Southwest Side Research Articles

Sulphide geochemistry of the superlarge Tiegelongnan Cu (Au) deposit in Tibet, China: Implication for the mineralization process

The Tiegelongnan deposit in central Tibet presents a typical high‐sulfidation porphyry Cu (Au) mineralization system. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM–EDS), and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA–ICPMS) were used to understand the mineralization processes. The advanced argillic alteration zone directly contacts the phyllic alteration zone, which is linked to the Early Cretaceous porphyritic intrusions. In this study, the spatial distributions of chief copper sulphides with variable gangue minerals are illustrated. The deep inner phyllic zone typically produced an end‐member assemblage of chalcopyrite–sericite (±dolomite), which trended upwards to produce more bornite–sericite (±siderite ± magnesite), and subsequently, the advanced argillic alteration yielded the representative end‐member assemblage of tennantite–alunite ± (aluminium‐phosphate‐sulphate, namely, APS, ±kaolinite). In the phyllic–advanced argillic transition zone, intensive covellite precipitation with the widespread occurrence of sericite–kaolinite (±APS) assemblage is proposed as an important feature in this study, which is mainly produced on the southwest side of the ore‐body centre. The typical co‐occurrence of chalcopyrite with dolomite at great depths indicates that it was related to a gently acidic fluid containing CO2; however, the pervasive tennantite–alunite association present at shallower levels suggests that fluids with SO2 were mainly involved and produced stronger acidic conditions. Acidic fluids are demonstrated to highly accelerate water‐rock alteration. Trace element analyses of the copper sulphides reflect that Au concentrations of bornite and tennantite are higher than chalcopyrite and covellite and present small signal variations. Moreover, comparing the presence of micron‐sized Au‐telluride in tennantite under advanced argillic alteration with the nano‐sized native gold in bornite resulting from phyllic alteration suggests that to a certain extent, Au enrichment is affected by the shift of more Te contents in fluid towards shallower levels, which could promote Au precipitation. Additionally, the Se contents of the selected samples were typically concentrated in chalcopyrite, bornite, and covellite, which yielded contents an order of magnitude greater than those in tennantite, indicating the intimate hydrothermal origin of the first three sulphides. Overall, the sulphide–gangue mineral associations and their copper sulphide geochemistry indicate that the hypogene–chalcopyrite of low Au contents from the phyllic zone closely corresponds to the action of gentle acidic fluids with CO2, while more acidic fluids with SO2 are involved in the formation of supergene tennantite with relatively high values of Au and Te in the advanced argillic alteration.

A local lithospheric structure model for Vietnam derived from a high-resolution gravimetric geoid

High-resolution Moho and lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary depth models for Vietnam and its surrounding areas are determined based on a recently released geoid model constructed from surface and satellite gravity data (GEOID_LSC_C model) and on 3ʹʹ resolution topography data (mixed SRTM model). A linear density gradient for the crust and a temperature-dependent density for the lithospheric mantle were used to determine the lithospheric structure under the assumption of local isostasy. In a first step, the impact of correcting elevation data from sedimentary basins to estimate Moho depth has been evaluated using CRUST1.0 model. Results obtained from a test area where seismic data are available, which demonstrated that the sedimentary effect should be considered before the inversion process. The geoid height and elevation-corrected sedimentary layer were filtered to remove signals originating below the lithosphere. The resulting Moho and lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary depth models computed at 1ʹ resolution were evaluated against seismic data as well as global and local lithospheric models available in the study region. These comparisons indicate a consistency of our Moho depth estimation with the seismic data within 1.5 km in standard deviation for the whole Vietnam. This new Moho depth model for the study region represents a significant improvement over the global models CRUST1.0 and GEMMA, which have standard deviations of 3.2 and 3.3 km, respectively, when compared to the seismic data. Even if a detailed geological interpretation of the results is out of scope of this paper, a joint analysis of the obtained models with the high-resolution Bouguer gravity anomaly is finally discussed in terms of the main geological patterns of the study region. The high resolution of our Moho and lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary depth models contribute to better constrain the lithospheric structure as well as tectonic and geodynamic processes of this region. The differences in Moho depth visible in the northeast and southwest sides of the Red River Fault Zone confirmed that the Red River Fault Zone may be considered the boundary between two continental blocks: South China and Indochina blocks. However, no remarkable differences in lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary depth were obtained from our results. This suggests that the Red River Fault Zone developed within the crust and remained a crustal fault.

