Span Class Research Articles

REGULATIONS FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT OF DISPOSABLE MASK DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

<span class="fontstyle0">Corona Virus Disease 2019 that has not ended, has an impact including the use of disposable masks in the world is increasing. Although there are calls to use masks such as cloth masks to coat medical masks when doing U.S. actives outside the home, in fact the public prefers to use disposable medical masks. Disposable masks are feared to be more and more in number if not managed properly. The issues studied in this scientific article are the settings related to the management of disposable mask waste and the implications of waste management of disposable mask in the community. This research method uses juridical-normative writing methods with a statutory approach. The result of this study is the waste management of disposable medical masks entering the realm of special arrangements (lex specialists) consisting of guidelines of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia and the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia.<br />Waste management of disposable medical masks can be done with a thorough approach when a product produced in the community is indicated as waste until the product has been managed in landfill so that the output of waste management becomes environmentally friendly by using a new approach. through the activities of waste management of medical masks used in the community in accordance with existing guidelines.</span> <br /><br />

THE EFFECT OF MODERATE LEADERSHIP BASED ON TRI KAYA PARISUDHA AND SOCIAL ATTITUDE ON EMPLOYEES’ PERFORMANCE

<p class="p2">This study aims to determine the effect of moderate leadership based on Tri Kaya Parisudha and social attitudes on employee’s performance at STAHN Mpu Kuturan Singaraja, both separately and together. This research is an ex-post facto research. The population in this study were all 77 employees of STAHN Mpu Kuturan Singaraja who were directly used as research samples. The independent variable in this study are moderate leadership based on Tri Kaya Parisudha and social attitudes, while the dependent variable is employees’ performance. The instrument used was a moderate leadership questionnaire based on Tri Kaya Parisudha, social attitudes, and employees’ performance. The data analysis method usedwais multiple regression and partial correlation techniques. The results showed that: 1) there was a significant effect of moderate leadership based on Tri Kaya Parisudha on employees’ performance, 2) there was a significant effect of social attitudes on employees’ performance, and 3) there was a significant effect of moderate leadership based on Tri Kaya Parisudha and social attitudes towards employees’ performance.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p>

THE CONCEPT OF YAJNA IN VARAHA PURANA

<p class="p2">Yajna is a sacrifice made by every human being with a sincere sense. Yajna has an important influence in living everyday life. In practice, yajna is not only measured by material things, but yajna can also be offered in a non-material or spiritual form. The concept of yajna can not only be seen and learned from the implementation of the ceremony, but the concept of yajna also contained in many Hindu sacred literature such as Varaha Purana. Varaha Purana is a sacred text that tells about the greatness of Lord Vishnu. In this text Lord Vishnu is incarnated in the form of a wild boar. Varaha purana has a connection with Varaha Yajna's conception, which yajna here has dynamic power in the creation of the cosmos. While varaha is the power that lifts the earth from destruction and destruction. The concept of yajna is widely discussed in this Purana. Various types of yajna are explained in this purana such as worshiping Lord Vishnu, giving love to parents, sharing alms with poor people, carrying out ceremonies to ancestors, and doing Dana Punia (good and holy gift). Yajna itself has a very big impact and influence on social life in society, religius life on each individual or group and also the impact of harmony. The method used in this research is descriptive method that will systematically describe the concept of yajna in Varaha Purana.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p>

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CHARACTER VALUE INTERNALIZATION THROUGH NGUSABHA SAMBAH TOWARDS BALI AGA CULTURE RESILIENCE TENGANAN PEGRINGSINGAN VILLAGE, MANGGIS DISCRICT, KARANGASEM REGENCY

<p class="p2">Every human individual is always in the process of forming his character, because a character is formed starting from the family, school, and environment. Formally, the formation of human character is formed consciously and systematically in developing self-potential. Tenganan Pegringsingan Traditional Village has a religious tradition which is considered as a place for internalizing character values which is devoted as a form of cultural resilience in the Tenganan Pegringsingan Traditional Village, which is held annually and every three years for <em>muran </em>which is marked with <em>sasih kapat </em>twice in one year which is right on <em>sasih kalima </em>according to the calendar system of the Tenganan Pegringsingan Traditional Village is called <em>Ngusaba Sambah</em>. The results of this scientific paper using a qualitative research with an ethnographic approach.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p>

