Spanish Royal Research Articles

SEMES' long road to specialty status for emergency medicine in Spain.

July 2 of this year saw the publication of Spanish Royal Decree 610/2024, which establishes emergency medicine as an official specialization. This event represents the culmination of a long-running effort to improve the care of patients in the emergency and urgent care system and throughout the national health service. This article offers a brief account of some of the legal, administrative, and political steps the Spanish Society of Emergency Medicine(SEMES) took to achieve this goal over the course of nearly 40 years. The effort has involved many SEMES members, who strictly speaking had the sole obligation of knowing how to care appropriately for patients based on clinical expertise along with organizational, scientific, and other professional skills. Competences in these areas have been shown to fall short in Spain. The article provides examples of some of the bright lights and dim shadows in our rule of law. Nonetheless, the long road traveled has also shown us how skills and knowledge are developed in adverse circumstances and crises, provided there is vocation for public service.

:Letters from Spain: A Seventeenth-Century French Noblewoman at the Spanish Royal Court

:<i>Letters from Spain: A Seventeenth-Century French Noblewoman at the Spanish Royal Court</i>

El sufijo &lt;i&gt;-nte&lt;/i&gt; del verbo ser en español

In the conjugation tables of verbs in Spanish, the non-personal forms that are shown, taking amar as an example, are the infinitive (to sing, basic form of the verb), the gerund (singing, adverbial form) and the participle (sung, adjective). Related to this, we have in Spanish a derived element ending in -nte that can function either as a noun or as an adjective--cantante. In this paper, the existence and survival of the form in -nte of the Spanish verb ser (‘to be’) as a cultured word will be demonstrated, and it will be pointed out what the deverbal adjective with suffix -nte that corresponds to said verb is. Bibliographic research has been carried out and databases of the Royal Spanish Academy were consulted; and due to the nature of the object of study, a grammatical analysis of the element studied was conducted. In terms of results, a total of 39 occurrences of the word with the suffix -nte were found, of which 24 are shown in the article. In the conclusions, it is established that the derivative of being ending in -nte —which is present in the cultured speech— occurs from the 13th century to the present day.

Youth Commission of the Royal Spanish Mathematical Society

Youth Commission of the Royal Spanish Mathematical Society

Tracheotomy versus tracheostomy, the need for lexicographical clarification

In the healthcare field, the terms “traqueotomía” and “traqueostomía” are frequently used, often leading to confusion among professionals regarding the appropriate definition for each term or which one should be considered more correct in specific cases. A search was conducted for the terms “traqueotomía” and “traqueostomía” in general Spanish-language dictionaries such as the Dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy (DRAE) and the Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Language of the Royal Spanish Academy (DHLE), as well as for the English terms “tracheotomy” and “tracheostomy” in English general dictionaries like the Oxford Dictionary, the Cambridge Dictionary, and the Collins English Dictionary. Additionally, searches were performed in medical dictionaries in both Spanish, specifically the Dictionary of Medical Terms of the National Academy of Medicine (DTM), and English, including the Farlex Dictionary. The terms were also explored using the Google search engine. Definitions were analyzed from both lexicographical and etymological perspectives. Definitions found in general dictionaries, in both Spanish and English, were found to be imprecise, limited, and ambiguous, as they mixed outdated indications with criteria that deviated from etymology. In contrast, definitions in medical dictionaries in both languages were more aligned with etymology. “Traqueotomía” strictly identifies the surgical procedure of creating an opening in the anterior face of the trachea. “Traqueostomía” identifies the creation of an opening that connects the trachea to the exterior, involving a modification of the upper airway by providing an additional entry for the respiratory pathway. “Traqueostomía” becomes the sole means of entry to the airway in total laryngectomies. Both terms can be used synonymously when a traqueotomía culminates in a traqueostomía. However, it is not appropriate to use the term “traqueostomía” when the procedure concludes with the closure of the planes and does not result in the creation of a stoma. Traqueostomas can be qualified with adjectives indicating permanence (temporary/permanent), size (large/small), shape (round/elliptical), or depth, without being linked to any specific disease or surgical indication. Not all permanent traqueostomas are the result of total laryngectomies, and they do not necessarily have an irreversible character systematically.

Economic impact of muscle injury rate and hamstring strain injuries in professional football clubs. Evidence from LaLiga.

