Soybean Husk Research Articles

Valorization of two agroindustrial wastes to produce alpha-amylase enzyme from Aspergillus oryzae by solid-state fermentation

The global amount of soybean and wheat produced is about 350 and 750 million metric tons every year, respectively. In consequence, huge amounts of waste are produced from them. The aim of this work was to employ two wastes -soybean husk and flour mill waste- to produce high quantities of alpha-amylase enzyme. The substrate composition and the culture conditions were assayed to improve alpha-amylase production by solid-state fermentation employing the fungus Aspergillus oryzae. The maximum productivity of the enzyme was achieved using a culture substrate composed of the two wastes, at 45% soybean husk and 55% flour mill by-product, without pre-treatment, at an incubation temperature of 30 °C. The optimal incubation time (6 days), yielded a very high alpha-amylase activity (47,000 U/g dry substrate) at low-cost. The enzymatic extract obtained was characterized by LC-MS, providing a complete profile of the proteins produced during the solid-state fermentation on these two wastes. Then, the extract was purified in a single-step by size-exclusion chromatography and the recovery and the purification factor of alpha-amylase enzyme were about 83% and 6, respectively. The system was scaled up 50 times and yielded a similar enzymatic activity (45,900 U/g of dry substrate).

Alimentos alternativos utilizados para codornas de corte: revisão

Na coturnicultura a nutrição é o fator que mais onera os custos de produção, deste modo, estudos com a utilização alimentos alternativos ao milho e farelo de soja, tem crescido consideravelmente em todo o Brasil, devido ao grande potencial de produção agroindustrial do pais que gera inúmeros coprodutos ou subprodutos que possuem qualidade nutricional suficiente para serem colocados nas rações sem interferir no desempenho ou na qualidade do produto final, possibilitando reduzir o potencial poluidor destes coprodutos quando descartados de forma inadequada. Neste contexto, objetiva-se com está revisão abordar alguns alimentos alternativos que são utilizados na alimentação de codornas de corte, assim como seus efeitos sobre o desempenho nas diferentes fases de criação destas aves e também seus efeitos sobre a qualidade do produto final. Para a realizar esta revisão foi feita análise de trabalhos científicos que utilizaram alimentos alternativos em rações de codornas de corte, evidenciando os seus efeitos. Podendo concluir que diversos alimentos alternativos como resíduo de acerola, bagaço de licuri, farelo de goiaba, farelo de crambe, resíduo do maracujá, farelo da castanha do caju, casca de soja e o farelo da palma forrageira podem ser utilizados na alimentação de codornas de corte, auxiliando na redução dos custos da dieta sem influência sobre as características zootécnicas.

Hydrophobization of Kraft-type Cellulose and Microfiber Cellulose Obtained from Soybean Husk in Ultrasonic Field.

The addition of nanoparticles to cellulose paper can improve its mechanical strength, chemical stability, biocompatibility and hydrophobic properties. Silica nanoparticles are known to be inert, hydrophobic, biocompatible, biodegradable and have a good distribution in being deposited on surfaces. The main characteristics of 20 nm SiO2 nanoparticles are good chemical and thermal stability with a melting point of 1610-1728°3C, a boiling point of 2230°C with a purity of 99.5%. To carry out the hydrophobization of paper based on Kraft cellulose and on cellulose obtained from soybean husk with 20-nm size SiO2 nanoparticles and to study hydrophobicity, morphology and topography of the prepared composites. The ground and roasted soybean husk was treated with a NaOH, washed and dried. Hydrophobization of paper was carried in aqueous medium by SiO2 addition in weight ratios "paper-SiO2" of 0.01-0.05 wt.%, stirring, filtration and drying. The obtained cellulose sheet composites were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), FTIRspectroscopy, Mullen proofs of hydrophobicity, and contact angle measurements. The mechanical properties of paper nanocomposites (tensile strength and compression) increased considerably by varying the concentrations. The tensile strength increased by 41-46% and the compressive strength increased by 55-56%. The existence of fiber nanofoils, good adhesion of 20-nm SiO2 nanoparticles to the paper surface, and their homogeneous distribution were observed. Cellulose was successfully obtained from soybean husk, applying the alkaline-based extraction method. A good reinforcement of cellulose fibers is observed due to the outstanding characteristics of the silicon dioxide nanoparticles.

