Collection Of Spatial Information Research Articles

An Odor Trace Visualization System Using a Two-Dimensional Backside Scattering Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Gas Sensor

Odor information fills every corner of our lives yet obtaining its spatiotemporal distribution is a difficult challenge. Localized surface plasmon resonance has shown good sensitivity and a high response/recovery speed in odor sensing and converts chemical information such as odor information into optical information, which can be captured by charge-coupled device cameras. This suggests that the utilization of localized surface plasmon resonance has great potential in two-dimensional odor trace visualization. In this study, we developed a two-dimensional imaging system based on backside scattering from a localized surface plasmon resonance substrate to visualize odor traces, providing an intuitive representation of the spatiotemporal distribution of odor, and evaluated the performance of the system. In comparative experiments, we observed distinct differences between odor traces and disturbances caused by environmental factors in differential images. In addition, we noted changes in intensity at positions corresponding to the odor traces. Furthermore, for indoor experiments, we developed a method of finding the optimal capture time by comparing changes in differential images relative to the shape of the original odor trace. This method is expected to assist in the collection of spatial information of unknown odor traces in future research.

Multimedia-cartographic internet service of the cultural heritage on the Puszcza Bukowa area

The main objective of this research was to design a multimedia website with a collection of thematic maps to show the values of cultural heritage sites in the “Puszcza Bukowa” Forest (Szczecin Landscape Park “Beech Forrest”) for public and expert users. In the research, the cartographic method was used together with User Centred Design, geo-information operations on BDOT10k data, and JavaScript programming using the Leaflet library. In addition to the chamber work, field research was carried out in several cartographic and geo-information applications to obtain materials for multimedia. The research process consisted of four stages:conceptual, preparatory, execution and publication of the completed service. The result of the research became a multimedia-cartographic web service, an indication that a properly designed and coded collection of spatial information can significantly affect the dissemination of cultural knowledge in protected areas.

3D MODEL OF BUILDING BASED ON MULTI-SOURCE DATA FUSION

Abstract. The process of building a digital city is the construction of a three-dimensional city model. The construction of 3 d data model is the process of multi-source spatial information collection and fusion. The current means of spatial information collection are mainly divided into three-dimensional laser technology and UAV photogrammetry technology. The three-dimensional laser technology is mainly based on ground laser, which has high acquisition accuracy for the bottom part of the building, but it is insufficient for the information collection at the top of the building. UAV photogrammetry has a large area and high efficiency spatial information collection method. At the same time, a large three-dimensional city model of the building can also be constructed. However, due to practical problems such as flight height and ground occlusion, the model constructed by UAV photogrammetry has a perfect top and poor bottom quality. The two methods are combined to build a more perfect point cloud model. Aiming at the above problems, a three-dimensional modeling method of buildings under multi-source data fusion is proposed. Firstly, the point cloud data and image data obtained by 3D laser scanner and UAV are preprocessed, and the two data forms are transformed into high-precision point cloud data. Then two sets of point cloud data are fused to generate the whole point cloud data. Finally, based on the patch generated by the whole point cloud, the point cloud model is reverse modeled. Get the corresponding building entity model, in order to get a more perfect 3D city model.

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH OF THE ACCURACY OF NAVIGATION GNSS - RECEIVERS IN CONDITIONS OF THE CONSTRUCTED TERRITORY

Use of digital geodetic support technologies with the use of GNSS satellite systems in combination with electronic geodetic instruments, introduction of new methods of construction of geodetic networks, collection of information by ground and aerospace surveying, unification of exchange formats of measurement results based on computer technologies and their application conditions. Substantiation and development of remote methods of spatial information collection requires analysis and consideration of a number of errors in order to improve accuracy.
 Wikimapia is a map project for shared use with open content, which aims to identify all geographical objects with the introduction of useful information about them. It combines an interactive web map and a Wiki system.
 One of the features of the Wikimapia resource is that it is possible to determine geographical coordinates. To do this, you need to move the cross cursor on the object of interest and get its coordinates visually.
 The purpose of the study was to determine the accuracy of the coordinates of GPS receivers Garmin Oregon 450 in the built-up area, using as a basis for calibration, the resource "Wikimapia".
 In order to determine the accuracy of the location with the help of GARMIN Oregon 450 GPS receivers, GNSS measurements were performed at 30 marker points.
 Ellipsoidal coordinates were recalculated into spatial rectangles according to known formulas.
 In order to assess the accuracy of determining the location of marker points, the differences in the coordinates of their position were found and the root mean square error from a number of measurements was found.
 The average error of coordinate measurements was ± 4.79 m for the GPS receiver.
 Based on experimental research, the possibility of using the resource "Wikimapia" not only to quickly determine the coordinates of topographic objects, determine their categories, but also with sufficient accuracy to apply for the calibration of navigation GNSS receivers when there is no network of geodetic points.
 A promising direction in the process of scientific and practical research should be the creation of a general mathematical model for predicting the influence of the plurality on the location and improvement of navigation aids.

