Soviet Family Research Articles

The ideologization of pedagogical education of parents in the USSR (1930s – mid-1950s): historical and pedagogical analysis.

The subject of the research is the study of the ideologization of pedagogical education of parents in the USSR (1930s - mid–1950s). It is argued that family life was subordinated to the institutions of power: education of children in the spirit of communism. Ideologization led to the saturation of the transmitted information with certain material showing the advantage of the Soviet government: a new happy world, a Soviet family, the upbringing of a new person, Soviet pedagogy. The historical and pedagogical analysis makes it possible to identify the peculiarities of the education of parents in the conditions of totalitarianism, to highlight the dangers of the ideologization of education. The author analyzes in detail the books for parents by A.S. Makarenko, M.V. Sarycheva, K.A. Arkin and others. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the nature of work with the family. The following forms of pedagogical education of parents are highlighted: work at school, at the place of residence, parent universities. The main research methods are the study and analysis of normative legal acts in the field of education, upbringing, development of family relations, the works of teachers, psychologists, the magazine "Family and School", books for parents. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that the education of parents is considered in the context of ideological influence. It is shown that in the conditions of a totalitarian regime, in the absence of empirical studies of parenthood, the isolation of the country, the education of parents was ideologized. The ideal family was represented by an economic team with a regime, order, and unquestioning discipline. The forms of work with the family were at the same time the control over the behavior of the family. Ideologization assumed the upbringing of conscious discipline in children and was supposed to develop "correct" parenting techniques from parents and stimulate the ideological growth of the parents themselves, allowing them to counteract Western influences and educate children with the highest qualities necessary in the construction of communism. The result of the ideologization of parents' education was the spread of disrespect for the child, increased authoritarianism of parents, ignoring feelings, and disruption of communication between parents and children.

ПОВСЯКДЕННЕ ЖИТТЯ СІЛЬСЬКОГО НАСЕЛЕННЯ УКРАЇНИ В УМОВАХ «ПЕРЕБУДОВИ» 1985–1991 рр.

On the eve of Gorbachev’s «perestroika» of 1985–1991, a special type of Soviet family was formed in Soviet society, characterized by the presence of a state or cooperative apartment, saving money for cars and retirement, standing in long lines for scarce or imported goods. Life in the city was becoming more comfortable, while the situation in the countryside was improving slowly and even regressing in some places. It was the worst in villages with a population of less than 100 people. Such settlements lacked basic infrastructure, such as a kindergarten, school, medical center, cultural center, catering facility, etc. The only thing they had was a small shop. In 1985, a republican scientific and practical conference on the complex restructuring of rural settlements was held in Dnipropetrovs’k. The isolated experience of the Dnipropetrovs’k region on the socio-economic development of rural areas was summarized by the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine. The Dnipropetrovs’k version of village reconstruction was considered justified and was used as an example for other regions of the Ukrainian SSR. Understanding the migration problem, the Dnipropetrovs’k region tried to find various incentives for young workers. In particular, it provided housing on a priority basis; provided consumer goods; and retained 25% of the average salary during the term of service for those who left their native village to join the USSR Armed Forces. And most importantly, it created a network of secondary schools that provided the necessary secondary education and the perspective of obtaining an agricultural profession in the vocational education system, thereby encouraging young people to stay in the countryside. At the same time, the village was losing its prestige. There was a growing migration of young people from villages to cities. The birth rate was decreasing. Villages were rapidly «aging». Young people in the countryside wanted to «escape» to the city as soon as possible, as they saw the hard, hopeless life of their parents. Those who «escaped» from the village mostly joined the ranks of workers and received housing in a dormitory in the city. The dissatisfaction of rural residents was primarily caused by the social and domestic sphere. Namely, poor medical care, poor road transport networks, low gasification, trade and cultural services, and water supply. Although the provision of living space exceeded the city’s average, it was significantly inferior in terms of comfort.

