efficacy. This research aims to look at the relationship between academic self-efficacy and academic stress in first-year students during the pandemic transition period using quantitative methods. The total number of participants in this research was 210 active first-year students. The research instruments used were the Academic Self-Efficacy Scale and the Academic Stress Inventory. The results of research using Spearman's rho correlation test technique show that the variables academic self-efficacy and academic stress (rs = -.667, p < .001) have a significant negative correlation. Thus, the higher the academic self-efficacy, the lower the academic stress experienced by students.

Dislipidemia asociada en pacientes con hipertensión arterial atendidos en el centro de salud Ambato Tamborapa- Bellavista, 2023

The objective of this study was to establish the relationship between dyslipidemia and high blood pressure in patients treated at the Ambato Tamborapa Health Center - Bellavista, 2023. The methodology employed was a quantitative approach of basic, descriptive, prospective and correlational type was used with a non-experimental design. The sample consisted of 100 patients. Data analysis was conducted using the statistical software SPSS version 27 and Spearman's Rho correlation test was applied. The results indicate that 57% have mild systolic pressure, 32% moderate and 11% severe. While, in Diastolic Pressure 52% have a mild level, 44% have a moderate level and 4% have a severe level. In cholesterol, 61% have high levels and 39% have very high levels, HDL 46% have high levels and 54% have very high levels, LDL 90% have high levels and 10% have very high levels, triglycerides 79% have high levels and 21% have very high levels. Cholesterol, triglycerides and arterial hypertension obtained a positive and direct relationship, with cholesterol (r=0.165) for triglycerides (r=0.110) in HDL and LDL with arterial hypertension presenting a significance value p ≤ 0.05.

Self-efficacy and Career Adaptability in Early Career employees

<p><strong>Abstract. </strong>Every company strives to increase efficiency and effectiveness to adapt to competitive developments. One of the efforts made is to prepare employees to compete at work. Career adaptability is necessary for employees to support effective performance, especially for early career employees. Therefore, early career employees need good self-efficacy to support career adaptability. This research aims to determine the relationship between self-efficacy and career adaptability in early-career employees at PT. XYZ. The method used is quantitative with a simple correlational design. Data collection used non-probability sampling with a saturated sampling technique, carried out using a Google form distributed to all PT. XYZ. The research scale consists of the General Self-Efficacy Scale (α =0.932) and the Career Adapt-Abilities Scale (α= 0.969). The Spearman Rho correlation test obtained a coefficient value of 0.841 with p(Sig.) = 0.000 (p<0.01) shows that self-efficacy positively relates to career adaptability in early-career employees. Research on self-efficacy and career adaptability in early career employees is expected to provide important information that can be used to improve employee development practices, organizational policies, and future academic literature.</p><strong><em>Keywords: </em></strong><em>Self-efficacy; Career Adaptability; Early Career</em>

KORELASI INTENSITAS CAHAYA DENGAN KARAKTERISTIK SUARA AYAM PELUNG

Pelung chicken is one of the singing chickens in Indonesia. Genetic factors and environmental factors such as light intensity influence the crowing characteristics of Pelung chickens. This research aimed to determine the correlation between light intensity at different times and the characteristics of the crowing sound of Pelung chickens. The study used a survey method with purposive sampling techniques in Cianjur and Sukabumi Regencies. A total of 26 Pelung chickens were sampled to measure the duration, frequency, and volume of crowing. The data obtained were analyzed using Pearson and Spearman rho correlation tests. The research results show that light intensity has a significantly low correlation with duration (0,0249). At the same time, the frequency and volume of crowing do not correlate with light intensity with the respective correlation values being 0,016 and 0,124. Further research with a larger sample is needed to strengthen the research results. Another study needs to be carried out regarding the training aspect and its influence on the characteristics of the crowing sound of Pelung chickens.

The Impact of Baseline Pain Intensity on the Effectiveness of Whole-Body Electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) for Nonspecific Chronic Back Pain.

Recent clinical studies confirmedthat whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) training is a safe and time-efficient therapeutic method for patients with nonspecific chronic back pain (NSCBP). However, significant variations in initial pain intensity among subjects in these studies have been observed. This study aims to determine if patients with differing initial pain intensities experience varying degrees of benefit from WB-EMS and to assess the overall correlation between initial pain levels and pain reduction. Pain intensity datasets from two studies were combined. The pooled data included 121 NSCBP patients (38 males and 83 females) with an average age of 55.1 years (±11.8 years). Data was categorized by baseline pain intensity on the numeric rating scale (NRS) into seven groups: 0 to 2, >2 to 3, >3 to 4, >4 to 5, >5 to 6, >6 to 7, and >7. Both absolute and relative changes were analyzed. Additionally, a Spearman rho correlation test was performed on the entire dataset to evaluate the relationship between initial pain level and pain reduction. Significant improvements were noted across all NRS11 categories, with strong effect sizes (p) in all classes above 2, ranging from 0.56 to 0.90. The >7 category exhibited the highest rate of clinically significant changes (80%) and an average improvement of 3.72 points. The overall group from >1 to 10 showed an average improvement of 1.33 points, with 37% of the participants experiencing clinically significant improvements. The Spearman rho correlation test revealed a moderate positive relationship between initial pain level and pain reduction (r_s = 0.531, p < 0.001), indicating that, generally, higher initial pain levels are associated with greater pain reduction. The findings support the hypothesis that NSCBP patients with higher baseline NRS values benefit more substantially from WB-EMS. Those with NRS values above 7 show the greatest improvement and highest rate of clinical significance. The overall positive correlation between initial pain intensity and pain reduction further underscores the efficacy of WB-EMS in managing NSCBP across different pain intensities.

Correlations with clinical and radiologic findings and prevalence of osteopenia/osteoporosis in the patients with bilateral temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis

This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of osteopenia/osteoporosis in patients with bilateral temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ-OA) and its correlations with clinical and radiological findings. A total of 95 patients with bilateral TMJ-OA diagnosed by CBCT were included in the study. Clinical and radiological findings and bone mineral density (BMD) scores were recorded. Descriptive statistics and the Spearman rho correlation tests were performed. Osteopenia/osteoporosis was found in 44 of 95 patients (46.32 %) (30, osteopenia; 14 osteoporosis). Osteopenia/osteoporosis is significantly associated with postmenopausal status and age over 40 years, but it is not associated with clinical and radiological findings of TMJ-OA. Patients with bilateral TMJ-OA have a high prevalence of osteopenia/osteoporosis.