COLOR NOMENCLATURES IN BALINESE LANGUAGE WITHIN LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

<p class="p2">Balinese language has some unique color nomenclatures. How those colors are categorized into different nomenclatures becomes the first concern of this study. Then, why those nomenclatures are linguistically unique and exist culturally in different ways is the second question. NSM (Natural Semantic Metalanguage) is used both in theory and method. Since some Balinese terms are inexplicable through semantic primes of the NSM, linguistic relativity theory is used to dig descriptive meanings and concepts of those color nomenclatures in Balinese cultural linguistic realm. The study finds that there are four color nomenclatures in Balinese language, and those nomenclatures are different mainly because of religious and historical backgrounds.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p>

GAME EDUKASI PENGENALAN PAHLAWAN NASIONAL BERBASIS ANDROID

<p><em>A hero is a title to a highly decorated person and contributes to an institution ora country and fight the colonization of the fallen on the battlefield for Indonesia's independence. There are still a lot of kids who are ignorant of the introduction of national heroes who have fought for the independence of the united republic of Indonesia, which should be introduced to the younger generation as the next Indonesian people since they started to sit in education. Therefore, with the problem of identifying heroes, it is necessary for a learning medium to utilize android based smartphone technology to identify national heroes such as the national hero's introduction puzzle game to be a convenient learning media for children to know about national heroes. The study was created using the unity 3d application, as for the data sources used by observation done by collecting data online using Google forms to find out the extent of children in knowing Indonesian heroes and how they responded to their knowledge of Indonesian heroes, and for an interactive learning play on children. Based on the response results from children, it is concluded that it makes a media study for the introduction of this android based national hero dap.</em></p><p><em><br /></em></p><pre><strong><em><span lang="EN-US">Keywords :</span></em></strong><span class="shorttext"><em><span lang="EN-US"> Android, Hero National, Unity 3D</span></em></span><em></em></pre><p><em><br /></em></p>

KEANEKARAGAMAN MIKROALGA DI BENDUNGAN BARATA DESA E.WONOKWERTO KABUPATEN MUSI RAWAS

<pre><span class="y2iqfc"><em><span lang="IN">This study aims to determine the diversity of microalgae in the Barata Dam area, E. Wonokerto Village, Musi Rawas Regency. This research is included in quantitative descriptive research, this study uses a survey method by taking samples of microalgae in the Barata Dam Area, E. Wonokerto Village, Musi Rawas Regency, then the sample is examined at the Biology Laboratory of STKIP-PGRI Lubuklinggau. Types of microalgae found in the Barata Dam, E. Wonokerto Village, Musi Rawas Regency, 3 Divisions, 5 Classes, 14 Orders, 15 families, 15 genera and 15 species. The data that has been obtained from the research is then analyzed using the formula (Shannon-winer). The results of the diversity index of microalgae species at station I are 2,479, at station II the diversity index is 2,550 and at station III the diversity index is 2,836, the average diversity index from the three stations is 2,622 the index is classified as moderate. The types of microalgae from the Bacillariophytaceae class consist of 6 species including: Synedra ulna, Cylotella sp., Asterionella sp., Surirella sp., Tablelaria sp., and Rhizosolenia sp., Chlorophyceae class consists of 6 species including: Pleurotaenium sp. , Spirogyra sp., Closteridium sp., Selenastrum sp., Pediastrum duplex, and Microspora sp., Trebouxiophyceae class consists of 1 species namely: Chlorella sp., Ulvophyceae class consists of 1 species namely: Ulothrix sp., and Chyanophyta class consists of of only 1 species, namely: Oscillatoria sp., Abiotic factors found in the Barata Dam Area, E. Wonokerto Village, Musi Rawas Regency, namely: temperature (water) with an average (27.6 C), pH (water) with an average (7.7 ) and brightness (water ) with an average (76.1 Cm).</span></em></span><em></em></pre>