Transformation of the family image as a subject of upbringing in Soviet oral and pictorial culture (1917-1991)

The article actualizes development concepts of the family image as a subject of upbringing in Soviet oral and pictorial culture. The purpose of this article is to trace the transformation of Soviet family image in specific historical conditions and to present the correlation between the domination of the maternal or paternal image and the educational effect of family in general - via analysis of works of Soviet art in 1917-1991. Research design: The author uses to trace transformation of the family image as a subject of upbringing in Soviet oral and pictorial culture such methods as literature analysis, synthesis, association method, comparative historical analysis. The conclusion dwells upon the idealization and even hypertrophy of the family image presented in Soviet oral and pictorial culture - which is premised on the necessity of the family image to be aligned with main ideological guidelines consistent for the particular history period. Nevertheless, the main distinctive feature of Soviet family is its educational impact, traditionalism, stability, aspiration for bright new future. Distinctness of the image of Soviet family, existing in the realm of ideological principles, is defined in Soviet oral and pictorial culture. Art, while forming in Soviet mass consciousness the family image specified by ideology, could come through the strict censorship and reveal the real family life. It is art that makes it possible to see and appraise in objective way the educational role of Soviet family in communist society.

Utilitarian heritage

While modern heritage is often discussed as a critical resource for sustainable urban and social development, the future of such housing is often limited not by technical but rather by cultural, historical, or socio-economic constraints. In cities with a socialist past, mass housing provided individual apartments for a number of Soviet families and tended to create particular spatial qualities. However, with the collapse of the socialist system, attitudes towards such housing began to transform. This paper is a reflection on the range of perceptions of this heritage, attitudes towards it, and difficulties in shaping contextually informed renewal policy approaches. To what extent do traumatic experiences of the past and the rational use of resources in the present mutually influence each other? This article introduces the controversial debate based on the cases of three former socialist countries: Moldova, Armenia, and Uzbekistan. On the one hand, the ubiquity of mass housing in post-socialist countries fostered tolerance for such a typology. On the other hand, large housing estates are a constant reminder of the traumatic experience of the socialist experiment. This essay discusses the present and the future of large residential estates based on reports, policies, media, and collected expert interviews on approaches to working with mass housing areas. Together, the three contributions and joint reflections attempt to add to the debate about the past, present, and future of middle-class mass housing in various social, cultural, and political conditions.

Under the Hood of Ideology: What Was the Soviet Family Life?

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Социальная политика государства в сфере охраны детства и материнства в 1950–1970-е годы (по материалам периодической печати Ростовской области)

The article is devoted to the reflection in the periodical press of the Rostov region of 1950-1970 of the social policy of the state aimed at the development of state support for women, protection of mother-hood and childhood, improvement of living conditions of the Soviet family. The article reflects the activities of the state in the implementation of individual measures and the response of society to the initiatives of the Soviet government. Special attention is paid to the materials of the periodical press, on the pages of which the problems of motherhood and childhood in the Rostov region are reflected, the priority of solving certain issues by state authorities is revealed. The importance of publications in newspapers on this subject is noted, as the most accessible and mass forms of periodicals for broadcasting the necessary vector of state policy to society. It is concluded that with the help of printing in the Rostov region, an ideal inseparable image of a working woman and a woman-mother was purposefully constructed. In addition, there was a popularization of the thesis about the purposeful efforts of the leadership of the country's social services of the necessary conditions for a work-ing woman during her employment at work, and the simultaneous upbringing of children in kindergartens and nurseries.

Some features of pedagogical education of parents of schoolchildren in the 1940– 50s. (using the materials of the magazine „ Semya i Shkola”)

The article deals with the problem of pedagogical education of parents of schoolchildren in the 1940s–1950s. This period is associated with the emergence of specialized periodicals for parents, namely the beginning of the publication of the journal „Semya i Shkola”. It is also noted by the popularization of pedagogical literature among schoolchildren’s parents. The materials of the magazine reflect the issues of family education, interaction between family and school, the experience of education in leading Soviet families. The analysis of the publications of the magazine „Family and School” allows us to determine the main forms of propaganda of pedagogical knowledge among parents: pedagogical readings, lectures and seminars. The experience of the work of pedagogical offices for parents and parent universities is important for improving modern approaches to solving the problem of pedagogical education of schoolchildren’s parents.