Prospects of designing small architectural forms using alternative energy sources

The energy efficiency of the transport system is one of the key issues in the concept of sustainable development of modern cities. Increasing energy efficiency in the transport sector implies increasing the efficiency of the entire transport sector: from modernizing vehicles to introducing energy-efficient comfortable stops for public transport into the city system. One of the problems of modern architecture of large cities is the creation of a unified architecture of small architectural forms (SAF), namely, stops of urban public transport. They should not only have a modern design, but also be comfortable, functional, safe and energy efficient. In the article, the authors propose a unified urban archetype for an energy-efficient public transport stop for the city of Kyiv. Energy efficiency is achieved by installing solar panels on the roofs of the SAF. During the placement of the bus stop, it is imperative to take into account the shading from nearest buildings located on the south, south-east and south-west sides. Depending on the orientation of the roof of the stop to the cardinal points and the type of solar panels, it can generate about 2030 kW∙h/year (west orientation) – 2269.9 kW∙h/year (south orientation) of electricity. The maximum deviation from the averaged equal-percentage value (2143.16 kW∙h/year) related to the actual data between the maximum and minimum of generation is only 5.55%. This is explained by the angle of photovoltaic panels, which is optimized for universal use. The proposed archetype is energy efficient, functional, and therefore can be taken as a basis for mass placement in the city.

Paleoenvironment of the late Miocene Shuitangba hominoids from Yunnan, Southwest China: Insights from stable isotopes

The Late Miocene witnessed significant changes in climate globally and was an important time in the evolution of hominoids. Here, we report the results of an isotopic study of Late Miocene mammalian teeth and freshwater shells from Shuitangba (Yunnan Province, China) – an important refugium for hominoids, and reconstruct paleoenvironmental conditions in the area. δ13C values of fossil enamel samples range from −15.5‰ to −1.0‰, with a mean of −11.3 ±2.3‰, and δ18O values vary from −14.2 to −4.6‰, averaging −9.7 ±2.2‰. Reconstructed diet-δ13C values for these fossil mammals indicate that although they fed mostly on C3 plants, many of them consumed some C4 vegetation. This suggests that the local ecosystem contained C4 grasses but was dominated by C3 plants. The intra-tooth δ18O variation of fossil herbivores is larger than what is found in modern herbivores. Reconstructed paleo-meteoric water δ18Ow values are on average lower than those inferred from modern samples and also lower than the average δ18Ow values of modern precipitation in the region. Similarly, δ18O values of fossil freshwater shells display a larger seasonal variation and are significantly lower than modern shells from Fuxian Lake in the same region. Thus, the δ18O data from both mammalian teeth and freshwater mollusk shells support a wetter climate, possibly with a stronger precipitation seasonality in the Late Miocene than today. Comparison of clumped isotope temperatures from fossil and modern shells suggests a mean annual temperature of ~15 to 16 °C in the Shuitangba area in the Late Miocene, which is ~3 to 4 °C higher than that of today. Taken together, our isotope results suggest that C4 grasses existed in local ecosystems in the area, likely in patches of grasslands or wooded grasslands in a mostly forested environment in the Late Miocene when the local and regional climate was warmer and wetter than today. Comparison of the δ13C records from Yunnan and the Siwalik region suggests that C4 biomass spread earlier in the Indian subcontinent on the southwest side of the Tibetan Plateau than in Yunnan on the southeast side of the Plateau. The transition from a relatively wet habitat to a more open and drier habitat is also more pronounced and begins earlier in the Siwalik region, relative to Yunnan. These regional differences in climate and ecosystem evolution may be linked to the unique growth history of the Himalayan-Tibetan Plateau.