UTILIZATION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AS A LEGAL EDUCATION MEDIA CONSUMER PROTECTION

<span class="fontstyle0">Globalization is currently running in cyberspace, connecting all digital communities. All aspects of human life are influenced by internet information technology, in this case the economic conditions provide very significant changes. Online stores or what we often call e-commerce is a form of change brought about by the internet in terms of shopping innovation by providing various conveniences in the transaction process. Seeing the phenomenon of the rapid development of electronic<br />transactions in Indonesian society, the problem in this research is how to use information technology as a media for consumer protection law education. The research method applied in this study is a normative legal research method. The research is said to be juridical normative because it intends to study and analyze the substance of the legislation on the subject matter or legal issue in its consistency with existing legal principles. The type of research used in this writing is doctrinal research.Aims to obtain a systematic explanation of the rule of law. Thus, all benefits to the community will depend on the provisions of the law itself. The element of education then becomes the spearhead to instill attitudes and habits of obedience to existing rules. If all human interests can be fulfilled without disputes or conflicts, then everything that happens regularly will not be questioned about the concept of justice<br />which focuses on what is entitled or who is at fault if someone is harmed by another person. The first indicator is an understanding of the law, a person knows about certain behaviors that have been regulated by law.</span>

FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN MONOPOLY PRACTICES IN THE MINING SECTOR

<span class="fontstyle0">In Indonesia, Joint Venture is regulated in Law No. 25 of 2007 on<br />Investment. Joint Venture itself is a form of alliance that emphasizes more on cooperation and its temporary nature. Before the occurrence of Joint Venture in the establishment of the company conducted a Joint Venture agreement, it contains the agreement of both parties. Law No. 5 of 1999 concerning Prohibition of Monopoly Practices and Unfair Business Competition regulates the prohibition of a company in carrying out its business activities, must not do 3 things, namely: make a prohibited<br />agreement, become the dominant position, and conduct prohibited activities. On the contrary, Law No. 40 of 2007 on Limited Liability Companies and also Law No. 25 of 2007 on Investment does not regulate the matter. Therefore the company does it by joint venture. The company's growth in the mining sector is growing very rapidly. To attract investors, the government is expanding in the mining sector. Certainly in this case the practice of monopoly in a company is very likely to occur as mining sector companies increase. The research method used by the author is normative juridical, i.e. research whose reference material uses the norms contained in the laws and regulations. The results showed that companies have implications for monopoly practices, of course a company, especially the mining sector, should also consider the principle of fairness.</span>

IMPLEMENTASI METODE ADDIE PADA SISTEM INFORMASI PEMBUATAN RPP 1 LEMBAR DI SMK PGRI 4 PASURUAN

<span class="fontstyle0">Abstract: </span><span class="fontstyle2">The form of planning is RPP, which is a plan that describes learning procedures and organizations to achieve the basic competencies set out in the content standards and described in the syllabus. In this case, almost all teachers have difficulty in making RPP and in 2019 the Ministry of Education and Culture issued a new rule regarding changing the RPP into 1 sheet so that in this study it can assist teachers in making RPP in the form of RPP. digitizing and assisting teachers in the transition from the new RPP format to 1 sheet.SMK PGRI 4 Pasuruan is one of the private schools that is developing in order to improve the quality of schools. In carrying out daily operational activities, the flow of information systems at SMK PGRI 4 Pasuruan is still not optimal because there is no database that functions as a repository and making Learning Implementation Plans (RPP). ledger in the preparation of RPP reports.The research method used is the ADDIE model, in this system development method the application has experienced considerable development because each stage has experienced a good system evaluation. The results of this study were that teachers of SMK PGRI 4 Pasuruan were helped by archiving data and making lesson plans effectively and efficiently and the curriculum development team was assisted in filing curriculum documents better able to monitor the progress of the<br />teacher's lesson plans used.</span> <br /><br />

DEVELOPMENT OF SELF-REFLECTION INSTRUMENTS OF RIAS LEARNING MODEL IN STUDENTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION COURSE