Involvement of the population of the USSR in providing assistance to families with children during the Great Patriotic War (on the example of the Baikal region)

The article discusses the issues of organizing assistance to Soviet families during the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945). In wartime conditions, accompanied by economic instability for the state, families with children, including military families, were in a difficult situation. Taking care of the Soviet family and the younger generation became the basis of the course of social policy, but the state could not always provide targeted assistance in time. That is why an important element of the organization of conditions for a stable situation of the population has become the involvement of collective farms, industrial and commercial enterprises, as well as individuals to assist families with children. The scientific novelty of the article consists in attracting a wide range of sources from the archives of the Republic of Buryatia and the Irkutsk region. Analysis of the documents showed that during the Great Patriotic War, the population helped those in need in various forms. In difficult times, the people acted unanimously and created various aid organizations: red Cross societies, charitable foundations, maternity and childhood committees. The population also helped those in need by accepting orphans, evacuated citizens and refugees for temporary residence. The enterprises did not stand aside. For the Baikal region, these measures were as important as for the rest of the USSR.

Formation of the System of protection of motherhood and childhood in Kabardino-Balkaria in the 20–30s. XXth century

The article is devoted to the study of the formation and development of the Soviet system of maternity and childhood protection as one of the main elements of social security of the population in Kabardino-Balkaria. Of particular interest is the strengthening of the role of the state in the education of the younger generation, which pursued the goal of displacing the traditional way of life in order to accelerate the involvement of women in production and replenish the number of working people. The purpose of the article is to study a set of archival documents, first introduced into scientific circulation, reflecting the inclusion of women in the Soviet socio-political and economic space. The work is based on the principles of analysis and synthesis, reliability, objectivity, the methodological basis of the study is the historical and genetic method. On the basis of archival materials, it is shown how the development of the law enforcement practice of the new Soviet family legislation was carried out. The scientific novelty of this study is represented by the representation, on the basis of factual material that began in the 1920s and 1930s, of the process of creating a network of preschool institutions, kindergartens and playgrounds designed not only for the more successful socialization of children within the framework of state ideology, but also equally necessary to free women's time for socially useful work. It has been proven that the removal of part of the educational functions from the management of the family and the transfer of them to the state made it possible to prepare personal space for a woman for self-realization in the socio-professional sphere.