Metal Phthalocyanines as Catalyst Precursors of Metallated Carbon Nanotubes.

The addition of nanoparticles to cellulose paper can improve its mechanical strength, chemical stability, biocompatibility and hydrophobic properties. Silica nanoparticles are known to be inert, hydrophobic, biocompatible, biodegradable and have a good distribution being deposited on surfaces. The main characteristics of 20 nm SiO2 nanoparticles are good chemical and thermal stability with a melting point of 1610-1728°C, a boiling point of 2230°C with a purity of 99.5%. To carry out the hydrophobization of paper based on Kraft cellulose and on cellulose obtained from soybean husk with 20-nm size SiO2 nanoparticles and to study hydrophobicity, morphology and topography of the prepared composites. Few relevant patents to the topic have been reviewed and cited. The ground and roasted soybean husk was treated with a NaOH, washed and dried. Hydrophobization of paper was carried in aqueous medium by SiO2 addition in weight ratios "paper-SiO2 " of 0.01-0.05 wt.%, stirring, filtration and drying. The obtained cellulose sheet composites were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmisión Electron Microscopy (TEM), FTIRspectroscopy, Mullen proofs of hydrophobicity, and contact angle measurements. The mechanical properties of paper nanocomposites (tensile strength and compression) increased considerably by varying the concentrations. The tensile strength increased by 41-46% and the compressive strength increased by 55-56%. The existence of fiber nanofoils, good adhesion of 20-nm SiO2 nanoparticles to the paper surface, and their homogeneous distribution were observed. Cellulose was successfully obtained from soybean husk, applying the alkaline-based extraction method. A good reinforcement of cellulose fibers is observed due to the outstanding characteristics of the silicon dioxide nanoparticles.

Role Of Some Enzymes Produced By Egyptian Bacterial Isolate On Decolorization Of Blue And Yellow Textile Dyes

DECOLORIZATION of textile reactive azo dyes, blue and yellow, by 15 bacterial isolates collected from Egyptian arid soil was investigated. Of these, S8 isolate revealed a highest decolorization performance. Here, we identified S8 isolate on a molecular level based on type I chaperonin universal target sequence (cpn60). The most similar DNA sequence to the S8 DNA sequence was for Klebsiella oxytoca partial CDS (AB008147.1) coding for GroES and GroEL chaperon homologues (acronyms of cpn60) with 88% DNA sequence similarity. The impact of numerous exterior parameters to improve the decolorization abilities of this isolate was studied. A maximum decolorization activity occurred at a medium containing glucose, soybean husk at a C/N ratio of 12:1 supplemented with dye concentration of 100mg/L and amended with 3% (v/v) inoculum. Incubation for 4 days at 35°C±2 with shaking at 150rpm reached the decolorization activity to 89.35 and 78.23% for blue and yellow dyes, respectively. The ascending levels of bacterial enzymes like azo-reductase, phenol red manganese peroxidase and ascorbate oxidase indicated their prominent roles in dye degradation.

Phytochemicals derived from soya bean husk exert hypoglycemic and anti-adipogenic properties in cell culture models