<span class="fontstyle0">It is necessary to measure student spiritual and social attitudes to find out their attitude development in students ofenvironmental education course. The research aims to develop instruments utilized in measuring student spiritual and social attitudes in RIAS (Reading, Identification, Analysis, and Self-reflection) learning model implementation. Theresearch procedures consist of 1) needs analysis and literature study; 2) instrument design; 3) instrument development; 4) expert assessment; 5) instrument revision; and 6) instrument dissemination. The research instruments utilized include content validity sheets and construct validity instruments with assessment scale score of 1-4 consisting of (1) not feasible; (2) less feasible; (3) feasible; and (4) very feasible. The research results indicate that 1) the instruments of<br />spiritual and social attitudes measurement in the RIAS learning model implementation are feasible to be utilized in measuring student spiritual and social attitudes. It is indicated by validation score of 3.8 and 2) further research and development includes portfolio development to measure spiritual and social attitudes. The research implications become a practical reference for teachers and lecturers in measuring spiritual and social attitudes in learning.</span>

Lining Property Characterizations for an Improved Integration Cascade

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">New technologies, such as electrified powertrain and autonomous driving solutions, are transforming the automotive industry in such a way that achieving vehicle level performance requirements demands an increasingly intensive and detailed system integration exercise. Validation of the braking system, critical to any vehicle level project, must evolve so that the ever-increasing requirements cascade is answered in a way that ensures the highest level of safety and performance as the industry moves toward a new frontier of features. To support this evolution of integration methodology, critical-to-performance components, such as brake pads, must undergo a transformation in how performance metrics are characterized, communicated, and documented. It is essential that the physical properties of brake pads are measured accurately with standardized procedures and represent a set of characteristics that directly relate to system (brake caliper) interaction, which results in a robust cascade of requirements. Recommendations are listed below for some key brake pad topics which will be discussed in detail within this paper.<ol class="list nostyle"><li class="list-item"><span class="li-label">1</span><div class="htmlview paragraph">Standardization for Pad Assembly Compressibility Gage Repeatability and Reproducibility (RandR)</div></li><li class="list-item"><span class="li-label">2</span><div class="htmlview paragraph">Industry-wide discrepancies of process capability requirements for short term & long-term for Pad Assembly Compressibility</div></li><li class="list-item"><span class="li-label">3</span><div class="htmlview paragraph">Is it correct to combine geometric effects & material modulus into a singular deflection test?</div></li><li class="list-item"><span class="li-label">4</span><div class="htmlview paragraph">Utilizing additional measurements and analysis opportunities for improved understanding to product performance</div></li></ol></div></div>

A Telematics Enabled Analytics Approach for Determining Tractor Usage

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Tractor lease is an attractive proposition for farmers with small land holdings in India as initial investment required for purchasing a tractor is high [<span class="xref">1</span>]. The tractor is wet leased on a daily basis with the driver paid by the hour. Thus, there is a natural tendency by the driver to prolong the operation by taking frequent breaks adding to the overall input cost for the marginal farmer. Therefore, there is need to monitor these operations in real-time to ensure maximum utilization of tractors. The advent of connected and data driven technologies have positively disrupted several sectors including agriculture [<span class="xref">2</span>]. Vehicular and GPS (Global Positioning System) data from connected tractors powered by telematic devices can be effectively used for monitoring tractor’s health and position in real time using a mobile application. Moving beyond real-time monitoring, data obtained from connected tractors allow the computation of total field area and on-road distance covered during the day. These metrics enable usage-based pricing to pay for both driver’s labour and tractor rental thereby providing significant cost savings to farmers. The computation of field area and on-road distance covered is a challenging problem as it requires classification of geolocation data into field work and on-road travel points without the use of sophisticated sensors or user inputs. This work presents a telematics enabled analytics approach for monitoring tractor usage. The analytics module comprises of an algorithm that uses a clustering technique taking key vehicle parameters along with GPS data for determining the usage pattern. A polygon-based approach for area calculation is adopted that works for fields with irregular shapes. A novel feature to auto detect & deduce area of large untilled area patches enclosed within the field is also developed. The paper also highlights methods developed to reduce misclassification of GPS points and estimate usage during network connectivity issues.</div></div>