Close Quarters: Dealing with Difference in the (Post-)Soviet Realm

Close QuartersDealing with Difference in the (Post-)Soviet Realm Maike Lehmann (bio) Adrienne Edgar and Benjamin Frommer, eds., Intermarriage from Central Europe to Central Asia: Mixed Families in the Age of Extremes. 344 pp. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2020. ISBN-13 978-1496202116. $75.00. Jeff Sahadeo, Voices from the Soviet Edge: Southern Migrants in Leningrad and Moscow. 273 pp. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2019. ISBN-13 978-1501738203. $46.95. Rustamjon Urinboyev, Migration and Hybrid Political Regimes: Navigating the Legal Landscape. 186 pp. Oakland: University of California Press, 2021. ISBN-13 978-0520971257 (Open Access e-book). The kommunalka as a living arrangement particular to the Soviet Union appeals to researchers as much as it fascinates people who first come across this space with its complex rules and relationships. Its challenge to Western notions of private and public, the coexistence of fierce territoriality and intimate relationships in cramped quarters, which could elicit the whole range of emotions between inhabitants who often hailed from wildly diverging backgrounds and did not live together by choice, has turned the kommunalka into an allegory for the whole Soviet Union.1 As a metaphor, it has also been popular with scholars working on the multiethnic character of [End Page 391] the Soviet Union.2 Very much like the kommunalka, which accommodated people of all classes in apartments taken from the former imperial elite, the USSR came to be in a mostly involuntary fashion. But it afforded all its inhabitants a national home within the borders of the former empire—room to foster national culture and local support for the socialist project. With rooms in the kommunalka often contested and cramped, sometimes further divided by curtains and makeshift walls, they lend themselves easily to a comparison with the disputed borders of national territories between and within republics. In recent years, however, the kommunalka metaphor has been called into question, because it usually called attention to the aspect of territoriality and conflict when reflecting on the multiethnic layout of the Soviet Union, thereby reinforcing the boundaries drawn by the Soviet state and implicitly treating the different rooms as homogeneous while often foregrounding conflict.3 There are solid grounds for this approach. But what happens when we extend the kommunalka metaphor to include forays into how cohabitation and boundary crossing worked out? What were the rules and relationships here? And what did this kommunalka mean to its (former) inhabitants? ________ The three publications under review here address such issues in different ways and for different groups. While the article collection edited by Adrienne Edgar and Benjamin Frommer brings together contributions dealing with intermarriage from Central Europe to Central Asia from the late 19th to the early 21st centuries, the monographs by Sahadeo and Urinboyev explore the experiences of migrants from the (post-)Soviet South to (post-)Soviet Moscow and Leningrad. While the diversity in contexts and perspectives is immediately apparent from the lineup of Edgar's and Frommer's volume, Sahadeo's and Urinboyev's shared focus might suggest the possibility of a long-term perspective on migration across the 1991 divide. After all, a recurring assumption is that the tectonic shifts of the political and social [End Page 392] landscape upon the implosion of the Soviet Union might have brought undercurrents to the surface that previously remained hidden, not the least by the rather idealistic picture of a multiethnic Soviet family painted by official discourse. While for the economic and social sphere, the fundamental change of the 1990s is recognized, the multiethnic makeup of the (post-) Soviet space is often talked about in terms of continuity. The enduring image of the Soviet Union as a breaker of nations is time and again linked to the xenophobic profiling at work in Russia today. The possibility of a long-term perspective could be also expected from certain features the two monographs share: Sahadeo and Urinboyev approach their subjects in large part through interviews (besides contemporary sources in Sahadeo's case and multisited field work in Moscow and the Ferghana Valley, spanning participant observation and exchanges on social media, in Urinboyev's); they focus on their subject's agency while analyzing living situations and everyday experiences...

Вопросы семьи и детства в 1940–1960-е гг., и их отражение на страницах периодической печати Ростовской области

Introduction. The article is devoted to the study of individual measures of the Soviet government within the framework of the social policy of the USSR aimed at improving the living conditions of families, their material well-being and increasing the birth rate of the population in the Rostov region. Materials and methods. Special attention is paid to the materials of the periodical press of the Rostov region of 1940-1970, on the pages of which the problems of raising children and youth were reflected, moral themes were highlighted, negative images of irresponsible parents were criticized. The regional newspapers made it possible to conduct a comparative historical analysis of trends and contradictions between the policy of the CPSU and the government carried out “from above” and its perception in society, especially among women. Analysis. The article emphasizes the importance of publications in newspapers and magazines devoted to the topic of “single mothers” and their children who have a dash in the column “father” in the metric certificate. It is noted that, despite the seriousness of the problem that needs to be solved, declared by the society, it remained without attention from the authorities. Results. It is concluded that the periodical press was aimed at the broad strata of the population and promoted family values, formed the image of the ideal Soviet family. In addition, it is emphasized that the tone and vector of publications set the direction for the steady formation of a positive image of a Soviet woman, mother, worker in the reader.

Архивные документы Всероссийского попечительства об охране материнства и младенчества как источник по изучению социальной политики в 1910-е-1918 гг.

