South-western Dialect Research Articles

THE QUESTION TO PART-OF-SPEECH (NON)DISTINCTION: LOCAL ADVERB OR PREPOSITIONAL-NOMINAL CONSTRUCTION?

The paper is an attempt of analyse of the local adverbs that represent static і dynamic localization – a location of the object (relative to another object). The local adverbs are modelled [в/у + NAсc], [в/у + NLoc], [з + NGen], [на + NLoc], [на + NAсc], [під + NAсc], namely: в+гору, в+горі, з+гори, на+гору, на+горі, під+гору.More than 200 micro-contexts of the function of the adverbs in the South-Western dialects of Ukrainian language are analysed. The focus primarily lies on the semantic aspect.The purpose of the research is to analyse the peculiarities of the structure and semantics of the local adverbs of static and dynamic localization, on the example of the derivatives -гор(a) to identify the patterns of determining the part-of-speech status of the linguistic units (adverbs or prepositional-nominal construction), formed by these models. The adverbs (or prepositional-nominal constructions) represented the spatial opposition («upper part» – «lower part»).The sources of research are dialect dictionaries, card indices and texts, regional linguistic atlases, records of the dialectal speech by the author, and some other researchers, ethnographic and dialectal materials from XIX c. until now (Yakiv Holovats’kyj, Volodymyr Shukhevych, Volodymyr Hnatiuk, Antin Onyshchyk, Ivan Verchrats’kyj, Mykhajlo Zubryts’kyj, Zenon Kuzelia, Ilarion Svientsits’kyj, Mykola Hrycak and others).The semantics of adverbs and prepositional-nominal construction often coincides. This can be explained by the fact that semantic components united around the core component of the semantics of the basic word гора – ‘mountain’, ‘mountainous areas’, ‘hill’, as follows: ‘high in the mountains’, ‘on the mountain, on the top of the mountains’, ‘on the hill’ (a static localization); ‘towards the top of the mountain; to the mountain’, ‘in the direction of the top of the mountain (the hill)’, ‘downhill’ (a dynamic localization). It explains the relevance of the study.Micro- and macrocontexts are used to define semantics and grammar of words, «live» contexts. The analysis of derivatives, recorded in dialectological sources, also enabled to identify specific dialectal phonetic features at different levels of speech.Important are the linguistic factors (dependent words of the adjective-type declension (із гори високої, на тій горі, з другой горы), a repeat of derivatives (на горі, на горойці), toponyms and micro toponyms (на горi Мaківці, на гору на Городлівску), macrocontexts) and extralinguistic (recording location, background knowledge).

Phonetic and grammatical features of the dialect of the village Yuzhinets, Kitsmansky district, Chernivtsi region

The relevance of scientific research is due to the need to study dialect speech, the creation of lexicographic works, a description of individual dialects. The purpose of the article is to analyze the phoneticgrammatical features of the dialect of the village Yuzhinets, Kitsmansky district, Chernivtsi region. The novelty of scientific research lies in the fact that for the first time information was provided on the interrelated levels of the language system of a particular book.nadgrutskogo dialect. The study used the following scientific methods: analysis and synthesis, descriptive, structural and comparative historical. Conclusion. The talk of the Yuzhinets village of the Kitsmansky district of the Chernivtsi region has archaic phonetic features inherent in the southwestern dialect dialects, specific phonetic features, which in part determine particular grammatical forms.

Рибальська лексика в студіях українських науковців

Fishery culture had a huge impact on the development of mankind and was reflected in all spheres of material and spiritual culture, as shown by the insightful works of fishing vocabulary of scientists of different generations. At the end of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries the popular names of fish are systematized in the southwestern dialect (I. Verhratsky); the Hutsul fishery nomenclature with description and drawings of realities is represented (V. Shukhevych); valuable material on fishing in Poltava region with detailed description of each instrument and technological features of fishing (V. Vasilenko) is collected; The Ukrainian vocabulary of fishing in Dobrudja (F. Vovk), the Lower Dnipro region (D. Yavornytsky) is reproduced. In the first half of the twentieth century On Fishery Terminology of the village Dufinka in Odesa Region (1928) by B. Yurkivsky was the exploration in the lexicological aspect.In the second half of the twentieth century the Ukrainian Black Sea fishing terms in their historical development were covered by O. Gorbach. During this period Dictionary of dialects of the Ukrainian dialects of the Odessa region by A. Moskalenko (1958), in which the regional and local fishery terms occupied a prominent place; a lexicographic work by A. Berlusius The vocabulary of the fishing of the Ukrainian dialects of the Lower Podnistrova (1959), which contains numerous set phrasal combinations in the speech of fishermen; a study Place of fishing vocabulary of the Middle Dnieper in the vocabulary of the Ukrainian language by G. Tarasenko (1961) were also published. The most extensive material is found in dissertation Fishery vocabulary in Ukrainian dialects of the Lower Dnieper (1993) by I. Lipkevich. The second half of the twentieth century saw such important scientific works as ones by V. Kolomiets from the ichthyological nomenclature, where historical-geographical data and linguistic considerations was used in a complex way; scientific works by E. Motuzenko, where lexical-semantic and historical-etymological aspects of the fishery terminology of the North-Western Black Sea region is analyzed; works by G. Khalimonenko, who thoroughly investigated borrowings from Turkic languages into the Ukrainian vocabulary of fishing. Besides the famous lexicographic heritage of Professor V. Chabanenko, his ethnographic works are very valuable, in which the scientist described in detail the structure and method of the use of some fishing gear in the lower reaches of the Dnieper, which allowed the researcher to immerse in the inner form of names.Analyzed scientific studies enable a further integrated approach to the study of both the history of the formation of fishing names and the history of the formation of their semantic structure.