Particle Matter Index and Fuel Wall-wetting Relations on Stochastic Pre-ignition

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">This work explores the effect of the particle matter index (PMI) and aromatic content on fuel wall impingement associated with stochastic pre-ignition (SPI). Statically significant measurements of SPI rates are directly coupled with laser induced florescence (LIF) measurements of fuel dilution from spray-linear impingement. Literature suggests that PMI is could be correlated with the number of SPI events, but the root cause(s) of PMI and SPI are directly causational or are a predicator of SPI. Three fuels have been used in this study with 3 different PMI and two different aromatic contents. The fuels are direct injected at two different injection timings, an earlier injection timing which initially targets the piston crown, 310°CA bTDC, and a later injection timing that the liner, 220°CA bTDC start of injection timings (SOI) respectively. The earlier 310 SOI injection increases soot, whereas the later 220°CA SOI targets the liner and increases wall-wetting. The findings of this work highlight that the SPI activity has a weak correlation with the soot promoted by the combustion process and increased PMI. However, SPI activity shows a strong dependency with high levels of oil dilution and aromatic content, suggesting that PMI might be an indicator of fuel chemistry conducive to SPI and the soot from increased PMI fuels is not a strong source of SPI relative to fuel wall wetting.<span class="xref"><sup>1</sup></span></div></div>

Fuel Stratification Effects on Gasoline Compression Ignition with a Regular-Grade Gasoline on a Single-Cylinder Medium-Duty Diesel Engine at Low Load

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Prior research studies have investigated a wide variety of gasoline compression ignition (GCI) injection strategies and the resulting fuel stratification levels to maintain control over the combustion phasing, duration, and heat release rate. Previous GCI research at the US Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory has shown that for a combustion mode with a low degree of fuel stratification, called “partial fuel stratification” (PFS), gasoline range fuels with anti-knock index values in the range of regular-grade gasoline (~87 anti-knock index or higher) provides very little controllability over the timing of combustion without significant boost pressures. On the contrary, heavy fuel stratification (HFS) provides control over combustion phasing but has challenges achieving low temperature combustion operation, which has the benefits of low NO<sub>X</sub> and soot emissions, because of the air handling burdens associated with the required high exhaust gas recirculation rates. This work investigates HFS and PFS combustion, efficiency, and emissions performance on a single-cylinder, medium-duty engine with a regular-grade gasoline (91 research octane number) at 1,200 rpm, 4.3 bar, and 3.0 nominal gross indicated mean effective pressure operating points with boost levels similar to those in a medium-duty diesel application. Authority of combustion phasing with main injection timing sweeps for HFS and second injection timing sweeps and fuel split sweeps for PFS are shown. In addition, this work is discussed in the context of previous findings with a light-duty diesel platform, and next steps and future direction for this work are presented<span class="xref"><sup>1</sup></span>. </div></div>

PEMETAAN PENURUNAN ELASTIS FONDASI TIANG BERDASARKAN DATA SONDIR KOTA PEKANBARU

<span class="fontstyle0">Pekanbaru City has developed quite rapidly. Therefore, local governments are aware of the<br />high demand for multi-story building construction, so that buildings built with more than two floors<br />are required to conduct a land subsidence test. The load of a structure will be transmitted by the<br />foundation to the ground, where the soil is expected to be able to support the load. The soil subsidence<br />test is obtained from the sondir test data or also called the Dutch Cone Penetration Test (DCPT)<br />which is used to determine the profile into the soil continuously with the value of cone tip resistance<br />and blanket resistance (Wafi et al., 2013).The purpose of this study is to analyze the calculation of<br />the settlement of a single pile foundation based on the foundation bearing capacity data from the<br />sondir data obtained from the Riau University Laboratory using the elastic settlement method. The<br />research stages carried out are reviewing theories related to piles, then collecting data including<br />data on the carrying capacity of the foundation and sondir data. The final stage is conducting<br />calculation analysis. The results of this study obtained a map of the elastic settlement of the pile<br />foundation at a depth of 6 meters, 12 meters and 18 meters</span>

EXTRACTION, CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATION OF CHITOSAN DERIVED FROM MAGGOT (BLACK SOLDIER FLY) WASTE AS EDIBLE COATING FOR RED GRAPES (Vitis vinifera)