The relevance of the study springs from searching for an optimal model of family policy in modern Russia. Research of history of family policy focuses on social transformations in the Soviet period. Contribution of social experiments of the early 20th century is underestimated. New archival documents are rarely involved. The article is to assess the archival potential of fonds and documents of the All-Russian Guardianship of the Maternity and Infancy Protection for studying social family policy and creation of a new system of social assistance in the field of maternity and childhood protection in the 1910s. The key methodological concepts are approaches of social history of medicine, which permit to consider the impact of development of the institute of medicine on social and everyday spheres of life. The main method is content analysis of archival documents and fond series, containing materials on the activities of the Guardianship. The authors have worked with fonds of the Russian State Historical Archive (fond 767), the State Archive of the Russian Federation (fond 1795), the Central State Historical Archive of St. Petersburg (fonds 19, 255, 469). The study of the Guardianship documents has shown that main directions of social policy in the field of maternity and childhood protection were laid down in 1914–18. In that short period, under the crisis conditions of wartime, all existing forms and practices of social policy in this area were used. The success of the Guardianship was determined by its clear organization and involvement of prominent representatives of the expert community. Archival documents have shown that the Guardianship had a fundamentally new organizational status. On the one hand, it performed functions of a ministry (coordination of activities of all organizations implementing social family policy, network of representative offices in the regions, substantial state funding, involvement of prominent statesmen). On the other hand, it had the features of a charitable institution (numerous grassroots initiatives, democratic management style, attracting private funding). The results of its work were forgotten, but the best practices proposed and tested in its active work were used by the Soviet authorities. Its legacy formed a basis for construction of the Soviet system of protection of motherhood and childhood; its results and practices were scaled nationwide and became a part of the state concept of Soviet family policy.

The world of family values in women’s prose of Soviet Moldavia: social narrative and author’s intention

In this article, using the methodology of ethnological research of literary texts, the significance and specificity of artistic prose in the study of the axiological features of the institution of the Russian family in Soviet Moldova is substantiated. The artistic prose of Soviet Moldavia is presented for the first time as a source of ethnological discourse, reflecting the picture of the traditional system of values (both Russian and Moldavian), consistently formed on the basis of Christian morality by previous generations. The specifics of the historical and demographic features of the development of the family institution in the MSSR are analyzed, where the concepts of the Russian and Soviet families in this period converge and become interconnected; the concept of “Soviet family” is stipulated. Separate axiological features of the development of the institution of the Soviet family in the MSSR (family values and the nature of relations in the family) are considered on the basis of the novels of Russian writers L. Mishchenko “Wormwood – Widow’s Grass”, L. Latyeva “Divorce” and the story of the Moldavian prose writer A. Lupan “Valencha”. An important aspect of the work highlights the world of family values in the women’s prose of Soviet Moldova: through the confrontation of the social narrative and the author’s intention.

The Image of the Soviet Family on the Pages of the Magazine “Family and School” (1946–1964)

The article actualizes the historical experience of the formation of the image of the Soviet family as a tool of educational practices. The purpose of the article is to show the ways and techniques of forming the image of the Soviet family accordingly to the analysis of articles published in the magazine “Semiya i Shkola” (“Family and School”) in 1946-1964 (time period from the beginning of the magazine’s second edition, which coincided with the first post-war years, to the end of the thaw period in the USSR). Methodology. Considering the problem of the family as a subject of education in a historical and cultural retrospective, the authors are based on historical and cultural, subject and socio-pedagogical approaches. The work uses a set of theoretical research methods (analysis, synthesis, generalization, analogy, interpretation, concretization). The conclusion is that the formation and presentation of the image of the Soviet family was a separate direction of the editorial policy of the journal “Family and School” in 1946-1964, while constructing a holistic, accessible and attractive image of the family, causing respect and desire of Soviet citizens to comply with it. The main directions and methods of forming the image of Soviet family in wide public opinion included levelling the image of bourgeois family with parallel idealization of Soviet family; forming respect to the image of Soviet family through positive images of families of famous revolutionary Bolsheviks; generation in mass consciousness of necessary stable qualities of Soviet family on the example of working and peasant families; strengthening the ideology of dominating public education over family through active interaction of school and family Among the actively used techniques for forming an image of the Soviet family were contrasting; accentuation; comparison; emotional pressure; priority of positive information about the Soviet family over negative, critical information; extensive reference to the example of both famous families and families of ordinary citizens; reliance on the normative image of the Soviet family; description of the experience of interaction between family and school, family readiness for interaction, cooperation. The image of the Soviet family emphasized such characteristics as social orientation and activity, industriousness, a subjective position in bringing up children, the personal development of the spouses, and readiness to cooperate with the school and children’s public organization that were welcomed in society.