PurposeLiterature has shown that phenolic acids and flavonoids are bearing with hypoglycemic and anti-adipogenic properties. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the possibility of phenolic-rich soya bean husk powder extract (SHPE) in combating diabetes and obesity using in vitro models.Design/methodology/approachThe hypoglycemic properties were evaluated by determining the ability of SHPE (25-100 µg/mL) in inhibiting a-amylase and a-glucosidase enzymes and in triggering insulin secretion in BRIN-BD11 cells. Murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes were used for evaluating the anti-adipogenic properties of SHPE through the determination of relative lipid accumulation, triglyceride content and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) activity.FindingsThe hypoglycemic properties of SHPE was in the dose-dependent manner, where 100 µg SHPE/mL exhibited a significant higher (p < 0.05) a-amylase inhibitory activity (56.8 ± 0.11 per cent) and insulin secretion activity (0.73 ± 0.02 µg/l) against other concentrations. In contrast to the aforementioned findings, a significant lower a-glucosidase inhibitory activity (52.0 ± 0.44 per cent) was also observed in 100 µg SHPE/mL. Nevertheless, findings revealed that all the SHPE were able to inhibit the activity of a-amylase and a-glucosidase and stimulated the insulin secretion in BRIN-BD11 cells. On the other hand, the anti-adipogenic properties of SHPE were in the reverse dose-dependent manner, where 100 µg SHPE/mL demonstrated a significant lower (p < 0.05) relative lipid accumulation (48.5 ± 0.03 per cent), intracellular triglyceride content (5.7 ± 0.07 mg/dL) and GPDH activity (1.0 ± 0.01 mU/mL). These findings reflected that 100 µg SHPE/mL was a potent anti-adipogenic agent when compared with other concentrations. In conclusion, soya husk could emerge as a potential hypoglycemic and anti-adipogenic agents in in vitro models.Originality/valueThis was the first study to explore the effectiveness of phytochemicals derived from soya bean husk in ameliorating hyperglycemia and adipogenesis. Promising findings that derived from the present study could enable the scientists to re-evaluate the potential use of agricultural wastes, especially in the formulation of nutraceuticals.

Usefulness of the analytical control of aflatoxins in feedstuffs for dairy cows for the prevention of aflatoxin M1 in milk.

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a hydroxylated metabolite of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and can be excreted in milk of cows after consuming aflatoxin (AF)-contaminated feed. The aim of this research was to assess the levels of total AFs in samples of feedingstuff for dairy cows (n = 193) and the levels of AFM1 in raw bulk tank milk samples (n = 375), in order to estimate the ratio of "AFB1 feed input" versus "AFM1 milk output" in four specific regions of Spain. Moreover, the correlation between the raw materials used as ingredients of the total mixed ration (TMR) and the presence of AFs was studied. About one-third (34.7%) of the feed samples were positive for total AFs in a range of 0.05-6.45μg/kg, and 12.4% were positive for AFB1. AFM1 was detected in 18.9% of bulk milk samples, with concentrations ranging from 0.009 to 1.36μg/kg. While none of the feed samples exceeded the European Union (EU) maximum content for AFB1 in feedingstuff for dairy animals of 5μg/kg, three bulk milk samples exceeded the EU maximum level for AFM1 in milk of 50ng/kg. The transfer ratio AFB1/AFM1, which was derived from AFB1 levels in feed, AFM1 levels in bulk tank milk, feed intake, and milk yield data, was 0.6-6%, which corresponded well with the range of published carry-over data for aflatoxins. Statistical analyses showed that the main sources of AFB1 in TMR were maize silage, bagasse, soya bean husk, maize, alfalfa hay, cotton seed and compound feed, thus special attention should be paid in controlling these raw materials when used in TMR preparation. Although the analysis of AFs in feed did not correlate with the presence of AFM1 in milk, monitoring feedstuffs is a useful tool in order to try and minimise AF-contamination of milk.

Dietary Fiber from Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and Soybean (Glycine max) Husk Byproducts as Baking Additives: Functional and Nutritional Properties.

Dietary fiber extracted from soybean and chickpea husks was used in the formulation of white bread. Treatments at different concentrations of dietary fiber (DF): bread + 0.15%, 0.3%, 1.5%, 2% soybean dietary fiber (SDF); bread + 0.15%, 0.3%, 1.5%, 2% chickpea dietary fiber (CDF), and a control treatment (Bread 0% DF) were used initially. However, the treatments that showed the greatest improvement effects were: bread + 2% SDF and bread + 2% CDF. The functionality and the nutritional contribution in the treatments were evaluated during four days of storage. The weight loss on the third day of storage was 30% higher in the control treatment than the products with 2% SDF and 2% CDF, while for the evaluation of firmness, the control obtained a hardness of 86 N, and treatments with 2% SDF and 2% CDF 60 N and 45 N, respectively. The presence of phenolic compounds and their antioxidant activity was evident, mainly in the 2% SDF treatment, which had a total phenolic content of 1036, while in the Bread 0% DF it was 232 mgEAC/kg. The antioxidant activity for 2% SDF by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) was 1096, 2567, and 1800 µmolTE/kg, respectively. Dietary fiber addition favored the reduction of weight loss and firmness of white bread during storage. In addition, color was not affected and the content calcium, phenolics, as well as antioxidant capacity were slightly improved.