BACK TO THE QUESTION OF GENESIS OF CHIYSHIYA DIALECT

Introduction. The article deals with the basic phonetic; morphological and lexical features of the dialect of the village Gorodne (the previous name was Chiyshiya); Bolgrad district of the Odessa region. The research of rare features of Chiyshiya dialect allows to determine its genesis and place among other Bulgarian resettlement dialects in Ukraine and in the metropolis. The purpose of the study is to determine phonetic; morphological and lexical features that enable to determine the type of dialect. The object of the research is the Bulgarian resettlement dialects of the South of Ukraine; the subject of the research is the dialect of the village Gorodne (Chiyshiya). The material was collected during the expeditions in the village Gоrodne and from the dictionary of the village of Kalchevo; where also the speakers of the Chiyshiya dialect live. The main methods of research are descriptive; comparative and semantic-etymological analysis of the studied lexemes. The study found that the largest number of common features in the phonetic and lexical system of the Chisinau dialect has the southeastern and southwestern dialects of the metropolis. Composing of the dictionary of Bulgarian resettlement dialects in Ukraine and the dictionary of Balkanisms is possible practical implementation of the research results. In the research we have come to the following conclusions.We have come to the following results. The Chiyshiya dialect does not belong to the northeastern Bulgarian dialects; it contains a number of features of the ъ- type Balkan languages; southeast and even the southwest Bulgarian dialects. The largest number of phonetic; grammatical and lexical similarities is recorded in the Rupski and southwest Bulgarian dialects. A striking example of this is the presence of iterative verbs; which are recorded by Bulgarian dialectologists mainly in southwest dialects. Iterative verbs are one of the characteristic features of the Rupski dialects. They are recorded in the East Macedonian and the Solunski dialects. Archaic types of iterative verbal forms are formed by the type of old infinitive foundations -ova-; -ieva; that is from suf. -ова (in dialects -ува): казовам; видьовам; пцовам (псувам); плодновам; празновам; легновам. Some of them existed in the Old Bulgarian language: миновам; заминовам; поминовам; заникновам; etc. The softness of the consonants (such as шел’чи; казан’чи; мийун’чи; мъл’ч’ешна вудъ; гъл’чъ; etc.) in the Chiyshiya dialects and the stability of the consonant в are characteristic features of the south-western Bulgarian and some of Rupski dialects.A characteristic feature of the Rupski and Chiyshiya dialects is also the двадам; доходам (in the Chiyshiya dialect - дувадъм - дохождам); сятам (усещам); флявам (влизам); испъдам; фатам; etc.; which also occur in the Rhodopes. To lexical rarities of dialect of the village Gorodne Urban belongs to the lexemes: кутел 'mortar'; кутле 'little finger'; пипон 'melon'; кълвун 'beak'; кръстачки 'a kind of product from dough'; ирмик 'belt'; бурдел 'cellar'; върбило 'bucket handle'; кулкуш 'doghouse'; чавре 'embroidered nose handkerchief'; мумари 'participants of the wedding ceremony'; колдзури 'a kind of embroidery'; and others. Only in the village Gorodne was recorded the great holiday-procession - напрът; the names of products from the dough - тутманик; дърпъници; кръстатки. The verb гълча 'to talk' is used in the Chiyshiya dialect dialects. For the Chiyshiya dialect; a loanword from the Greek is also typical: гиран 'well'; пипон 'melon'; and кутел 'wooden mortar'. Only in the Chiyshiya group of dialects we find the lexeme магалка; маалка (corn stalks); which is recorded mostly in the southeastern and southwestern Bulgarian dialects. Much of the lexical rarities are the names of clothing and ornaments: манофел; антерия; джубе; казакиня; кюрк; гашти на вуркузун; ферджа; баска; чепрази; etc. They are mostly borrowed from Turkish language. The Conclusion. It is necessary to research deeply the vocabulary of the Bulgarian resettlement dialects in terms of linguistic geography and history in order to determine their long-standing ties with other South Slavic dialects and to trace a chronology of common elements.