Application of multiplexing fiber optic laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy for detection of aflatoxin B1 contaminated pistachio kernels

To explore the effect of signal acquisition way on screening ability, the multiplexing fiber optic laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy (LIFS) system with one-, two- and three-probe, were employed respectively to detect artificially aflatoxin B1 (AFB1, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 50 ppb) contaminated 300 pistachio kernels in this study. Compared to one- and two-probe modes, highest accuracy (≥97.0%) by support vector machine (SVM) employing 390–660 nm were obtained using three-probe, which also showed the most attractive precision (root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) < 4.5 ppb) for AFB1 by stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) using 174–1100 nm. These suggested that the effective collection of spatial information could improve the performance of model, and the three-probe LIFS had a preliminary feasibility for discriminating pistachios contaminated with low concentration of AFB1. Further study on classifying naturally contaminated samples is needed to validate the applicability of this system.

Water Saving and Cost Analysis of Large-Scale Implementation of Domestic Rain Water Harvesting in Minor Mediterranean Islands

This paper describes a novel methodology to evaluate the benefits of large-scale installation of domestic Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) systems in multi-story buildings. The methodology was specifically developed for application to small settlements of the minor Mediterranean islands characterized by sharp fluctuations in precipitation and water demands between winter and summer periods. The methodology is based on the combined use of regressive models for water saving evaluation and of geospatial analysis tools for semi-automatic collection of spatial information at the building/household level. An application to the old town of Lipari (Aeolian islands) showed potential for high yearly water savings (between 30% and 50%), with return on investment in less than 15 years for about 50% of the installed RWH systems.

IMAGE-BASED AIRBORNE LiDAR POINT CLOUD ENCODING FOR 3D BUILDING MODEL RETRIEVAL

Abstract. With the development of Web 2.0 and cyber city modeling, an increasing number of 3D models have been available on web-based model-sharing platforms with many applications such as navigation, urban planning, and virtual reality. Based on the concept of data reuse, a 3D model retrieval system is proposed to retrieve building models similar to a user-specified query. The basic idea behind this system is to reuse these existing 3D building models instead of reconstruction from point clouds. To efficiently retrieve models, the models in databases are compactly encoded by using a shape descriptor generally. However, most of the geometric descriptors in related works are applied to polygonal models. In this study, the input query of the model retrieval system is a point cloud acquired by Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) systems because of the efficient scene scanning and spatial information collection. Using Point clouds with sparse, noisy, and incomplete sampling as input queries is more difficult than that by using 3D models. Because that the building roof is more informative than other parts in the airborne LiDAR point cloud, an image-based approach is proposed to encode both point clouds from input queries and 3D models in databases. The main goal of data encoding is that the models in the database and input point clouds can be consistently encoded. Firstly, top-view depth images of buildings are generated to represent the geometry surface of a building roof. Secondly, geometric features are extracted from depth images based on height, edge and plane of building. Finally, descriptors can be extracted by spatial histograms and used in 3D model retrieval system. For data retrieval, the models are retrieved by matching the encoding coefficients of point clouds and building models. In experiments, a database including about 900,000 3D models collected from the Internet is used for evaluation of data retrieval. The results of the proposed method show a clear superiority over related methods.