Composite functioning as trap of photoproducts: TiO2 nanobelts anchored to carbon particles

Abstract A composite material (TNB/SC) based on TiO2 nanobelts anchored to carbon particles (SC), and made from soybean husk, was prepared by an alkaline hydrothermal method. Microscopy analysis confirmed the nanobelt morphology of TiO2 and the incorporation of nanobelts onto carbonized soybean husks in the effective formation of a TNB/SC composite. XRD analysis ascertained the formation of the anatase phase in the TNB/SC composite. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and elemental analysis defined the 1.2:1 TiO2:carbon ratio. UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy assessed lower band-gap energy in the composite than in the similarly prepared TiO2 nanobelts. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that the functional groups of the carbon are retained in the composite. Nitrogen adsorption isotherms revealed that the hydrothermal conditions served for the activation of the non-porous carbon obtained from soybean husk, thus creating micro and mesopores and increasing the specific surface area value. The photocatalytic activity of the TNB/SC composite was studied by the degradation of an aqueous solution of the dye Basic Yellow 28 (BY28). The photoproducts were monitored and identified using HPLC-DAD and HPLC-ESI-QToF-MS chromatography. The degradation capacity of the TNB is preserved in the TNB/SC composite. Photodegradation and adsorption go hand in hand during the decolorization of the solution since the hydroxylated hydrazono-indolium species, and small molecules formed photocatalytically by the TNB, get adsorbed on the carbonaceous portions of the composite. Thus, we reliably disaffirm synergism reflected as an increase in the composite's photoactivity, but rather as the combination of two phenomena for elimination effectiveness. It was demonstrated that the observed total decoloration does not necessarily lead to the mineralization of the dye solution.

THE POSSIBILITY STUDY OF BRIQUETTING AGRICULTURAL WASTES FOR ALTERNATIVE ENERGY

Globally energy crisis is known as a new era’s biggest problem. The use of agricultural wastes into the form of briquettes are the best alternative option of renewable energy sources. This paper studies the possibility of utilizing agricultural wastes into briquetting production with high calorific value. Major wastes were sugarcane bagasse, coffee husk, wheat straw, peanut shells, rice husks, paddy straw, corn stalks, sunflower stalk, soybean husk, coir pitch, jute sticks, caster seed shells, mustard stalks, cotton stalks and tobacco wastes for energy in the form of briquettes biomass. Observations were taken from Department of Bioenergy, Tamil Nadu Agriculture University, Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu), India of different raw materials and briquettes of those raw materials. Results show that there were very satisfactory results after evaluation. In general, calorific value briquettes is higher than those of raw materials. Raw materials of agricultural wastes and forest residual wastes ranged from 1,200-3,000 Kcal/Kg and its calorific values are significantly higher in briquettes than raw materials. Raw material of rice husk produces 3,000 Kcal/kg and briquettes of rice husk produces 3200 Kcal/kg. Likewise differences were observed in all types of agricultural wastes. The input and output ratio ware observed as cost-effective and profitable in all parameters for the farmers. Briquetting production is the emerging, ecofriendly, cost effective and profitable technology for the use of agricultural residues. It may help farmers to improve its socio-economic status and proper reuses of agricultural wastes.

Suitability study of soybeans husk ash as a mixing material to OPC: Effect of calcination time-preliminary investigation