Measures of social Support and Protection of Motherhood and Childhood in the Irkutsk Region and B-MASSR (1936-1953)

The article examines the legal framework of the USSR of the period 1936-1953, regulating the sphere of family relations, the institution of marriage, motherhood and childhood. The consistent emergence of new measures of support and protection of families in the pre-war, war and post-war period in the state is analyzed. Based on the materials of regional archives and periodicals, ideas were formed about the implementation of social support measures in the Irkutsk region and the BMASSR, the main directions of social policy and the effectiveness of their implementation on the ground were determined. The author presents an analysis of the main measures to support families with children, as well as the distinctive features of the implementation of these measures in the regional aspect. The author's special contribution to the study is the analysis of unpublished sources, including archival documents and data from local newspapers covering the problems of motherhood and childhood in the region. The scientific novelty lies in the author's use of a regional source base, which allowed him to draw conclusions about the peculiarities of the implementation of social policy in relation to the Soviet family during the period under study. The conducted research allowed us to conclude that the experience of Soviet social policy has become a vivid example of how the foundation of social support measures laid down by the USSR Constitution of 1936 made it possible to create a bulwark for the further development of the country.

ANALYSIS OF IMAGES OF ABUSIVE MOTHERS ON EXAMPLES OF TWO NOVELS THE TIME: NIGHT AND OUR CIRCLE WRITTEN BY L. PETRUSHEVSKAYA

Power relations, analysis, and interpretation have been a research field of great interest for psychologists, sociologists, linguists, and other scholars. Even Sigmund Freud said that desire for power might be interpreted as a manifestation of libido. This research interest centered around two controversial novels of L. Petrushevskaya, The Time: Night (Время ночь, 1992) and Our Circle (Свой круг, 1988). It explained the meaning of female power relations in the Soviet family and the definition of women’s dominance in the family. This study aimed to investigate the idea of power relations through the mother’s image in the prose of Soviet and Russian post-war female writer Lyudmila Petrushevskaya (1938-); to understand its connection with mother’s love. Subjects of this study were novels Our Circle and The Time: Night. They were chosen because of the following reasons. First, the author raises social topics and talks about domestic violence in these novels. Second, the author explores the psychological characteristics of women (=mothers). In this research, the following methods were employed. The language and images of mothers presented in prose will be examined through the textual analysis research method. On top of it, this research represents the systematic analysis of the narrative patterns through which motherhood was studied. Due to the chosen approach, the following conclusion was made. An image of a powerful or abusive woman (mother) might be interpreted as a destructive woman, whose actions lead to catharsis, and to her daughter/son’s freedom. On the other hand, it can be interpreted as an act of pure mother’s love.

“Director of Ukraine”. Behavioral mechanisms and specifics of professional relations of Petro Shelest, the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine

Based on a detailed study and analysis of archival sources and testimonies of contemporaries, the characteristics of Petro Shelest’s methods and principles of personnel selection for key positions in the Ukrainian SSR, his relations with subordinates in the process of work, formation of the closest circle of colleagues are presented. The analysis of the personnel of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party in 1963-1972 has been made. Based on memoir sources, character traits have been studied; personal qualities, as well as originality of relations of the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party both with subordinates and the top leadership of the Soviet state and family members have been de- scribed. The author of the article clarifies the main trends in the development of the system of privileges and the privileges of the Soviet nomenklatura in the period of “stagnation”. The pro-Ukrainian course of the leader of the republican party organization was reflected in the author’s book OUR SOVIET UKRAINE, which was published in 1970. At first glance, the openly ideological propaganda work of Petro Shelest clearly demonstrated the attention of the republican party-state elite to the social economic problems of Ukraine, and the interest in its history and culture. Sometimes Shelest defended individual Ukrainian cultural figures who were subjected to ideological persecution. At the same time, Petro Shelest remained a typical expression of the Soviet command-administrative system. It was during his leadership of the republic that mass punitive operations against the Ukrainian national movement took place. In August 1968, Shelest was one of the initiators of the suppression of the “Prague Spring” which, in his opinion, contributed to the spread of anti-Soviet sentiment in Ukraine.However, P. Shelest’s pursuit of an autonomist course, his independence in resolving issues, and “localism and manifestations of nationalism” could not please the allied leadership. In April 1973, a campaign was inspired against his book OUR SOVIET UKRAINE. The book, which had a circulation of 100,000 copies, was withdrawn from sale and libraries. Shelest was removed from the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee “for health reasons” and was forced to take retirement.