<p class="Abstrak"><span class="tlid-translation"><span lang="EN-GB">Black Soldier Fly (BSF) farming showed an increasing trend in the past 5 years. The production process generates a leftover, that is the exuviae which are still untapped. BSF exuviae contain chitin and chitosan which can be utilized in various fields, one of which is fruit preservatives. Grapes (<em>Vitis vinifera</em>) is known to have many benefits and has a content of vitamins A, B, C, and E but it has a short shelf life. The purpose of this study was to characterize chitosan from BSF exuviae and choose the best edible coating method to be applied to grapes to prolong the grape’s storage time. Characterization includes physical condition, percent solubility, degree of deacetylation, and yield of the chitosan. Then, edible coating tests were carried out with 2% acetic acid solvent followed by two different methods, namely dyeing method with 5, 10 and, 15 minutes immersion time and spray method with a chitosan solution concentration of 0,5%, 1%, 1,5%, 2 %, and 2,5%. The results showed that chitosan extracted from BSF exuviae produced a physical appearance in the form of white brown powder with 55% solubility and a degree of deacetylation of 91,88%. The chitin yield is 16,2%, followed by the chitosan yield of 4,8%. The best edible coating method which can maintain the physical appearance of grapes and inhibiting fruit decayed was obtained by dipping method at a concentration of 2,5% for 10 minutes. Based on the overall observations, however, the results obtained from the dip and spray method were not significantly different.</span></span></p>

"So you're saying": the interrogation of Jordan Peterson

<p class="p1">In this article, I analyse the infamous Cathy Newman interview with Jordan Peterson on the 16th of January 2018 and subsequent viewer comments on Channel 4's YouTube channel. My first hypothesis is that Newman's frequent attribution of statements to Peterson using the now notorious "so you are saying" gambit (YSG) is what triggered outrage among Peterson's followers, which, in turn, generated media interest. My second hypothesis is that the interview is best understood as a series of Face threats by Newman on Peterson using the YSG. To ascertain if my hypotheses are true, I performed corpus linguistic analyses on the interview and comments to provide objective descriptions of both.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Episodes in which the YSG were used were identified and analysed using Goffman's (1967) Facework approach. My analysis shows that the YSG was indeed a salient feature of the interviewer's discourse and was used to attack the interviewee's Face.</p>

Pengolahan Limbah Penggilingan Padi Menjadi Bioplastik menggunakan palstisizer Sorbitol

<table class="NormalTable"><tbody><tr><td width="200"><span class="fontstyle0">Research on the manufacture of bioplastics from bran is one of the efforts to<br />develop the development of environmentally friendly plastics because they can be<br />decomposed by microorganisms. In addition, this study also seeks to reduce<br />environmental pollution due to the disposal of rice mill waste. The research was<br />conducted by mixing rice bran with water, sulfuric acid and sorbitol in various<br />variations of the ratio of sorbitol and bran 1:10; 2:10; 3:10; 4:10 and 5:10 (v:b).<br />Furthermore, chitosan was added as a reinforcement with variations in the<br />addition of chitosan with bran, namely 4:10; 6:10; 8:10; 10:10 and 12:10 then<br />printed and analyzed for dance strength, swelling and surface morphology. The<br />test results showed the highest tensile strength value in the ratio of sorbitol and<br />bran 5:10 and chitosan bran 10:10 with the highest tensile strength value of 64.27<br />MPa and 25% swelling value. Surface morphology shows an uneven and hollow<br />surface.</span></td></tr></tbody></table>

Proses Pembuatan Biofuel dengan Metode perengakahan Menggunakan Katalis Padat

<table class="NormalTable"><tbody><tr><td width="200"><span class="fontstyle0">The development of population growth causes of fuels need increasing. Because of<br />that reason, it necessary to create alternative fuels which are friendly to the<br />environment to meet the fuels need in society. Fossil fuel is a non-renewable fuel.<br />Biofuel as an alternative fuel can be taken as a solution to solve this problem. The<br />reviewd aim was to determine the effect of raw materials used on yield product and<br />the different effects of temperature and catalysts on the yield of special materials<br />(gasoline, diesel, kerosene) biofuel. Biofuel production started from the<br />preparation of raw materials, catalylic, and catalytic cracking process using a<br />fixed bed reactor. Raw materials greatly affected yield product. The highest yield<br />products were being gotten from RBDPS raw materials of 93.29%. Biofuel from<br />used cooking oil and concentration of red sludge catalyst of 15% produced the<br />highest biofuel with gasoline compound of 73.86% and kerosene compound of<br />26.14%. Biofuel from camelina oil with ZSM-5-Zn catalyst concentration of 30%<br />produced the highest gasoline yield of 75.65%.</span></td></tr></tbody></table>