Soybeans husk was collected from a dump site, dried de-carbonated, separated into six samples and calcined at a temperature of 600 °C, for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 hours respectively. Samples were taken for X- ray Florescence (XRF) analysis, Standard Electron Microscopy (SEM) imaging, setting time, standard water of consistency determination and specific gravity test. The result of XRF analysis revealed that the SHA contain less than 70 % SiO2+Al2O3+Fe2O3 stipulated by ASTM C618 for pozzolanas, but has very high CaO content. The SiO2 +Al2O3+Fe2O3 and CaO content though varies slightly with the calcination time of soybean husk. The specific gravity of SHA varies with calcination time of SH and ranges between 2.3 and 2.7 and is less than that of OPC irrespective of the calcination time. Setting times of OPC/SHA pastes at 10 % replacement of OPC with SHA increases with calcination time and is greater than that for OPC paste. The SEM analysis shows that the crystal structure of the SHA changes with calcination temperature. The compressive strength of mortar using OPC/SHA as a binder was determined after 7, 14 and 28 days curing and was found to be less than that for OPC mortars at all ages. However, the percentage reduction in strength decreased with curing age, with SHA calcined at 4 hours having the greater strength (i.e. 87.4 % of OPC strength at 28 days). The percentage gain in strength was more pronounced from 7 to 14 days. In all, SH calcined at 600 °C for 4 hours optimizes the pozzolanic potential of SHA.Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 12, No. I, June, 2016, Page: 13-22

The improvement of eggs quality of Mojosari duck (Anas javanica) with soybean husk fermentation using cellulolytic bacteria of Spodoptera litura.

Aim:This study was aimed to improve the quality of the eggs of Mojosari duck (Anas javanica) through complete feeding containing soybean husk was fermented using cellulolytic bacteria of Spodoptera litura.Materials and Methods:This study consisted of three stages: The first stages, isolation and identification of cellulolytic bacteria from S. litura; the second stage, the fermentation of soybean husk through the application of bacterial cellulolytic isolate from the first stage; and the third stage, the application of the best complete feed formulation from the second stage to Mojosari duck.Results:There are four dominant bacteria: Bacillus sp., Cellulomonas sp., Pseudomonas sp., and Cytophaga sp. Furthermore, the best reduction of the crude fiber of soybean husks is the use of Cellulomonas sp. bacteria. The final of the study, the quality of the eggs of Anas javanica, was improved, as indicated by cholesterol decrease from the yolk without the decrease of egg weight and eggshell thickness, although the decrease in egg yolk color was inevitable.Conclusion:Soy husk fermentation using cellulolytic bacteria of S. litura was added to complete feeding can be performed to improve the quality of the eggs of Mojosari duck.

Use of Combination of Different Litter Materials On the Performance of Broilers

A trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of combinations of three types of litter materials on the performance of broilers. 420 day-old broiler chicks of Cobb 400 strain were randomly allocated into seven groups of 60 birds each with each group havingfour replicates of 15 birds eachfor a period of five weeks. The three litter materials soybean husk (SH), jowar husk (JH) and groundnut hulls (GH) were used as Group A having only rice husk (RH) litter as control, Group B reared on RH50% + SH at 50%, Group C reared onRH25% +SH at 75%, Group D reared onRH50% +JH at 50%, Group E reared onRH25% + JH at 75%, Group F reared onRH50% + GH at 50% and group G reared onRH25% + GH at 75%. Group B recorded better live weights, significantly better gain in weights, better feed conversion ratio and better profit margin as compared to the birds reared only on rice husk. Further, group D recorded better productive performance and profit margins as compared to the control group. Moreover, group E recorded significantly better live weights and gain in weights along with comparable feed conversion ratio as compared to the birds from control group. Group E also recorded better profit margins as compared to the birds from control group and other treatment groups. However, group F,G and group Crecorded poor production performance as well as poor profit margins compared to the birds from control group. Thus, the overall results of the study indicated that SH and JH can be used as litter materials by replacing RHupto 50 and 75% levels, respectively. Moreover, the replacement of RH by JHupto 75% level was found to be more beneficial for obtaining better performance and higher profit margins from broilers.

Co-production of syngas and potassium-based fertilizer by solar-driven thermochemical conversion of crop residues

We report on the thermochemical conversion of inedible crop residues using concentrated solar energy as the source of high-temperature process heat. Experiments were performed using a 5kWth solar packed-bed reactor exposed to radiative fluxes up to 1788 suns. The waste biomass feedstock consisted of unprocessed batches of cotton boll, soybean husk, and black mustard husk and straw, which were pyrolysed and steam-based gasified at nominal temperatures in the range 879–1266°C, yielding high-quality syngas with molar ratios in the range H2:CO=1.43–3.25, CO2:CO=0.28–1.40, and CH4:CO=0.03–0.28. The solar-to-fuel energy conversion efficiency, defined as the ratio of the heating value of the syngas produced to the solar radiative energy input and the heating value of the feedstock, reached 18%. The heating value of the feedstock was solar-upgraded by 7%, thus outperforming autothermal gasification that typically downgrades by at least 15%. The ash contained 23% potassium. The solar-driven thermochemical process offers a sustainable and efficient path for the conversion of agricultural wastes into valuable fuels and soil fertilizers.