Ukrainian Soviet Family: Formative stages

The purpose of the article: is to determine the peculiarities of the formation of family policy of the Soviet government and the co-existence of private and public in the household of Ukrainian families during the existence of the Soviet system. Research methods: comparative method, method of analogy, analysis and synthesis method, method induction and deduction were used in the course of the research. The results of the research. A comparative analysis of the peculiarities of the existence of Soviet families at different stages of the Soviet period was conducted. The parallels were drawn between the traditional Ukrainian family in the pre-revolutionary period and family innovations in the Soviet period. Practical implication. A generalized description of the position of the Ukrainians as a common element of the Soviet people under the Soviet system is provided. Value/Originality. The role of statistics alongside memories for a better reflection of the daily life of the Ukrainian Soviet family under the conditions of double standards of Soviet society is shown for the first time.

Родительские правомочия по определению и изменению имени, отчества и фамилии детей: преемственность подходов в советской и российской правовых системах

Using the example of parental powers to determine and change the name, patronymic and surname of children, the article examines the regularity of the formation and development of the institution of personal non-property rights and responsibilities of parents in Russia. The author describes the legal situation of parents and children established in the monarchic period of Russian history by 1917. Issues such as the prerequisites for the establishment of the legal institution of the branch of family law in the Soviet legal system and the nature and causes of changes in the legal status of children depending on the legality of birth have been raised. The rights and duties of parents, differences in the legal status of men and women, and the influence of marital status and other circumstances were considered. The main sources of the study were normative legal acts and judicial practice of the Soviet and Russian periods of the history of the national state and law. The study concluded that a comprehensive approach had been developed in Soviet family law to regulate parental authority to determine and change the children’s first name, patronymic and surname. The modern Russian legal system has adopted rules establishing parental authority to determine and change the children’s first name, patronymic and surname of the Soviet legal system.

Soviet Rural Family in Foreign Historiography: Lines of Research and Interpretation Approaches

This review article analyses approaches to the study of the rural family of the Soviet period that have taken shape in foreign (mainly Western) historiography between the 1960s and the present. The rural family was in the focus of social and political transformations of the twentieth century, suffered a severe deformation as a result of world and civil wars, as well as the urbanisation process, which took on a forced character under the influence of state policy measures. The article is intended to help bring together the methodological and thematic positions of Russian and foreign researchers in considering the phenomenon of the rural family. The study of the Soviet rural family, usually in a wider thematic context, began in line with the “anthropological” turn at the turn of the 1970s. At the suggestion of T. Shanin, family households entered the focus of the emerging peasant studies. Methodological preferences, as well as the relatively small number of available primary statistics, determined the limited interest of Western authors in the historical and demographic study of the Soviet rural family. In the 1980s and 1990s, within the framework of the revisionist paradigm, the rural family was studied mainly as an object of influence from the authorities (radical projects of the 1920s, collectivisation, and measures to strengthen the family in the 1930s). “Feminist” historiography was especially active in this field. In the second half of the 1990s and early 2000s, time came for balanced characteristics, quite free from politicised assessments. There was an opportunity to consider the Soviet family and family policy in a global context. The post-war period in the development of the rural family is represented in foreign works rather poorly. In general, Western authors managed to capture the directions of evolution and the new quality of the rural family, which have become apparent in the later Soviet decades.