Analyzing Land Cover Dynamics Using Hierarchical Classification in Binzhou City, China

Based on multi-temporal Landsat images from 1996 to 2014, a hierarchical strategy for land use classification has been presented. The land use dynamic index, conversion matrix and spatial center have been used to quantitatively analyze the spatial–temporal dynamics of land cover in Binzhou urban area. Per results, the overall accuracy and kappa coefficient of hierarchical classification method have been found to be 93.82% and 0.92, respectively, indicating that the method used for land cover classification was feasible. Per findings from the urban area under study, during 1996 to 2014, the cropland area decreased constantly, forestland and water body area decreased at first and then increased, while the built-up land area increased constantly. The major pattern emerging from the land cover change was represented by the conversions of cropland to built-up land. As a result of hydraulic and landscape engineering, gains in forestland and water body were more than the corresponding losses. The area gained by forestland reached peak in the period of 2005 to 2009, while the area gained by water body peaked in the period of 2001 to 2005. Moreover, spatial centers of cropland and built-up land had been located on the southwest side and the east side of the city square, respectively. Per findings, spatial center of cropland was moving away from the City Square in southwestern direction by about 634.30 m, while the built-up land extended to the west, and the spatial center of the built-up land moved towards the southwest as well by about 1575.84 m. The movement of built-up land spatial center was closely related to the development and construction of west urban area.

Interaction Boundary Determination of Renewable Energy Sources to Estimate System Strength Using the Power Flow Tracing Strategy

System strength is an important concept in the integration of renewable energy sources (RESs). However, evaluating system strength is becoming more ambiguous due to the interaction of RESs. This paper proposes a novel scheme to define the actual interaction boundaries of RESs using the power flow tracing strategy. Based on the proposed method, the interaction boundaries of RESs were identified at the southwest side of Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) systems. The test results show that the proposed approach always provides the identical interaction boundaries of RESs in KEPCO systems, compared to the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) method. The consistent boundaries could be a guideline for power-system planners to assess more accurate system strength, considering the actual interactions of the RESs.

Analysis on the Abnormal Distribution of Large-scale Rainstorm in Guangxi Caused by typhoon Bailu (1911)

Typhoon "Bailu" of 1911 caused extensive rainstorms in Guangxi,and its rain intensity and distribution were abnormal. The rainstorm was mainly concentrated in the east and south, and the rainstorm belt was northeast-southwest. Many forecast products, including subjective and objective forecasts, showed deviations in the area and intensity of this rainstorm. The weather dynamic diagnosis and analysis method was used here to analyze the causes of the abnormal distribution of the rainstorm based on conventional meteorological data and European centre reanalysis data, satellite cloud images, and mesoscale automatic stations. The results showed that this rainstorm caused by "Bailu" was formed by the coupling of low-and-upper level jets circulation and strong water vapor convergence. The guidance of the subtropical high airstream caused the clouds on the southwest side of the "Bailu" to move slowly westward. The input of the southwest monsoon airstream revived, strengthened and maintained the "Bailu" vortex. The plenishment of abundant water vapor caused continuous and concentrated rainstorm in the eastern and southern regions of Guangxi. The asymmetric structure of typhoons was also an important reason of abnormal precipitation distribution.

Using Google Earth Images to Extract Dense Landslides Induced by Historical Earthquakes at the Southwest of Ordos, China

As historical earthquake records are simple, determining the source parameters of historical strong earthquakes over an extended period is difficult. There are numerous uncertainties in the study of historical earthquakes based on limited literature records. Co-seismic landslide interpretation combined with historical documents can yield the possibility of reducing these uncertainties. The dense co-seismic landslides can be preserved for hundreds to thousands of years in Loess Plateau, North China; furthermore, there are notable attribute differences between earthquake landslides and rainfall-triggered landslides. Along the southwestern margin of the Ordos Block, only one severe earthquake has been recorded in the past 3,000 years. The records of “Sanchuan exhaustion and Qishan collapse” provide clues for an investigation of the 780 BC Qishan earthquake. In this study, combined with historical documents, current high-resolution Google Earth images were used to extract historical landslides along the southwestern of the Ordos Block. There were 6,876 landslides with a total area of 643 km2. The landslide-intensive areas were mainly distributed along the Longxian–Qishan–Mazhao Fault in the loess valley area on the northeastern side of the fault. Loess tableland and river terraces occur on the southwest side of the fault; dense landslides have not been examined due to the topographical conditions in this area. By analyzing the spatial distribution of historical earthquake damage in this region, comparing the characteristics of rainfall-triggered landslides, and combining existing dating results for bedrock collapse and loess landslides, the interpretation of dense historical landslides can be linked to the Qishan Earthquake. The interpretation results are associated with historical records. Analyses of current earthquake cases show that the distribution of dense landslides triggered by strong earthquakes can indicate the episeismic area of an earthquake. In addition, the non-integrated landslide catalog without small- and medium-scale coseismic landslides can be used to effectively determine the source parameters of historical strong earthquakes and perform quantitative evaluations. This study evaluates the focal parameters of the 780 BC Qishan earthquake based on interpretations of the spatial distribution range of historical landslides as representations of the range of the extreme earthquake zone.