Effect of soybean husk supplementation on the fecal fermentation metabolites and microbiota of dogs.

In vitro fermentation and invivo feeding experiments were conducted to characterize the effects of soybean (Glycine max) husk on the fecal fermentation metabolites and microbiota of dogs. An invitro fermentation study using feces from three Toy Poodle dogs (6.5±3.5months in age and 2.9±0.4kg in body weight) revealed that the fecal inoculum was able to ferment soybean husk (supplemented at 0.01g/mL culture) and increased levels of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and Bifidobacterium, irrespective of pre-digestion of the husk by pepsin and pancreatin. In a feeding experiment, four Shiba dogs (7-48months in age and 7.5±1.7kg in body weight) fed a commercial diet supplemented with 5.6% soybean husk showed an increase in SCFA, such as acetate and butyrate, and lactate, and a decrease in indole and skatole in the feces compared to those fed a 5.6% cellulose diet. Real-time PCR assay showed that soybean husk supplementation stimulated the growth of lactobacilli, Clostridium cluster IV including Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Clostridium cluster XIVa, Bacteroides-Prevotella-Porphyromonas group but inhibited the growth of Clostridium cluster XI. Both invitro and invivo experiments indicated that soybean husk supplementation improves gastrointestinal health through optimization of beneficial organic acid production and increase of beneficial bacteria. Therefore, soybean husk is suggested to be applicable as a functional fiber in the formulation of canine diets.

SELEKSI SENYAWA PENGHIDROLISIS UNTUK MENGHASILKAN GULA REDUKSI DARI LIMBAH KULIT ARI KEDELAI SEBAGAI BAHAN FERMENTASI BIOETANOL

This study aims to determine the most effective compound used to hydrolyze soy husk waste to produce reducing sugar as raw material for bioethanol fermentation. The study was conducted at the Laboratory of Bioprocess PPPTMGB "LEMIGAS" in April-September 2015. The method used is experiment using a randomized block design consisting of two factors. The first factor is the type of compounds used in the process of hydrolysis, namely H2SO4, HCl, NaOH, and NH3. The second factor is the concentration of hydrolyze compound 0.2%, 0.4%. 0.6%, 0.8%, and 1% (v/v) and every treatment repeated 4 times. Parameters measured were content of reduced sugar hydrolysis product, and secondary data that content of cellulose and hemicellulose also the density of ethanol. Concentration of reducing sugar from hydrolysis of soybean husk is analyzed by two-way ANOVA test. ANOVA analysis result indicate that the best hydrolysis compounds in hydrolizing soybean husk is HCl with the optimum concentration is 0,4%. And there are interactions between treatment of compound used to hydrolyze as well as concentration on reducing sugar concentration (mg/mL) as product from soybean husk waste hydrolysis. Post-hoc test showed that HCl 0,4% produce the highest concentration of reducing sugar at 31.23 mg/mL.

The Influence of Fermentation Time in the Physical and Chemical Composition of Fermented Soybean Husk by Using Aspergillus niger on the Quality of Raw Feed Materials

Soybean husk ( Glycine max L . Merrill) a soybean processing waste as raw material for tempe obtained after the process of boiling and soaking soybeans. The main problem in the use of soybean husk ( Glycine max L . Merrill) as feed material is its crude fiber content which is fairly high. This study aimed to observe the fermented soybean husk using Aspergillus niger to improve the quality of the raw feed materials . This was conducted by using completely randomized design (CRD) analysis and repeated three times; the time optimization of Aspergillus niger in 2, 4, and 6 days based on chemical analyses (moisture, protein, fat, ash, crude fiber and feed containing carbohydrates (NFE) and physical assessment fermentation (smell, texture, moisture and hyphae) were analyzed descriptive qualitatively. The results showed that 4 days fermentation of soybean husk using A. niger is successful gives the highest score based on physical characteristics texture, aroma, moisture, and the formed hyphae and the most effective treatment for decrease in crude fiber is 13% and increase in NFE contained in the largest on 4 days fermented soybean husk by Aspergillus niger with a long time 4 days. Keywords: Aspergillus niger , fermentation, soybean husk.

