Spatial Perceptions Research Articles

Decoding vibrant neighborhoods: Disparities between formal neighborhoods and urban villages in eye-level perceptions and physical environment

Vibrant neighborhoods play a pivotal role in the human well-being and social cohesion. However, existing research amalgamates vitality discussions of varied functions, failing to offer nuanced insights for specific neighborhood planning. Another gap emerges from the lack of research focusing on cultivating neighborhood vibrancy based on bottom-up spatial perceptions at the eye-level. Therefore, our study delves into the spatial and temporal disparities in vitality between formal neighborhoods and urban villages. Both real and virtual indicators are employed to measure the physical and digital vitality of neighborhoods. We incorporate eye-level perceptions as a new explanatory variable based on the physical environment. Our findings suggest that real vitality exhibits a modest morning and evening peak on weekends, while virtual vitality continually increases and peaks at night. In addition to enhancing green and enclosed neighborhood environments, improving public transportation options that replace reliance on motorized travel could facilitate formal neighborhood vitality. Regarding urban villages, clear rights-of-way can boost commuting efficiency, spatial accessibility and road safety, while the provision of ample public facilities and public spaces fosters the creation of “15-minute living circles.” The differentiated planning recommendations could offer valuable insights to promote livable neighborhoods and ultimately help to improve human well-being.

Analysis of pressure perception of internal roads in existing settlements based on random forest/deep learning

The quality of road space has an influential role in human psychological health. Quantifying residents' perceptions of road spatial quality and exploring the relationship between perceptions and constituent elements have become topics of interest to many parties. In this study, based on the high-resolution remote sensing images acquired by Baidu Maps, the road images of built-up settlements in Beijing in three different periods (1949-1977, 1978-1997, and 1998-2022) were semantically segmented. The large-scale rating data and subjective evaluations of residents' spatial perceptions of roads were analyzed using random forest and multiple linear regression methods. The results show that stress, a negative perception, is positively correlated with buildings and cars, and negatively correlated with vegetation, sky, and sidewalks. The composition of elements affecting residents' stress perceptions in communities of different build-up years was consistent, but the degree of influence of each element was ranked differently. This study attempts to summarize the road characteristics and residential advantages of different built-up neighborhoods, and proposes optimization strategies for upgrading road space in old neighborhoods and countermeasure suggestions for future improvement of the human living environment.

Nature-based solutions in flood risk management: Unlocking spatial, functional and policy perceptions amongst practitioners in South-West England

Nature-based solutions (NBS) to flood risk management include natural flood management (NFM) and sustainable drainage systems (SuDS). Still relatively untested in practice, their applications have been separated functionally and spatially. In this article, it is suggested that the emerging approach of managing flood risk holistically over whole catchments is hampered by the persistence of such binaries. Structural, organisational and policy contexts that entrench these divisions are explored through the experiences of flood risk practitioners working in south-west England. Interviews with 11 practitioners working in different aspects of flood risk management within the English Severn and Wye region are analysed. The key findings are grouped into two broad categories: (1) impediments faced by practitioners in implementing NBS, including different spatial NBS understandings, implementation and planning challenges and, monitoring and maintaining NBS; (2) the need for effective NBS governance focused around policy links and community involvement and incentivisation. The analysis draws out three formats of network governance in support of the expansion of cross-sectoral arrangements to plan, implement and monitor NBS flood interventions across extended river catchments in the longer term: regional administration, local lead flood organisation and participant-governed. The focus on the UK, rooted in national contexts, applies conceptually to flood risk governance scenarios in other countries.

INTERIOR SPACE PERCEPTION BY PREDICTABILITY OF OLFACTORY PREFERENCES

In contrast to other spatial perceptions, why do architects prefer to design, map, and depict the visual? In addition to the visible, immaterial, and intangible aspects of space, architecture also addresses the minimal qualities that exist between the solid and the fluid as well as the ambiguous materiality of sound and smell. The human touch and multi-sensorial connection are what make the experience more intense.Today's building envelopes are made of tactile boundaries and visually perceptible borders that are an abstraction of the human body. This relies on vision, smell, and touch. For example, improving one's sense of smell may improve the perception of the surroundings. This is particularly intriguing because it emphasizes the significance of this sense and serves as a reminder of the possibility of sensory-sensitive information that is responsive and environment-adaptive.Individuals have different sensory perceptions of odours, just as different people have different needs for ambient and appropriate temperatures in a location. Although each person subjectively interprets these and responds differently, an individual instantaneously receives this information of change in the environment when any of the three aspects of scent, namely flow, intensity, or duration, are disturbed or augmented.Based on the methods used to acquire smell, data can be divided into four basic categories: observational, experimental, simulational, and generated. The intensity of a smell also fluctuates according to how far it is from its source, which will gradually wither away as time and distance pass. The study would help establish a parallel between smell and colour preferences. Researching if people’s preferences for colour and smell can be classified based on fixed parameters. McLean et al. (2018), pp 9-19Humans, however, can identify millions of distinct odours just by using their nose's smell receptors. So, it's an intriguing idea to incorporate smells into the process of designing a space. Although fragrances themselves cannot be represented visually and their ability to transport us to a different place and time cannot be demonstrated, they are nonetheless essential components of a setting that makes us feel at ease and at home.