OTTV recalculation of Suara Merdeka Tower: a recommendation design towards energy efficient building

This paper discusses how a building facade design possess an immense significant effect on thermal value transfer on building envelopes. The thermal transfer from outside into the building through the building envelope affects the thermal conditions in the building. Hence it determines the energy requirements in the room, such as the need for indoor air conditioning. Calculation on the southwest facade of Suara Merdeka Tower Semarang using the Ecotect software with the result that the OTTV (Overall Thermal Transfer Value) reaches above 35 W/m2 that is 59.44 W/m2. This facade is the face of the building as well as the smallest facade area. This smallest area remarkably influences on conditions in the building since the combination of glass types dominate and no shading devices on the entire side of the building. Solar radiation falls directly on the Southwest side after 12.00 pm and is not shadowed at all (overshadowed by 0%). This study simulates the redesign of the southwest façade and recalculates the OTTV value after the redesign process using the Ecotect software. The result obtained is a decrease in OTTV value by up to 35% after redesign recommendation applied.

Early Science from POSSUM: Shocks, turbulence, and a massive new reservoir of ionised gas in the Fornax cluster

AbstractWe present the first Faraday rotation measure (RM) grid study of an individual low-mass cluster—the Fornax cluster—which is presently undergoing a series of mergers. Exploiting commissioning data for the POlarisation Sky Survey of the Universe’s Magnetism (POSSUM) covering a${\sim}34$square degree sky area using the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP), we achieve an RM grid density of${\sim}25$RMs per square degree from a 280-MHz band centred at 887 MHz, which is similar to expectations for forthcoming GHz-frequency${\sim}3\pi$-steradian sky surveys. These data allow us to probe the extended magnetoionic structure of the cluster and its surroundings in unprecedented detail. We find that the scatter in the Faraday RM of confirmed background sources is increased by$16.8\pm2.4$rad m−2within 1$^\circ$(360 kpc) projected distance to the cluster centre, which is 2–4 times larger than the spatial extent of the presently detectable X-ray-emitting intracluster medium (ICM). The mass of the Faraday-active plasma is larger than that of the X-ray-emitting ICM and exists in a density regime that broadly matches expectations for moderately dense components of the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium. We argue that forthcoming RM grids from both targeted and survey observations may be a singular probe of cosmic plasma in this regime. The morphology of the global Faraday depth enhancement is not uniform and isotropic but rather exhibits the classic morphology of an astrophysical bow shock on the southwest side of the main Fornax cluster, and an extended, swept-back wake on the northeastern side. Our favoured explanation for these phenomena is an ongoing merger between the main cluster and a subcluster to the southwest. The shock’s Mach angle and stand-off distance lead to a self-consistent transonic merger speed with Mach 1.06. The region hosting the Faraday depth enhancement also appears to show a decrement in both total and polarised radio emission compared to the broader field. We evaluate cosmic variance and free-free absorption by a pervasive cold dense gas surrounding NGC 1399 as possible causes but find both explanations unsatisfactory, warranting further observations. Generally, our study illustrates the scientific returns that can be expected from all-sky grids of discrete sources generated by forthcoming all-sky radio surveys.