Development of an L-Lysine Enriched Bran for Animal Nutrition via Submerged Fermentation by Corynebacterium glutamicum using Agroindustrial Substrates

L-Lysine is an essential aminoacid added as supplement for animal feed. The aim of this work was to produce an L-Lysine enriched bran using Brazilian agroindustrial byproducts. Both the raw material costs and purification steps were minimized. Firstly, medium composition for the growth of Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 21799 was optimized targeting enhanced L-Lysine production - salt, vitamins and nitrogen sources concentrations were tested and selected. Next, UV mutant strains were generated and the best producers were used in formulated media using sugarcane molasses. It was reached a production of 9.3 g/L of L-Lysine with the optimized formulated media. This L-Lyisne rich broth was then impregnated and cyclically reimpregnated in pre-treated solid matrixes (sugarcane bagasse, citrus pulp, brewer spent grain, soybean husk and wheat bran). After processing, it was generated enriched brans with significant amounts of L-Lysine (13.8%, 7.0%, 8.9%, 5.9% and 8.4%, respectively), which has an interesting market potential for animal feed.

Partial Purification and Characterization of a Thermostable β-Mannanase from Aspergillus foetidus

An extracellular β-mannanase was isolated from samples of crude extract of the mesophilic fungus Aspergillus foetidus grown on soybean husk as a carbon source. The induction profile showed that β-mannanase reached a maximum activity level (2.0 IU/mL) on the 15th day of cultivation. The enzyme was partially purified by ultrafiltration and gel filtration chromatography procedures and was named Man 58. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrilamide electrophoresis and zymogram analysis of Man 58 showed two bands of approximately 43 and 45 kDa with β-mannanase activity. Ultrafiltration showed that β-mannanase activity was only detected in the concentrated sample. Man 58 was most active at 60 °C and at pH 4.0. It was thermostable in the temperature range of 40–60 °C for eleven days, and the half-life at 70 °C was ten days. Man 58 showed Km and Vmax values of 3.29 mg/mL and 1.76 IU/mL respectively, with locust bean gum as a substrate. It was mostly activated by FeSO4 and CoCl2 and inhibited by MgSO4, FeCl3, CuSO4, MgCl2, ZnCl2, ZnSO4, CaCl2, CuCl2, KCl and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Phenolic compounds did not inhibit the enzyme. On the other hand, auto-hydrolysis liquor showed an inhibitory effect on Man 58 activity.

Swarm motility of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is inhibited by compounds from fruit peel extracts.

Controlling spread of human pathogens on fresh produce is a top priority for public health reasons. Isolation of compounds from agricultural waste that would control spread of human pathogens was explored using Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium as a model organism. In the environment, micro-organisms migrate as a 'community' especially when they move on moist surfaces. This type of motility is characterized as swarming motility. We examined extracts from agricultural waste such as soya bean husk, peels of orange, pineapple, avocado and pomegranate for antiswarming activity. Avocado and pineapple peels showed moderate (~40%) inhibition of swarming motility while pomegranate peel extract had high antiswarming activity (~85% inhibition) and was examined in further detail. Although the pomegranate peel extract was acidic, swarm-inhibitory activity was not due to low pH and the peel extract did not inhibit growth of Salmonella. Among the key swarm motility regulatory genes, class II (fliF, fliA, fliT and fliZ) and class III (fliC and fliM) regulators were downregulated upon exposure to pomegranate peel extract. Pomegranate peels offer great potential as a bioactive repellent for pathogenic micro-organisms on moist surfaces. Controlling the spread of food-borne pathogens in moist environments is an important microbial food safety issue. Isolation of compounds from agricultural waste (such as fruit peels) that would control spread of human pathogens was explored using Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium as a model organism. Pomegranate peels offer great potential as a bioactive repellent for pathogenic micro-organisms.