IMAGE-BASED AIRBORNE LiDAR POINT CLOUD ENCODING FOR 3D BUILDING MODEL RETRIEVAL

With the development of Web 2.0 and cyber city modeling, an increasing number of 3D models have been available on web-based model-sharing platforms with many applications such as navigation, urban planning, and virtual reality. Based on the concept of data reuse, a 3D model retrieval system is proposed to retrieve building models similar to a user-specified query. The basic idea behind this system is to reuse these existing 3D building models instead of reconstruction from point clouds. To efficiently retrieve models, the models in databases are compactly encoded by using a shape descriptor generally. However, most of the geometric descriptors in related works are applied to polygonal models. In this study, the input query of the model retrieval system is a point cloud acquired by Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) systems because of the efficient scene scanning and spatial information collection. Using Point clouds with sparse, noisy, and incomplete sampling as input queries is more difficult than that by using 3D models. Because that the building roof is more informative than other parts in the airborne LiDAR point cloud, an image-based approach is proposed to encode both point clouds from input queries and 3D models in databases. The main goal of data encoding is that the models in the database and input point clouds can be consistently encoded. Firstly, top-view depth images of buildings are generated to represent the geometry surface of a building roof. Secondly, geometric features are extracted from depth images based on height, edge and plane of building. Finally, descriptors can be extracted by spatial histograms and used in 3D model retrieval system. For data retrieval, the models are retrieved by matching the encoding coefficients of point clouds and building models. In experiments, a database including about 900,000 3D models collected from the Internet is used for evaluation of data retrieval. The results of the proposed method show a clear superiority over related methods.

THE DIRECT GEOREFERENCING APPLICATION AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF UAV HELICOPTER IN GCP-FREE AREA

Abstract. There are many disasters happened because the weather changes extremely in these years. To facilitate applications such as environment detection or monitoring becomes very important. Therefore, the development of rapid low cost systems for collecting near real-time spatial information is very critical. Rapid spatial information collection has become an emerging trend for remote sensing and mapping applications. This study develops a Direct Georeferencing (DG) based Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) helicopter photogrammetric platform where an Inertial Navigation System (INS)/Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) integrated Positioning and Orientation System (POS) system is implemented to provide the DG capability of the platform. The performance verification indicates that the proposed platform can capture aerial images successfully. A flight test is performed to verify the positioning accuracy in DG mode without using Ground Control Points (GCP). The preliminary results illustrate that horizontal DG positioning accuracies in the x and y axes are around 5 meter with 100 meter flight height. The positioning accuracy in the z axis is less than 10 meter. Such accuracy is good for near real-time disaster relief. The DG ready function of proposed platform guarantees mapping and positioning capability even in GCP free environments, which is very important for rapid urgent response for disaster relief. Generally speaking, the data processing time for the DG module, including POS solution generalization, interpolation, Exterior Orientation Parameters (EOP) generation, and feature point measurements, is less than 1 hour.

THE PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF A UAV BASED MOBILE MAPPING SYSTEM PLATFORM

Abstract. To facilitate applications such as environment detection or disaster monitoring, the development of rapid low cost systems for collecting near real-time spatial information is very critical. Rapid spatial information collection has become an emerging trend for remote sensing and mapping applications. This study develops a Direct Georeferencing (DG) based fixed-wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) photogrammetric platform where an Inertial Navigation System (INS)/Global Positioning System (GPS) integrated Positioning and Orientation System (POS) system is implemented to provide the DG capability of the platform. The performance verification indicates that the proposed platform can capture aerial images successfully. A flight test is performed to verify the positioning accuracy in DG mode without using Ground Control Points (GCP). The preliminary results illustrate that horizontal DG positioning accuracies in the x and y axes are around 5 m with 300 m flight height. The positioning accuracy in the z axis is less than 10 m. Such accuracy is good for near real-time disaster relief. The DG ready function of proposed platform guarantees mapping and positioning capability even in GCP free environments, which is very important for rapid urgent response for disaster relief. Generally speaking, the data processing time for the DG module, including POS solution generalization, interpolation, Exterior Orientation Parameters (EOP) generation, and feature point measurements, is less than one hour.