The aims of this study were: 1) to describe the total muscular injuries, and specifically HSIs, and their corresponding missed matches; 2) to analyse their economic impact; and 3) to estimate the loss of incomes due to TV rights, in first division clubs from LaLigaTM depending on the expected and actual ranking position during the 2018/2019 season. To do that, a cross-sectional study for season 18/19 and for all players of the 20 Spanish professional football clubs was performed. The economic impact of injuries was estimated considering the missed matches and salary cost of all players and the audio-visual income loss was estimated considering the Spanish Royal Decree of Law (RDL 5/2015). The high number of muscular (270) and hamstring injuries (57) implies a high cost for professional first division football clubs, specifically € 365,811 per month for the former and € 47,388 per month for the latter. In addition, reaching a worse than expected position in LaLigaTM ranking involved a loss of 45,2 million € in TV rights incomes. The high cost of muscle injuries in first division teams justifies the need for multidisciplinary teams that are capable of reducing the number of injuries as well as recovery times.

Current Debates about the Colonial Economy and Government from the Spanish Royal Treasury Records

This essay surveys both the traditional findings and new debates that have used the Spanish imperial royal financial accounts to analyze the colonial economy and government. The crisis of the seventeenth century, the relations between colonial elites and royal government, the impact of income transfers among treasury offices, the sale of offices, the system of voluntary loans, the eighteenth-century reforms, and the influence of the tax system on the evolution of the colonial economy and society have all created a new set of questions and debates that historians, economists, and political scientists have engaged in. There is both consensus and disagreement on what these numbers mean for various groups in the society as well as long-term institutional developments. Just as new approaches have opened up new area for research, there are also a great deal of unexplored topics that can be developed using the unpublished primary accounts.

Punctuation as a tool of the communicative and semantic organization of the text: norm and usus (on the material of the Spanish language)

The article is devoted to the study of Spanish punctuation from the point of view of its role in the communicative and semantic organization of the text. The setting of certain punctuation marks or their absence always raises questions among students of the Spanish language, and therefore requires in-depth scientific research and clarification. The article studies the punctuation rules established by the Royal Spanish Academy, and deviations from them, which may be associated with the prosodic tradition of the language, the presence of secondary members, genre originality, the influence of the English language, the individual characteristics of the author’s style, the communicative task of the utterance, etc. The source material was contemporary Spanish-language fiction, periodical texts, scientific articles, blog fragments, and comments on social networks. Thus, the work reflects the compositional and semantic features of all genres. In Spanish sentences, the role of the prosodic tradition is strong, so often the punctuation marks are dictated by the presence of the pause in oral speech or the intonation of the utterance. At the same time, punctuation marks show semantic-syntactic links between text units that contribute to the understanding of the text. In the article, the authors consider in detail the features of the use of periods, commas, semicolons, colons, round and square brackets, dashes, quotation marks, question and exclamation marks, and ellipsis. The most difficult is the setting of a comma, which, in addition to its main functions of enumeration, treatment, application, isolation of introductory information, is used in elliptical constructions, in the presence of syntactic inversion, to separate definitive clauses, in order to avoid ambiguity. The clarifying function in Spanish is performed by commas, brackets and dashes. The choice of this or that sign is dictated by the degree of proximity of the explanatory information to the main sentence and the nature of the perception of this utterance by the reader. A distinctive feature of Spanish punctuation is the designation of interrogative and exclamatory intonation in writing using the double use of question and exclamation marks: at the beginning of a sentence, inverted, and at the end of a sentence, in the usual form. Despite the prescriptive nature of punctuation rules, modern Spanish texts contain many examples of unregulated use of punctuation marks, and in some cases ignoring them leads to misunderstanding of the text. The article may be of interest to philologists, teachers of Spanish as a foreign language and all those who study Spanish.