Analysis and Prediction of Meteorological Drought Area by Using Standardized Precipitation Index in Northeast, Thailand

The objectives of this work are: 1) to monitor the trend of rainfall data in in-season rice field period of Thailand (April to August). 2) to analyze meteorological drought by Standardized Precipitation Index : SPI in Northeast Thailand in in-season rice field period of Thailand and 3) to predict the rainfall data in in-season rice field period of Thailand of 2021. The average monthly rainfall data in April to August of 1990 – 2020 were gathered from 31 meteorological stations covered Northeast area of Thailand by Meteorological Department of Thailand. The data were used to draw trend of monthly average rainfall to track a change of rainfall in the period. Then, these were used to create distribution of meteorological drought characteristics maps under SPI criteria. Moreover, Single Moving Average model is used to predict the rainfall data with the lowest MAPE at 11.13 percentage. The results show that the higher meteorological drought risk area was always found in south-west side of the region in June to August. Moreover, average monthly rainfall increases from April and hit the peak in July and August. The trend of total monthly rainfall in in-season rice field period fluctuates along the study period with average value at 977.98 millimeters and its trend tends to be decreased at 0.1052 millimeters per year.

Research on deformation of submarine slope in Zhoushan Islands by in-situ observation

Instability of submarine slopes in Zhoushan Islands is widespread. Frequent submarine landslides pose a great threat to offshore facilities such as submarine optical cables, reclamation projects, ports and docks. In this paper, a self-developed in-situ observation system is used to observe the deformation of submarine slopes on the southwest side of Zhujiajian Island in Zhoushan Islands for 75 days. The results show that the deformation characteristics of sediments at different depths of the submarine slope are different, and the lateral deformation of bottom sediments is about 0.75 mm, which is three times as much as the deformation of overlying sediments. The deformation process presents a step-like change, and the deformation direction is consistent with the trend of submarine slope.

481. Epidemic – Pandemic Impacts Inventory (EPII) Survey Results for Persons Living with HIV in Chicago’s West and Southwest Communities

BackgroundThe rapid spread of COVID-19 in recent months has caused local and regional governments to enact protective measures that have hindered economies and imposed demanding restrictions on daily life. Households may be experiencing physical, psychological, social, and economic challenges due to these preventative measures. Populations with fewer resources and/or pre-existing conditions may be at higher risk for these negative, life-altering effects. Therefore, we investigated COVID-19 impact on daily life among persons living with HIV (PLH) in Chicago’s under-resourced, largely minority, west and southwest side communities.MethodsWe modified the EPII, a survey designed to measure pandemic disease impact over nine domains of life, to assess how COVID-19 affected PLH receiving outpatient HIV care. From 5/11–29/2020, participants (n=49) completed the survey online or over the phone and received a $10 grocery gift card. We present the proportion of respondents who reported that they or any household member was impacted by select survey items.ResultsMore than half of respondents reported a household member getting laid off and/or furloughed (63%), increased mental health (45%) or sleep problems (51%), less physical activity (61%), and increased screen time (82%); 45% were unable to pay important bills. Positive changes included eating healthier foods (53%), more time for enjoyable activities (63%), more quality time with friends or family (65%), and paying more attention to personal health (76%). We observed differences by gender, age, and race/ethnicity over all domains (Table 1). Finally, 80% of those who participated in telehealth services were satisfied with their experience.Table 1. ConclusionOverall, respondents struggled with employment, emotional and physical health effects of COVID-19, yet also experienced aspects of positive life change. In the future, these results should be compared with results from a general population to determine whether PLH are disproportionately burdened. Regardless, COVID-19 has negatively impacted daily life for everyone, including PLH, and these individuals may need additional resources compared to their less resource-challenged counterparts.Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Una nueva choza en Medina Sidonia, Cádiz

Esta nueva choza se sitúa en la cara suroeste del Cerro del Castillo, la elevación sobre la que se asienta Medina Sidonia, en la provincia de Cádiz. Fue terminada de construir en el año 2017. Este nuevo hogar, diseñado para albergar a una pareja, se emplaza en un paraje privilegiado, con impresionantes vistas de la Janda, comarca que se extiende hasta la línea de costa del Atlántico.