Directly Georeferenced Ground Feature Points with UAV Borne Photogrammetric Platform without Ground Control

In order to facilitate applications such as environment detection or disaster monitoring, developing a quickly and low cost system to collect near real time spatial information is very important. Such a rapid spatial information collection capability has become an emerging trend in the technology of remote sensing and mapping application. In this study, a fixed-wing UAV based spatial information acquisition platform is developed and evaluated. The proposed UAV based platform has a direct georeferencing module including an low cost INS/GPS integrated system, low cost digital camera as well as other general UAV modules including immediately video monitoring communication system. This direct georeferencing module is able to provide differential GPS processing with single frequency carrier phase measurements to obtain sufficient positioning accuracy. All those necessary calibration procedures including interior orientation parameters, the lever arm and boresight angle are implemented. In addition, a flight test is performed to verify the positioning accuracy in direct georeferencing mode without using any ground control point that is required for most of current UAV based photogrammetric platforms. In other word, this is one of the pilot studies concerning direct georeferenced based UAV photogrammetric platform. The preliminary results in term of positioning accuracy in direct georeferenced mode without using any GCP illustrate horizontal positioning accuracies in x and y axes are both less than 20 meters, respectively. On the contrary, the positioning accuracy of z axis is less than 50 meters with 600 meters flight height above ground. Such accuracy is good for near real time disaster relief. Therefore, it is a relatively safe and cheap platform to collect critical spatial information for urgent response such as disaster relief and assessment applications where ground control points are not available.

THE PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF A UAV BASED MOBILE MAPPING SYSTEM

Abstract. In order to facilitate applications such as environment detection or disaster monitoring, developing a quickly and low cost system to collect near real time spatial information is very important. Such a rapid spatial information collection capability has become an emerging trend in the technology of remote sensing and mapping application. In this study, a fixed-wing UAV based spatial information acquisition platform is developed and evaluated. The proposed UAV based platform has a direct georeferencing module including an low cost INS/GPS integrated system, low cost digital camera as well as other general UAV modules including immediately video monitoring communication system. This direct georeferencing module is able to provide differential GPS processing with single frequency carrier phase measurements to obtain sufficient positioning accuracy. All those necessary calibration procedures including interior orientation parameters, the lever arm and boresight angle are implemented. In addition, a flight test is performed to verify the positioning accuracy in direct georeferencing mode without using any ground control point that is required for most of current UAV based photogrammetric platforms. In other word, this is one of the pilot studies concerning direct georeferenced based UAV photogrammetric platform. The preliminary results in term of positioning accuracy in direct georeferenced mode without using any GCP illustrate horizontal positioning accuracies in x and y axes are both less than 20 meters, respectively. On the contrary, the positioning accuracy of z axis is less than 50 meters with 600 meters flight height above ground. Such accuracy is good for near real time disaster relief. Therefore, it is a relatively safe and cheap platform to collect critical spatial information for urgent response such as disaster relief and assessment applications where ground control points are not available.

The Development of an UAV Borne Direct Georeferenced Photogrammetric Platform for Ground Control Point Free Applications

To facilitate applications such as environment detection or disaster monitoring, the development of rapid low cost systems for collecting near real time spatial information is very critical. Rapid spatial information collection has become an emerging trend for remote sensing and mapping applications. In this study, a fixed-wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-based spatial information acquisition platform that can operate in Ground Control Point (GCP) free environments is developed and evaluated. The proposed UAV based photogrammetric platform has a Direct Georeferencing (DG) module that includes a low cost Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) Inertial Navigation System (INS)/Global Positioning System (GPS) integrated system. The DG module is able to provide GPS single frequency carrier phase measurements for differential processing to obtain sufficient positioning accuracy. All necessary calibration procedures are implemented. Ultimately, a flight test is performed to verify the positioning accuracy in DG mode without using GCPs. The preliminary results of positioning accuracy in DG mode illustrate that horizontal positioning accuracies in the x and y axes are around 5 m at 300 m flight height above the ground. The positioning accuracy of the z axis is below 10 m. Therefore, the proposed platform is relatively safe and inexpensive for collecting critical spatial information for urgent response such as disaster relief and assessment applications where GCPs are not available.

An evaluation of the use of points versus polygons in public participation geographic information systems using quasi-experimental design and Monte Carlo simulation

The collection of spatial information through public participation geographic information systems (PPGIS) is most frequently implemented using either point or polygon spatial features but the research trade-offs between the two methods are not well-understood. In a quasi-experimental PPGIS design, we collected four attributes (aesthetic, recreation, economic, and biological values) as both point and polygon spatial features in the same PPGIS study. We then used Monte Carlo simulation methods to describe the relationship between the quantity of data collected and the degree of spatial convergence in the two methods for each of the four PPGIS attributes. The results demonstrate that the same PPGIS attributes identified by points and polygons will converge on a collective spatial ‘truth’ within the study area provided there are enough observations, however, the degree of spatial convergence varies by PPGIS attribute type and the quantity of data collected. The use of points for mapping PPGIS attributes and aggregating areas through density mapping constitutes a conservative approach to spatial inference about place significance, but the data demands for point collection are considerably higher than for polygon features. Based on our results, we provide heuristic guidelines for future PPGIS research when using point or polygon spatial attributes. We argue that other variables such as the cognitive complexity of the PPGIS mapping process and stronger claims of external validity favor the use of point features, but these advantages must be weighed against the significantly higher sampling effort required.