“Creo que mi meta es ayudar a mi comunidad y ver un cambio”: Latinas/os remaking home through community-engaged mapping

ABSTRACT This paper presents an ethnographic and qualitative exploration of how resident-driven mapping shapes our understanding of place and space in a changing environment. Conducted from 2018 to 2022, the study collaboratively engaged community members in mapping exercises, which helped inform the study and its purpose to uncover their complex feelings related to changes in the neighborhood, including the light rail expansion. By “hanging out” with the community and embracing a participatory research stance, the study unveiled a nuanced understanding of how residents make sense of space and place in an evolving context. This paper sheds light on the dynamic interplay between space, place, and identity. The mapping component served as a counterpoint to traditional top-down power dynamics, allowing residents to visually articulate their boundaries of South Phoenix. As the co-collaborators’ maps challenged government-issued maps, the project highlighted the agency of Latinas/os in redefining spatial narratives. The incorporation of mapping, often overlooked in empirical literature, has emerged as a tool of resistance and empowerment, giving voice to historically marginalized perspectives. By integrating spatial analysis into the study of community dynamics, this paper’s findings contribute to a more holistic understanding of the impact of urban development on identity and sense of place. It underscores the importance of collaborative, bottom-up approaches in research and planning processes, emphasizing the role of spatial perceptions in shaping lived experiences.

Effect of Wall Colors and Usage Rates on The Perception of Interior Spaces

In this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of colors and the usage rates in interior spaces on the spatial perceptions of users. With this objective, a living space was designed in a manner that would have three different colors (warm, neutral, and cool) and usage rates at 10%, 50%, and 100% and digital visuals were prepared. A total of 233 subjects participated in the research questionnaire and the data obtained were analyzed. In conclusion, it was determined that the living spaces which were colored at a low rate were perceived more positively according to the Semantic Differentiation Scales compared to the completely colored spaces. The spaces where warm and cool colors were used at the rate of 10% were perceived as more spacious and beautiful compared to the spaces where colors were used at the rates of 50% and 100%, whereas it was observed that when the values received were from positive to negative, they were listed in the form of 10% > 50% > 100%. Despite this, it was determined that the spaces where warm colors were used at the rates of 50% and 100% were perceived as more informal. Furthermore, it was observed that the differences in the colors used on the walls and the usage rates were changing according to gender and professions. Accordingly, it was determined that especially females and interior architects preferred, even more, the spaces with warm colors having a low usage rate.

Raised Eyes and Humble Hearts: The Body as/in Space in Pss 123 and 131

As a mobile spatial field, the human body is a space andfunctions in space. The body governs spatial orientation and perceptions of direction, location and distance and determines human experiences and representations of space on the continuum between positive and negative and/or sacred and profane space. In the Psalter, space is represented and experienced through the eyes of a "lyrical I" whose body is located off-centre, in chaos and despair, or at-centre, in harmony and peace. Supplication and praise, ritual and prayer are all expressions of the lyrical I's desire to be located at-centre, in the presence of the deity, in sacred space. Sacred space is not an ontological location, but a subjective, bodily experience of being in the presence of the divine. An analysis of the whole-body experience of the lyrical I in Pss 123 and 131 illustrates the poet's longing for (Ps 123) and experience of being at-centre (Ps 131), in divine presence, i.e., in sacred space.