Characterizing the distribution pattern and geologic and geomorphic controls on earthquake-triggered landslide occurrence during the 2017 Ms 7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake, Sichuan, China

This work aims to characterize the earthquake-triggered landslides (EQTLs) during the 2017 Jiuzhaigou earthquake and to describe the geological and geomorphological control of landslide hazards. The Jiuzhaigou-EQTLs were studied via field-based investigation and remote sensing techniques during few weeks immediately after the mainshock occurred. The Jiuzhaigou earthquake produced an 11.4-km2 landslide area with 5633 landslides, dominated by shallow disrupted landslides, rock falls, and rockslides/rock avalanche. Statistical analyses show that the Jiuzhaigou-EQTLs had low mobility with a modal apparent friction angle of 40–44°. The Jiuzhaigou-EQTLs mostly occurred at elevations of 2700–3500 m and below 900 m relative relief to the main riverbed, where small-scale landslides were situated at the lower to middle parts of hillslope and large-scale landslides were situated close to the ridge crests. Jiuzhaigou-EQTLs clustered on river valley-side at the upstream of Baihe River (Jiuzhai Paradise and Ganhaizi village), Rize gully, and Danzhu gully on the tectonically active region at the southwest side of seismogenic fault F2. Landslides are prone to failure on the carbonate rocks with anaclinal hillslopes, following the cataclinal and cata-plagioclinal hillslopes. Most Jiuzhaigou-EQTLs preferentially occur on the below low-level break line (L2) in V-shaped valley-side and between first-level (L2) and high-level break line (L1) in U-shaped valley-side formed from long-term paleo-glacier and river incision. We found that landslide frequency is determined by a combination of the earthquake source with ground deformation, slope distribution, and rock strength due to weathering and dissolution along the fractures. Ground surface deformation, rock type (strength), geological structures, and valley-side slope breaks dictated the Jiuzhaigou-EQTL distribution pattern and hazards. This study elucidates the roles that local conditions play in influencing the occurrence, distribution, and frequency of slope failures and provides a better understanding of EQTL phenomenon during the Jiuzhaigou earthquake.

Factors Controlling of Thermal Water Hydrogeochemical Characteristics in Tatun Volcano Group, Taiwan

The Tatun geothermal system is located in Northern Taiwan and is hosted by the Tatun volcano group (TVG). The variation in the geochemical composition of thermal waters is considered to be an important indicator of volcanic activity. In this study, we analyzed the chemical and isotopic compositions of hot springs in the TVG. A chemical and multicomponent geothermometer was used to estimate the reservoir temperature, and hydrogen and oxygen isotopes were used to determine the source of the thermal water. The presence of thick andesite and fractures allowed the formation of different type of springs in the center close each other with lower temperatures and acidic springs with higher temperatures at the northeast and southwest sides of the Tatun geothermal field. The saturation index showed that the concentration of SiO2 in the thermal water was controlled by quartz. The multicomponent geothermometer indicated a reservoir temperature between 130 °C and 190 °C, and the geothermal water in Longfengku, Lengshniken, Matsao and Szehuangping may have mixed with shallow groundwater. Isotope data indicated that the stream water and groundwater originated from meteoric water, and the spring water showed a significant oxygen shift, due to water–rock interaction and evaporation. The isotopes of the fluid in the TVG are also affected by the seasonal monsoon. These results can serve as a reference for designing a conceptual model of the spring in the Tatun geothermal system.

Anthyllis cytisoides L. (Fabaceae), new to the Italian native flora

We present the first finding of Anthyllis cytisoides L. in Italy. This western Mediterranean woody species was found close to the coastline on the southwest side of Mt. Argentario in southern Tuscany, on limestone rocks within a xerophytic garrigue community of the Erico multiflorae-Rosmarinetum officinali association. A description of the plant is given along with an original iconography and photos taken in the field. The reasons for considering this population of natural origin are briefly discussed, along with the possible causes of its wide disjunction from the rest of the species range.