Detecting anthrax in the mail by coherent Raman microspectroscopy

In this report, we show the collection of spatial information through a turbid medium by coherent Raman microspectroscopic imaging. In particular, the technique is capable of identifying anthrax endospores inside a sealed paper envelope.

생태환경 보전을 위한 공간환경계획 수립방안 - 경기도 일원에의 사례 적용 -

최근 국가적으로 환경정보들을 DB화하고, 체계화하며 통합하고자 하는 움직임이 활발히 전개되고 있는 있다. 이러한 노력은 특히 도시 및 지역차원에서 수립하는 법정계획인 환경보전계획의 공간계획화를 더욱 용이하게 하며, 이는 공간의 관리방향을 보다 명확하게 함으로써 토지의 보전은 물론 이용과 관련된 각종 계획들 간의 상충을 합리적으로 조정하도록 합의하는데 용이한 수단이 될 것으로 보인다. 이에 본 연구는 환경보전계획의 공간계획화를 위한 방안을 모색하였으며, 특히 환경요소 중 가장 민감한 자원으로 인식되는 생태환경을 중심으로 한 공간환경계획 수립방안을 제시하였다. 공간환경 계획 수립방안은 계획과정을 고려해 크게 1)기본방향, 2)공간정보의 수집, 3)공간환경현황 작성, 4)공간환경 관리계획 수립으로 구분하였으며, 특히 현황파악 및 계획수립 시 필요한 공간정보는 기존에 구축된 공간정보들을 최대한 활용할 수 있도록 국가나 지자체 차원에서 구축된 공간정보들을 목록화 하였다. 계획수립 시 고려되는 현황도는 토지이용(토지피복)과 자연생태 우수자원/지역 현황 작성방안을 제시하였으며, 이를 기반으로 광역생태축 계획과 보전, 복원지역 계획을 수립함으로써 생태환경을 고려한 환경보전계획의 공간화를 모색하였다. 기존연구 및 사례들을 통해 마련한 현황 및 계획방안은 경기도 지역에 적용해 봄으로써 그 활용가능성을 살펴볼 수 있었다. 이러한 계획은 관련 공간개발계획 수립 시 생태적 가치와 중요도를 고려한 계획안 마련에 기여함은 물론, 지역 내 개발사업 추진 시 계획의 적정성과 입지의 타당성을 검토하는 기초자료와 근거자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 보인다. In recent years, there has been an active movement toward databasing, systematizing, and unifying environmental information. Such efforts facilitate the utilization of spatial environment planning in environment conservation officially planned at the metropolitan and provincial levels. This in turn clarifies the management direction of space, thereby serving as an effective tool with which to not only conserve land, but also provide a reasonable compromise to all the related solutions at odds with one another. As such, this study forwards a method for inclusion of spatial environment planning in environment conservation plans, paying particular attention to the place, with in such a planning method, of the natural ecosystem, arguably the most sensitive arena among environmental factors. Spatial environment planning can be broadly divided as follows: first, basic direction; second, collection of spatial information; third, compilation of status of spatial environment; and fourth, management strategy for spatial environment. In particular, the second phase, namely the collection of spatial information, delineates clearly spatial information hitherto amassed by government agencies at both the national and local levels; the ensuing lists facilitate maximum utilization of the previously accumulated data. Used during the planning phase, status maps should include not only the status of land use(land cover), but also systematic data on the superior resources of the natural ecosystem as well as the status of the given spatial environment. Establishing plans for ecological networks, their conservation, and restoration areas based on the aforementioned aspects, this study sought to formulate ways in which to spatialize environment conservation plans that encompass consideration for the natural ecosystem. Devised based previous studies and examples, the compilation of status and plans as stated, applied to Gyeonggi Province, afforded an examination of the potential applicability and usability of the proposed plans. Ultimately, these will contribute not only to the establishment of plans encompassing consideration for the value and level of significance of the given natural ecosystem in spatial development planning, but also provide fundamental data for investigating appropriateness of plans and validity of location in any regional development plan.