Gaming & Geography (Education): Gaming and Geography (Educa-tion): A Model of Reflexive Analysis of Space and Action in Video Games

Since philosophical turns such as the spatial turn etc., geography has been dealing more intensively with the subjective per-ception and construction of space. Video games, and especially the vast digital spaces therein, are developed by teams of programmers, developers, and designers who make creative spatial construction decisions based on different worldviews, experiences, values, and skills. These processes result in a specific intended spatial experience for players to traverse. How-ever, these players also approach the games with certain worldviews, prior experiences, values, etc., and the question arises to what extent spatial experiences can be intentionally passed through and what consequences the perception has for the (young) players we address with geography instruction. Thus, there is undoubtedly communication be-tween both sides about digital space in video games. Furthermore, the question arises what role the creation of digital spaces in the games plays for the experience, understanding and reception of real analog spaces as well as for the further competences of stu-dents like, exemplary, in the field of sustainability or decision reflections. Thus, it cannot be dismissed that an engagement with video games should play a stronger role in the context of addressing the reflection of spatial perceptions and construc-tions in geography education. Yet, they are still largely underrepresented in studies of geography education and many stud-ies lack sufficient empirical proof and orientation for teacher professionalization. In the paper, results from the research pro-ject "Gaming & Geography" will be presented, which attempts to create further legitimizing foundations for the integration of video games as a medium in the didactic discourse of geography via a mixed method a-proach and transfer services for teachers. Based on the research in the project, a model for reflexive analysis of digital space and action in video games will also be presented, which should facilitate a stronger and more serious didactic integration of video games in geographic education. The results of the study provide a significant contribution to take the medium of video games as a geographical medium more seriously and the study provides further establishment measures to use the presented model didactically, be-cause they show that students actively engage in geographic contexts in games, they reflect on the contexts presented and the experts encourage the necessity of the presented model.

How students perceive natural and human‐made risks on the island of Madeira (Portugal)

AbstractIn this study the spatial perceptions of students about the likelihood of natural and environmental risks were examined, considering both mainland Portugal and island of Madeira. It intends to understand how students perceived the risks, taking into account the causal attributions, future tendency, and the support from public entities, as well as the willingness of attitudinal changes with respect to mitigating and reducing risks. The results suggest that students have a relatively low perception of analysed risks, considering the risk of forest fires, heatwaves, air and water pollution, and floods the most likely to occur, mainly as a consequence of climate change intensification. Gender proved to be the variable with the greatest influence on perception, particularly in terms of risk occurrence and personal perception of risk. These results could be important for the improvement of strategies and resources to be applied in the educational context in order to reduce disaster risk and strengthen the resilience of the community at large.

How do tourists’ heritage spatial perceptions affect place identity? A case study of Quanzhou, China

The significance and social potential of cultural heritage tourism have been acknowledged worldwide, while less is known about the formation of tourists' place identity at cultural heritage sites. This research explores and examine how tourists' place identity is formed from a perceptual perspective. Two studies were conducted for this purpose. In Study 1, 30 tourists were interviewed, leading to three dimensions of tourists' heritage spatial perceptions (THSPs) (ontological spatial perceptions, representative spatial perceptions, and value-based spatial perceptions). Study 2 surveyed 336 tourists and found that THSPs could promote tourists' place identity through functional satisfaction and emotional involvement, while the impacts of THSPs on tourists' place identity demonstrated dimensional differences. Cultural intelligence positively moderated this process. These findings contribute to an enhanced understanding of tourists’ perceptions in cultural heritage tourism and present practical implications for managers on how to foster place identity at heritage sites.

Temporal-spatial perception adjustment to fitness enhances the cooperation in the spatial prisoner’s dilemma game

The exploration of real-world cooperative behavior is essential for societal development. In real life, the surrounding social environment and past experiences often influence individuals’ assessment of their self-fitness. Based on this phenomenon, we propose a novel model that explores the effect of subjective human perceptions on the evolution of cooperation, combining temporal and spatial dimensions into individual fitness. In this model, strategy persistence is used as a proxy for the temporal dimension. Strategy popularity, on the other hand, is portrayed to characterize the subjective influence of the spatial dimension. The weight distribution between the temporal perception and the spatial perception can be controlled by the parameterα, and the intensity of the subjective perception can be regulated by the parameterβ. Numerical experiments show that when spatial perception is fully considered, the system tends to reach a fully cooperative state via network reciprocity. Conversely, fully considering the temporal state allows some cooperators to maintain cooperative behavior even under more unfavorable conditions (i.e., larger temptation). Notably, an intermediate stateαexists when both temporal and spatial perceptions are considered, resulting in a higher level of cooperation compared toα= 0 or 1. Micro-analysis of the evolution of cooperation in temporal or spatial perception has been investigated to reveal the mechanism of macroscopic phenomena. Additionally, the robustness of the mechanism is discussed by varying the intensity of subjective perceptionβand the upper limit of strategy ageAmax. Similarly, we explore the validity of our work to different network structures, the different numbers of agents, and the real social network. Overall, this study contributes to understanding the impact of individual subjective factors, such as temporal-spatial perception, on the evolution of cooperation in society.