Simulation of floating in the distribution of waste on the coast of the island

In this study, the information survey on water depth, currents, buoy drifting of the sea areas around Kinmen was completed from May 19 to May 26, 2019 (during southwest monsoon) and September 1 to September 8, 2019 (during northeast monsoon), and the marine waste drifting simulation model was established. Stony Brook POM with parallel computing is used as the model to simulate the drifting of marine waste. According to the buoy data, the strongest observed surface current can exceed 100 cm/s. However, between islands, most of the estimated surface current velocities distribute from 50 to 80 cm/s. The correlation coefficient between the buoy trajectories and the towed observation velocities is more than 0.8. In the marine waste drifting simulation model, the terrain with higher spatial resolution is included, the model range is extended, and many tidal patterns of Taiwan Strait are brought in. The model results indicate that spring or neap tides flood and ebb similarly and the overall spatial flow fields of the currents are similar. The comparison between the model results and the observations results shows that the correlation coefficients of currents are 0.65 (U) and 0.85 (V). Without the influence of wind fields, most floats move back and forth. Spring tides move back and forth in a large range or a long distance, while neap tides are small. After a day, there is not much chance of landing. During northeasterly winds, regardless of spring and neap tides, the floats move southwestward to the east and north coasts; during spring tides, the floats from the east may drift to the western sea area through the channel between islands. During southwesterly winds, the floats move northeastward, and the floats (from Jiulong River) in the southwest side may land the coasts near the south and southwest sides of Kinmen.

Assessment and evaluation of groundwater vulnerability index maps of Upper Palar River Basin, Tamilnadu, India

The present study focuses on the assessment of groundwater vulnerability in the Upper Palar river basin, Tamil Nadu, India using the DRASTIC method, which consists of seven parameters obtained from various sources and created as map layers. To determine the groundwater vulnerable zones, the net recharge parameter considered in the DRASTIC model is estimated by four different methods, viz., SCS-CN, Piscopo, Chaturvedi, and groundwater fluctuation recharge methods and the results were compared. The vulnerability maps were generated by four recharge estimation methods, such as water table fluctuation method, Piscopo, SCS-CN and empirical formulae of Chaturvedi methods. This vulnerability class were validated with the observed groundwater quality (nitrate concentration) measured from 30 wells in the study area. The results were classified into four categories such as low, moderate, high, and very high. From the results obtained using DRASTIC with the Chaturvedi method, very high vulnerability is observed in the southern regions and low vulnerability in the north and southwest regions. Using the Piscopo method, the very high vulnerability is distributed along the lower half of the river and southeast side, and the low vulnerability covers the north part of the river basin. Similarly using the SCS-CN method, the very high vulnerability is seen along the river basin and low vulnerability along the central-north and south regions. Using the groundwater fluctuation method, very high vulnerability falls under the small part of the southeast side, but low vulnerability covers the south-west and east sides of the river basin. The different methods adopted to estimate the recharge rate in the study revealed the dependency level of the vulnerability on that parameter. Also, the study area characteristic is best observed by the results of these four methods. All the four methods gave very good results and better knowledge about each factor and a better understanding of the groundwater susceptible zones to pollution in the study area. Among the four methods, Piscopo and WTF methods were found to be best applicable for the selected study area.

RESIDUES OF THE PRODUCTION BUILDING ON KUDRYAVS’KA str. 24A IN KYIV

During the archaeological research of the Old Rus site on the Kudryavska st., 24A in Kyiv, in the historical area called «Kopyriv kinec», the remains of the manufactory building were discovered. The building has a frame-and-pillar structure, 4 Ч 4 m square, located in the eastern part of the excavation area. The stepped entrance adjoined the building from the southwest side. This building was cut in half by the modern building foundation. At its bottom, in addition to pits of different diameters, the small hearth was located. In the filling of the building a lot of various finds such as the fragments of various vessels, the objects from ferrous and non-ferrous metals, fragments of building materials, stone items, various slags, animal bones etc. were discovered. In the building filling the artifacts indicating its manufacture purpose have been discovered: the fragments of commercial copper — the raw materials for casting bronze products in the form of round rods with cross-sections with traces of chopping and riveting. Material for smelting followed by casting, like raw materials, used the colored scrap in the form of fragments of various copper or bronze products, melted and deformed under the influence of high temperature little bell, broken strips etc. Slag fragments, found in the building, clearly indicate the activity related to metal production and metal processing. Most likely, the main metallurgical workshop was placed nearby. Consequently, this manufactory building was probably the part of metallurgical complex. Obviously, it was engaged in the smelting of metal and the manufacture of non-ferrous metal items.