Traqueotomía versus traqueostomía, la necesidad de una aclaración lexicográfica

In the healthcare field, the terms “traqueotomía” and “traqueostomía” are frequently used, often leading to confusion among professionals regarding the appropriate definition for each term or which one should be considered more correct in specific cases. A search was conducted for the terms “traqueotomía” and “traqueostomía” in general Spanish-language dictionaries such as the Dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy (DRAE) and the Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Language of the Royal Spanish Academy (DHLE), as well as for the English terms “tracheotomy” and “tracheostomy” in English general dictionaries like the Oxford Dictionary, the Cambridge Dictionary, and the Collins English Dictionary. Additionally, searches were performed in medical dictionaries in both Spanish, specifically the Dictionary of Medical Terms of the National Academy of Medicine (DTM), and English, including the Farlex Dictionary. The terms were also explored using the Google search engine. Definitions were analyzed from both lexicographical and etymological perspectives. Definitions found in general dictionaries, in both Spanish and English, were found to be imprecise, limited, and ambiguous, as they mixed outdated indications with criteria that deviated from etymology. In contrast, definitions in medical dictionaries in both languages were more aligned with etymology. “Traqueotomía” strictly identifies the surgical procedure of creating an opening in the anterior face of the trachea. “Traqueostomía” identifies the creation of an opening that connects the trachea to the exterior, involving a modification of the upper airway by providing an additional entry for the respiratory pathway. “Traqueostomía” becomes the sole means of entry to the airway in total laryngectomies. Both terms can be used synonymously when a traqueotomía culminates in a traqueostomía. However, it is not appropriate to use the term “traqueostomía” when the procedure concludes with the closure of the planes and does not result in the creation of a stoma. Traqueostomas can be qualified with adjectives indicating permanence (temporary/permanent), size (large/small), shape (round/elliptical), or depth, without being linked to any specific disease or surgical indication. Not all permanent traqueostomas are the result of total laryngectomies, and they do not necessarily have an irreversible character systematically.

Adverse reactions to radiopharmaceuticals

Spanish Royal Legislative Decree 1/2015 of July 24 considered radiopharmaceuticals to be drugs subject to current legislation on this matter. After Radiopharmaceuticals are prepared in Radiopharmacy Departments, they are administered to patients to observe alterations or their abnormal distribution in the body depending on the pathology. Unlike conventional drugs, radiopharmaceuticals rarely cause adverse reactions: however, when they do occur, they often cause alarm both to the patient and health care staff. They are typically administered to patients only once or a limited number of times. Most adverse reactions to radiopharmaceuticals are mild and require minimal or no treatment. Such reactions, although rare, can occur, and include sensitivity reactions with systemic symptoms. In general, the most common adverse reactions to radiopharmaceuticals are the following: nausea, dyspnea, bronchospasm, decrease in blood pressure, itching, flushing, hives, chills, cough, bradycardia, muscle cramps, and dizziness. The incidence of reported adverse reactions to radiopharmaceuticals is low. The objective of this review is to describe the most common published adverse reactions to diagnostic or therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals and their characteristics.

‘El Ajuar de Ana de Austria, Infanta de Espana, Reina de Francia’: An Introduction to Anne of Austria's Trousseau

In October 1615, the fourteen-year-old Infanta Anne of Austria began a journey that brought her from her native Spain to the court of France where she would become the wife of the French King Louis XIII and later the mother of Louis XIV, the Sun King. According to royal tradition, Anne's father, King Philip III of Spain, bestowed her with a wedding trousseau which included magnificent garments, jewellery, furniture, silverware and perfumes. The transcription of the trousseau was published in Spanish in 1949 and translated into English by this author. This article looks at the gowns, accessories, and linens listed in the royal inventory and refers to portraits of the young princess and other members of the Spanish Royal family. It examines an understudied archival source and contributes to the existing studies of dress as a marker of royal identity and as a tool in the political alliances through royal marriages.

An Enigma Called Homeopathy

When I speak of an enigma, I adhere to its definition; the one given by the RAE (Royal Spanish Academy), which means: a statement whose meaning is artificially concealed to make it difficult to understand or interpret. Homeopathy (pathos=disease, homoios=similar); was created by the German Doctor Samuel Hahnemann in 1796. He was a man with a restless spirit and deeply dissatisfied with late 18th century medicine. After multiple verifications, Hahnemann creates the law that supports the homeopathic doctrine, the Law of Similars. It states that: ‘‘in order to cure a given illness, a remedy must be taken which, when administered to a healthy subject, will cause illnesses ‘and if it is capable of making one sick, it is also capable of curing. This principle of dilution accompanies the Law of Similars [1].