Subjective Versus Objective: Divergency Between Subjective Walkability and Walk Score During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Walk scores are used to evaluate accessibility by walking from a location to various meaningful destinations. Their validity remains contested because the widely available walk scores from the Walk Score® company are typically constructed using objectively measured origin–destination distances, which may be inconsistent with people’s spatial perceptions and even irrelevant to destinationless recreational walking trips. This study examines the divergency between objective walkability measured as walk score and subjective walkability assessed by perceived accessibility. Using data collected during the COVID-19 pandemic, we conducted spatial autocorrelation and multi-level regression analyses. Findings suggest that characteristics of both location and people affect the divergency between subjective–objective walkability. Regardless of their individual socioeconomic characteristics, respondents tend to match their subjective walkability assessment with the walk score better when they live in denser and older neighborhoods where more people may walk for utilitarian purposes. On the other hand, respondents with greater beliefs in environmental policies evaluate walkability in better alignment with walk score, regardless of their locational characteristics. The findings suggest that the main reasons for the subjective–objective divergency may lie in people using recreational walking for walkability assessment and their lack of lived experiences of utilitarian walking. Planners and policymakers should be mindful of the objective–subjective walkability divergency when using walk scores to support strategies and actions to improve walkability.

Navigating (homo)nationalism and heteronormativity; how Turkish-Dutch and Moroccan-Dutch gay/bi men negotiate belonging in Amsterdam

Current-day nationalist ideologies imagine immigrant communities, and particularly Muslims, as traditionalist and backward subjects. They often propagate the importance of sexual and gender equality as a way to ‘other’ non-white minorities (‘homonationalism’). This study seeks to understand how (homo)nationalism affect senses of self and belonging for those who do not fit discursive binaries: non-heterosexual minorities. As such, we seek to contribute to geographical understandings of everyday experiences of sexual and racial politics in Western European cities. We interviewed seventeen Turkish-Dutch and Moroccan-Dutch non-heterosexual cismen in the Amsterdam region, focusing on their spatial perceptions, everyday encounters, and negotiations of subjectivities in urban space. While almost all of these men are subjected by (homo)nationalism, they negotiate their social and spatial trajectories in diverse ways. These findings show how nationalist politics affect everyday lives at the urban scale, while also highlighting how those denied belonging navigate multiple forms of exclusion.

Investigating correlations between the PAT and three hand-skill exercises to performance in preclinical laboratory courses.

Perceptual ability test (PAT) is a valid determinant for spatial perceptions. However, proven psychomotor skill tests for dentistry do not currently exist. This study aimed to determine whether performance on the PAT, Operation game, mirror tracing, and wax carving exercises correlate to preclinical laboratory performance in Dental Anatomy and Restorative Dentistry courses. First-year dental students (n=96) participated in the study. Final laboratory grades were obtained from course directors of preclinical Restorative Dentistry and Dental Anatomy courses. Admissions committee provided participants' PAT results. Participants completed a wax carving exercise by carving a cube and a semicircle into a wax block using the wax subtraction method. Two calibrated faculty graded the carvings as Ideal (5), Satisfactory (3), or Unsatisfactory (1). Time to complete the Operation game and number of infractions were recorded. Participants traced the six-pointed star pattern on the Auto Scoring Mirror Tracer instrument in both clockwise and counterclockwise directions. Completion times and number of instances outside the pattern were recorded. Spearman Rank Correlations were used to determine associations at 0.05 confidence interval. Mean PAT score was 21.7; mean times to complete the Operation game and mirror tracing exercise were 4:20 and 1:30, respectively. Mean score on the wax carving exercise was 3.19. Correlations between the independent and dependent variables were minimal to weak. The wax carving exercise was the most reliable predictor of performance. When PAT scores are striated into low (less than 20), middle (21-22), and high (23-30), it was possible to predict performance in both preclinical laboratory courses.