Modeling Algorithm-induced Errors in Iterative Mono-plotting Process

Mono-plotting from a single photo is an efficient method to 3D spatial information collection. The core of the monoplotting process is an algorithm to determine the ground coordinates of pixel points in a single image by intersecting the view ray with the DEM-defined surface. A traditional algorithm used in photogrammetry is to iteratively calculate the coordinates based on the inverse collinearity equations. Being an iterative method, this algorithm may induce errors to the derived coordinates. When the iteration precision (the distance between the last two iterated points) becomes less than a predefined precision threshold, the iteration is considered convergent and the ground coordinates are produced. However, the true error of the output coordinates may be still worse than the threshold. This paper theoretically investigates the error budget of the iterative algorithm, models the true error from the iteration precision, and estimates the algorithm-induced error in the ground coordinate output.

Emerging technologies for real-time and integrated agriculture decisions

The papers in this special issue arise from the premise that precision agriculture information increases in value when data collection, data processing, and management actions are integrated. It seems evident that precision agriculture adoption has been hindered, in part, due to the lack of products that bring together engineering and agronomics. Additionally, the idea has been forwarded in recent years suggesting that precision agricultural systems should be developed to achieve conservation and other environmental benefits. In the end, users of precision agriculture systems want to know that the best science and technology are employed, but that the information-gathering and decision-making process does not hinder their day-to-day operations of producing the crop. The papers in this special issue were presented at a symposium held at the annual meetings of the American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America, and Crop Science Society of America in 2005. They highlight examples of spatial information collection and processing to accomplish real- or near real-time management operations.

Integrating High and Moderate Spatial Resolution Image Data to Estimate Forest Age Structure

RÉSUMÉLa collecte de l'information spatiale pour mesurer les changements à l'état et à la condition de l'environnement est une composante fondamentale pour l'économie ou l'utilisation soutenable des forêts tropicales et subtropicales. L'âge est un attribut structural important des forêts de vieille-croissance qui influence la diversité biologique dans les forêts d'eucalyptus de l'Australie. La traduction des photographies aériennes a été traditionnellement utilisée pour tracer l'âge et la structure des peuplements de forêt, cependant, cette méthode est subjective et ne capture pas assez bien les variations d'échelle fine et horizontale qui sont nécessaires aux études écologiques. L'identification et le tracé des attributs structuraux végétatifs aux échelles fines et horizontale permettront la compilation d'information associée aux indicateurs de processus Montréal 1b et 1d, qui cherchent à déterminer les liens entre la répartition par âge et la diversité et l'abondance de populations de faune de forêt. Ce projet intégre des mesures des attributs structuraux dérivés d'un modèle d'altitude de la voûte avec les résultats d'un modèle d'analyse de mélanges géometrique-optique/spectral pour tracer la répartition par âge de forêt à l'échelle horizontale. La disponibilité de données à multiple-échelle permet le transfert des attributs à haute résolution pour la surveillance à l'échelle horizontale. Des données d'image multispectrales ont été obtenues à partir d'un capteur DMSV (vidéo digital multispectral) au-dessus de la forêt St. Mary's State Forest, au sud-est du Queensland, en Australie. Des niveaux locaux de variance de scène pour différents types de forêt calculés à partir des données DMSV ont été employés pour optimiser les données de densité d'arbre et de taille de la voûte dans un modèle géométrique-optique appliqué aux données du cartographe thématique de Landsat (TM).Des données aéroportées de module de balayage à laser obtenues au-dessus de la zone de projet ont été employées pour calibrer un filtre digital pour extraire des tailles d'arbre à partir d'un modèle digital d'élévation dérivé des stereopairs balayés de couleur. Les évaluations modelées de la taille d'arbre, de la taille de couronne, et de densité ont été utilisées pour produire une classification à étape de succession de forêt à l'échelle horizontale. Les résultats obtenus (exacts à 72%), limités dans la validation, démontrent quand même le potentiel de la méthodologie à multiple-échelle pour fournir l'information spatiale qui assisterait les objectifs de la politique de sylviculture (c.- à-d., la surveillance de la répartition par âge de forêt).