The Origins of the Royal Spanish Surname Castilla: Genetics and Genealogy

In most Western European societies, surnames pass from generation to generation and in cases where surnames are shared by fathers to children, the Y chromosome passes down from fathers to male offspring in the same way as surnames do. The aim of this study was to ascertain the patrilineal relationship between individuals with the surname “Castilla” and their respective Y-chromosome haplotypes. The toponymic surname “Castilla” is part of the Spanish royal family. Genealogical studies of this surname have allowed the formulation of different hypotheses about its origin, most of which were centered in Burgos. To shed some light on the origin of the surname Castilla and to investigate the possible co-ancestry behind the living carriers of this surname, markers located in the Y chromosome-specific region were analyzed in a sample of 102 men whose paternal surname was Castilla. The study aimed to establish the minimum number of founders and the expansion time of the lineages from our sample. Two major haplogroups were identified: R1b and E1b1b-M81. The high frequency of the E1b1b-M81 haplogroup in comparison to that of the general Spanish population, its low haplotype diversity, and its young TMRCA (323+/− 255 years CE) are compatible with the historical timing of the obligation to use surnames. However, the coincidence of the most common haplogroup in the Castilla sample and the most frequent haplogroup in the Spanish general population, R1b, makes it difficult to identify founder haplotypes/haplogroups in the history of the Castilla surname.

Early Success is not a Prerequisite for Success at the Adult Age in Spanish Sprinters.

The aim of the study was to describe the relationship between success in junior and senior categories in sprint events. An observational and longitudinal analysis was carried out using rankings of the Royal Spanish Athletics Federation database. We analysed 547 sprinters (238 women and 309 men) from their U14 to senior stage who ranked in top-20 on at least one occasion during the period 2004 to 2021. The first entry in top-20 occurred mostly in U14 (44.4%, 243), and the frequency was progressively lower: 26.7% (146) in U16; 20.8% (114) in U18; 5.1% (28) in U20; 2% (11) in U23; and 0.9% (5) in the senior category. A similar tendency was observed in male and female athletes. Only 3.8% (9) of top-20 U14 athletes reached the senior elite stage, increasing this percentage in subsequent categories: 7.4% (15) in U16; 10.6% (24) in U18; 20.9% (32) in U20, and 31.4% (32) from U23 to the senior category. Data from female athletes showed higher maintenance of top-20 status from early categories to senior age. We conclude that even though the first entry into the national top-20 in sprint events occurs early in most cases, success in these initial stages is not a prerequisite for reaching top-20 positions in the senior category.

Pinturas cegadas

This collection of essays brings together a selection of works that were presented at the inaugural 1° Congreso Internacional sobre Cultura Visual Iberoamericana [siglos XVI a XVIII] (International Congress on Ibero-American Visual Culture), whose core theme and subtitle was “Malas imágenes: lugares visuales de la disputa” (Bad images: visual places of dispute). Held on December 9 and 10, 2021, the meeting was organized by the Quillca program, which is devoted to the study of South American colonial art and housed in the Centro de Estudios sobre Arte, Materia y Cultura of Argentina’s Tres de Febrero University. The Congress, whose opening and closing lectures were given by Ilona Katzew (Los Angeles County Museum of Art) and Felipe Pereda (Harvard University), was an opportunity to study the provocative (that is, “bad”) side of Ibero-American images. The dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy defines malo (bad) as that which has “valor negativo, falto de las cualidades que cabe atribuirle por su naturaleza, función o destino” (negative value, lacking the qualities that ought to be attributed to it, given its nature, function or purpose). Starting with this definition, this dossier opens a range of possibilities for discussion about the badness of images.

Santíssimo Cristo da Paciência

This collection of essays brings together a selection of works that were presented at the inaugural 1° Congreso Internacional sobre Cultura Visual Iberoamericana [siglos XVI a XVIII] (International Congress on Ibero-American Visual Culture), whose core theme and subtitle was “Malas imágenes: lugares visuales de la disputa” (Bad images: visual places of dispute). Held on December 9 and 10, 2021, the meeting was organized by the Quillca program, which is devoted to the study of South American colonial art and housed in the Centro de Estudios sobre Arte, Materia y Cultura of Argentina’s Tres de Febrero University. The Congress, whose opening and closing lectures were given by Ilona Katzew (Los Angeles County Museum of Art) and Felipe Pereda (Harvard University), was an opportunity to study the provocative (that is, “bad”) side of Ibero-American images. The dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy defines malo (bad) as that which has “valor negativo, falto de las cualidades que cabe atribuirle por su naturaleza, función o destino” (negative value, lacking the qualities that ought to be attributed to it, given its nature, function or purpose). Starting with this definition, this dossier opens a range of possibilities for discussion about the badness of images.