Direct acoustic velocity vector measurements for evaluation of multichannel sound reproduction systems with signals of varied partial coherence

In multichannel sound reproduction systems, the perceived virtual auditory scene is strongly influenced by inter-channel phase-shifts and the degree of mutual coherence among channel signals. Such degrees of freedom may be employed to effect an expanded virtual sound stage or a sense of spaciousness, but they also may lead to unwanted spectral coloration, diffuse or ambiguous virtual source locations, or startling and disorienting spatial image perceptions often described as “phaseyness.” Such effects may be described and understood in terms of the acoustic velocity in the vicinity of the listener. In this work we present theoretical predictions of the acoustic velocity vector for a stereo reproduction system with channel signals of varying phase and levels of mutual coherence, and we report direct measurements of the acoustic velocity vector employing a 3D sound intensity probe for several specific cases. Acoustic velocity vector predictions and measurements also are correlated with listener perceptions. The presented measurements are also compared to subjective localization of sound sources. The direct measurement of the acoustic velocity vector in spatial sound reproduction systems is a useful tool to quantitatively evaluate the performance of multi-channel spatial audio reproduction systems, to predict listener perceptions of the acoustic field reproduced by such systems, and to investigate the impact of early reflections in a room on localization.

Drivers or Pedestrians, Whose Dynamic Perceptions Are More Effective to Explain Street Vitality? A Case Study in Guangzhou

As an important indicator of urban development capacity, vitality can be affected by the human perception of street views, which is a dynamic sensory process that can differ greatly according to different transportation modes, due to their different travel speeds, distances, and routes. However, few studies have evaluated how the dynamic spatial perceptions differ between different travel modes and how these differences can affect vitality differently, due to the limitation of city-scale quantitative data on the dynamic perception of urban scenes. To fill the gap, we propose a “dynamic through-movement perception” (DTMP) measure which integrates a streetscape quality evaluation model with a network-based movement potential model. We measure the streetscape qualities from Baidu street-view images (SVI) and compare the spatial perceptions of drivers and pedestrians in central Guangzhou, China. First, more than twenty visual elements were classified from SVIs to predict human perceptions collected from visual surveys. Second, the through-movement probability of driving and walking were calculated based on classic natural movement theory in space syntax and measured as the angular betweenness for the two travel modes. Third, we accumulate the multipliers of visual perception and through-movement probability of driving and walking as the DTMP for both modes. Lastly, the DTMPs of both modes were fitted into linear regression models to explain street vitality, which is measured using Baidu mobile phone check-in data, when other control variables such as functional density, functional diversity and amenity clustering reachability are accounted for. The results show that the dynamic perception of driving overall shows a stronger correlation with street vitality, while perceived richness is significantly positive in both travel modes. This study provides the first quantitative evidence to reveal how the movement probability of different travel modes can significantly influence people’s sense of place, while in turn increasing street vitality. Our results can explain how different types of street commerce (i.e., pedestrian-oriented, and auto-oriented) aggregate spontaneously due to the dynamic movement potential, which provides an important reference for urban planners and decision makers for improving street vitality when making urban revitalization policies.

Climate awareness, anxiety, and actions among youth: a qualitative study in a middle-income country.

The impact of climate change on mental health is well established, but few studies have examined the perspectives of young people, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). In this qualitative study, we explored how Brazilian children and adolescents experience climate change. This approach can help inform environmental education, communication, and self-care strategies for this age group. We conducted focus groups with 50 children and adolescents aged 5 to 18 years in three locations in Brazil. We analyzed the data using an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis framework. We identified three profiles of involvement with climate change: unaware, disengaged, and engaged. Profiles were largely related to different socioeconomic contexts. We analyzed each profile across the dimensions of space, time, emotions, and actions. Adults were portrayed by participants as stubborn deniers, as neutral influences, or as role models of knowledge and engagement. Due to their age and developmental level, young children had distinctive perceptions of climate change. Spatial and temporal perceptions of climate change are a key element for experiencing and engaging with environmental concerns and vary according to the child's age and socioeconomic differences. Effective communication requires narratives that reach different ages toward generating climate action at individual and collective levels. Replication of these findings in other LMICs is warranted.

Experiences of Elderly’s COVID-19: A Qualitative Study in the Case of Hatay

Teknolojinin gelişmesiyle yirmi birinci yüzyılda salgın hastalıklar küresel hale gelmiştir. Son yıllarda iletişim ve ulaşımdaki hız artmış ve bugün deneyimlenen COVID-19 hastalığı bu yüzyılın en yıkıcı salgını olmuştur. Bu dönemde yaşlılar ise risk grubu olarak isimlendirilmiştir. Yanı sıra yaşlılara yönelik çeşitli toplumsal ve politik tutumlar da ortaya çıkmıştır. Tüm bunlar bir arada değerlendirildiğinde, karşımızda yeni bir toplumsal olgunun olduğu söylenebilir. Buradan hareket eden eldeki çalışma bu yeni olguyu yaşlıların kendi deneyimlerinden anlamaya çalışmaktadır. Çalışma COVID-19 hastalığına yakalanıp iyileşme sağlamış 60 yaş ve üzeri yaşlıların hastalık öncesi, hastalık sırası ve hastalık sonrası süreçlerde ekonomik, kültürel, toplumsal, psikolojik ve aile içi ilişkileri ile mekân algılarını keşfetmeye yönelik nitel bir araştırmadır. Bu doğrultuda amaçlı örnekleme ve kartopu örneklemesi bir arada kullanılarak Hatay’da yaşayan, yaşları 60 ile 75 arasında değişen toplam 10 kişiye ulaşılmıştır. Sonuç olarak korku ve toplumsal baskı temalarının belirgin bir şekilde öne çıktığı görülmüştür. Bununla birlikte içselleştirilmiş ayrımcılık ise ön plana çıkan bir diğer tema olmuştur.

Needle consideration in umbilical two-port laparoscopic percutaneous extraperitoneal closure for patent processus vaginalis of children: hook-needle or forcep-needle

BackgroundAlthough umbilical two-port laparoscopic percutaneous extraperitoneal closure for the treatment of processus vaginalis patency of children has been verified to be safe and effective, the improvements of technical skills and instruments have been always on their ways. Recently, forcep-needle has begun to be used. In this study, we compared forcep-needle with hook-needle in this minimal invasive procedure for children suffered from hernia or hydrocele, with the aim to evaluate the instrumental convenience of the two needles.MethodsFrom July 2021 to May 2022, we begun to use hook-needle or forcep-needle in umbilical two-port laparoscopic percutaneous extraperitoneal closure for children suffered from hernia or hydrocele. The hook-needle group included nineteen children and the forcep-needle group included twenty-four ones. The data of the patients age, sex, side, operation time, postoperative hospital-stay, follow-up time, postoperative complications were evaluated. Common silk thread was used to encircle the internal ring preperitoneally.ResultsThere were no statistical differences between the two groups for the following items: age, sex, side, operation time, postoperative hospital-stay and postoperative complications (P > 0.05). The follow-up time of the hook-needle group was longer than that of the forcep-one (P = 0.0020). No open transfer happened for all the patients. One hydrocele boy in the hook-needle group reoccurred 1 month postoperatively due to the peritoneal broken. The single pole retreating of the hook-needle accompanied with chaotic movements, while for that of the forcep-needle, the double-arm retreating movements were more orderly. The outer surface of the forcep-needle was smooth without restrain, as for the hook-needle, an inlaid barb held the danger of brokening the peritoneum.ConclusionIn our preliminary experience of umbilical two-port laparoscopic percutaneous extraperitoneal closure using a hook-needle or a forcep-needle, in view of the instrumental convenience and safety, the double-arm and smooth outer surface designs of the forcep-needle contained more spatial orientation perceptions and safety.

Modeling perceptions of very small space in physical dimension: Effect of the form of line light-emitting units with preference

Lighting design is a low-cost and effective measure to enhance bad perceptions of very small space in physical dimension. Through subjective evaluation, 4 forms of line light-emitting units that users prefer in very small space were screened out. Another subjective experiment was conducted applied these preferred forms: it is demonstrated that illuminance and correlated color temperature (CCT) are the lighting parameters that can model the sense of brightness (of both space and light source), spaciousness, privacy, comfort and relaxation of very small space, involving spatial appearance, atmosphere and user state. Finally, a piecewise bivariate function of the effect of lighting of line emitting-unit forms with preference on the spatial perceptions of very small space is proposed through objective weighting method. This study mainly shows that: For very small space, (1) users prefer direct lighting mode and symmetrically arranged line light-emitting units; (2) luminance of every interface and Feu (a metric for space brightness) are proved highly correlated with illuminance respectively; (3) illuminance are significantly correlated with brightness (of both space and light source), spaciousness and privacy respectively; while CCT is negatively correlated with comfort, relaxation and privacy; (4) brightness, which affects lighting environment satisfaction, has a weight of 0.446 (brightness of light source surface 0.242, brightness of space 0.204), whereas spaciousness, comfort, privacy and relaxation have weights of 0.178, 0.151, 0.124, and 0.101 respectively. Oriented by users’ spatial perception, this study can serve as the foundation for lighting design of very small space.