“Al diente de las ratas y a las injurias del tiempo”

This collection of essays brings together a selection of works that were presented at the inaugural 1° Congreso Internacional sobre Cultura Visual Iberoamericana [siglos XVI a XVIII] (International Congress on Ibero-American Visual Culture), whose core theme and subtitle was “Malas imágenes: lugares visuales de la disputa” (Bad images: visual places of dispute). Held on December 9 and 10, 2021, the meeting was organized by the Quillca program, which is devoted to the study of South American colonial art and housed in the Centro de Estudios sobre Arte, Materia y Cultura of Argentina’s Tres de Febrero University. The Congress, whose opening and closing lectures were given by Ilona Katzew (Los Angeles County Museum of Art) and Felipe Pereda (Harvard University), was an opportunity to study the provocative (that is, “bad”) side of Ibero-American images. The dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy defines malo (bad) as that which has “valor negativo, falto de las cualidades que cabe atribuirle por su naturaleza, función o destino” (negative value, lacking the qualities that ought to be attributed to it, given its nature, function or purpose). Starting with this definition, this dossier opens a range of possibilities for discussion about the badness of images.

Interacción de lo malo en el devenir de las imágenes a través de sus intervenciones

This collection of essays brings together a selection of works that were presented at the inaugural 1° Congreso Internacional sobre Cultura Visual Iberoamericana [siglos XVI a XVIII] (International Congress on Ibero-American Visual Culture), whose core theme and subtitle was “Malas imágenes: lugares visuales de la disputa” (Bad images: visual places of dispute). Held on December 9 and 10, 2021, the meeting was organized by the Quillca program, which is devoted to the study of South American colonial art and housed in the Centro de Estudios sobre Arte, Materia y Cultura of Argentina’s Tres de Febrero University. The Congress, whose opening and closing lectures were given by Ilona Katzew (Los Angeles County Museum of Art) and Felipe Pereda (Harvard University), was an opportunity to study the provocative (that is, “bad”) side of Ibero-American images. The dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy defines malo (bad) as that which has “valor negativo, falto de las cualidades que cabe atribuirle por su naturaleza, función o destino” (negative value, lacking the qualities that ought to be attributed to it, given its nature, function or purpose). Starting with this definition, this dossier opens a range of possibilities for discussion about the badness of images.

Erupciones e irrupciones léxicas. Estudio lexicosemántico de fajana, delta lávico e isla baja a partir de su uso en la prensa canaria

The current study consists of an analysis of the words fajana, delta lávico and isla baja. The treatment of the three lexical units were observed and analysed in academic lexicography (RAE [Royal Spanish Academy] and ASALE [Association of Spanish Language Academies]) and regional lexicography (Academia Canaria de la Lengua [Canarian Academy of the Language]) in order to establish a starting point for comparison the results of an analysis of the frequency of use of these volcanological terms in the Canarian press between October and December 2021, the period of activity of the Cumbre Vieja volcano (La Palma). The most frequent terms used by the media were the lexical units delta lávico and fajana. Based on this fact, an amendment of the lexicographical article on fajana is proposed.

Metaphorical Modeling of Reality in Public Discourse of the Spanish Monarch Felipe VI

The purpose of the article is to study metaphorical modeling of reality, one of the most effective means of verbal impact on the audience, in public speeches of the Spanish monarch Felipe VI (2014–2022) in the current political context of Spain (2017–2022). The article presents a systematic analysis of anthropomorphic, militaristic, domestic, artifact-related, orientational and spatial metaphors following the communicative strategies and ideologemes used by the Spanish King in public discourse. The study is based on J. Lakoff and M. Johnson’s theory of conceptual metaphor, as well as on the ideas of A. Chudinov and E. Budaev developing political metaphorology in linguo-pragmatic and discursive perspectives. The analyzed material includes Felipe VI’s public speeches from 2014 to 2022 available on the website of the Spanish Royal House. The article states that metaphors, being a mental and linguo-social phenomenon, are widely used in modern propaganda and political discourse by state and government leaders. The results of the study show that metaphors in the Spanish monarch’s public discourse describe the constantly changing realia of political, social and economic life of the country. In the speeches delivered to the nation, metaphors promote ideas and basic principles in order to impact the addressee’s worldview, performing as a means of advocating, interpretation and cooperation strategies. Also, they can be regarded as an important characteristic of the Spanish King’s discourse because they may influence the citizens’ perception of socio-political realia. In the Spanish King’s speeches delivered abroad, metaphors are primarily used to create a positive image of Spain and convey the main principles of existence of the European Union within the framework of a country presenting and declarative strategy.