ОRNITHONYM ЛЕЛЕКА IN MODERN UKRAINIAN DIALECT LANGUAGE

During recent years vocabulary and phraseology became a source for many researchers in Ukrainian dialectology. The completeness of information about phrazeological units and their components allows an objective definition not only of Ukrainian dialects’ peculiarities, but also of mentality, culture of dialect speakers.Aim of the article – to research peculiarities of using and are of dissemination of ornithonym лелека (leleka) in texts of dialect connected speech and as a part of fixed word-combinations. Lexicographical works confirm the extremely rich fund of fixed word-combinations, active variation of phrasems in areal projection, and they allow the researching of phrazeological components as a part of fixed word-combinations and out of them.It is defined that ornithonym лелека (leleka) has many dialectal variants, and in а phraseological units, only in the southeastern dialect such variants as лелек (lelek), журавель (zhuravel’) and аїст (ayist) are used, in eastern sub-dialects of northern dialect – чорногуз (chornohuz), in the majority of the south-western dialects – бузьок (buz’ok), бузько (buz’ko), and in Volyn dialects – боцюн (botsiun). In addition to numerous variants of the well-known phraseologism, the лелека приніс has brought in the answer to the children’s question «Where I was taken from?», it is observed that the fixed language expressions with the researched component are not only in the texts about traditional folk rituals, but they can also figuratively characterize the appearance of a person, his behavior, psychological conditions.The previous analysis proves the idea about presence of space correlation, with involving of more empirical base of Ukrainian dialectology the areal description can be refined and supplemented.

USE OF LOANWORDS IN UNOFFICIAL NAMES

The article deals with motivation in the giving of unofficial names based on loanwords in the Upper Dniestrian area of Ukraine. Phonetic and lexical dialecticisms, often having certain phonetic or word-formation transformations, are the most common elements in naming practices. Loanwords comprise a significant layer of dialectal words; in particular, in southwestern dialects, these are primarily Polish and German lexemes. The motivation of some nicknames is unknown, which indicates that such proper names have lost their connections with appellatives. The subject of the study is the singling out of lexico-semantic groups of nicknames according to their motivational foundations, and investigating the loanwords origin. The study is based on the lexical material collected in settlements of Halych district, Ivano-Frankivsk region, representing the Upper Dniestrian subdialect of the southwestern dialect.

UKRAINIAN ORAL SPEECH OF THE MODERN YOUTH OF THE SOUTHERN AND WESTERN ZONE: DEVIANT PROCESSES

The article is devoted to the Ukrainian oral speech at the synchronic level, in particular to the spoken features of the Ukrainian language. The attempt to reveal, analyze and describe the deviations which appear as a result of violations of unstable pronouncing norms was made on the basis of a sociolinguistic survey. In particular whistling sounds before sibilants and vice versa, аlso the alveolar consonant [d] is considered before sibilants depending on the sphere of activity of the respondents and their living environment depending on the region of residence - South or Western Ukraine. In the comparative aspect, the pronunciation of the studied sound compositions by the youth of different countries (Ukraine, Canada, Moldova, Transnistrian) is presented.The subject of the research is using of the pronouncing norms of the modern Ukrainian language, in particular the sound combination (hushing sounds before sibilants, sibilants before hushing sounds and the transformation of coronal [d],[d'] in affricates before hushing sounds and sibilants).The sociolinguistic (social surveys), descriptive, comparative methods and the intake of quantitative calcculations through which the material was collected, recorded and analyzed are used in our research.The predecessors who studied certain issues (first of all, in social and phonetic description of Ukrainian speech) are N.I. Trots’kа, L.I. Prokopova, M.M. Fashchenko. The object of our research is the Ukrainian speech of the youth from Odesa, Kherson, Mykolayiv regions (students-philologists of the Ukrainian and Bulgarian branches of the Odessa National University named after I. Mechnikov) and Lviv, Ternopil, Ivano-Frankivsk regions (students-philologists of the Ukrainian department of the Lviv National University named after I. Franko). A survey was conducted among Ukrainian students of different courses and faculties of the Transnistrian State University named after T. Shevchenko (Tiraspol, Transdniestria), the Baltsky State University named after Oleka Russo (Moldova) and the youth of various spheres of Canada (Toronto) for comparison. Thus, speech errors allow to define the norm and the study of speech phenomena clearer. According to our observations the norms of pronunciation are closely related to the field of the youth: respondents-non-philologists double the number of mistakes in pronunciation than respondents-philologists. Modern youth of Southern Ukraine predominantly adhere to two laws of orthoepy - pronounced whistling before the sizzling and vice versa, but difficulties arise when pronounced [d] before whistling and sizzling. The last rule is a characteristic of the students-philologists specializing in Ukrainian language and literature, therefore, we treat it as unstable, often violated. In addition, on the basis of our research we were convinced that the unstable norms of the pronunciations of the sound compositions not reflected in the monuments of the XIX century, or occasionally certified. The modern youth of Western Ukraine, on the contrary, repelled better possession of the norms of pronunciation [d] before sizzling and whistling than the norms of pronunciation of whistling before sizzling and vice versa. In particular, orthoepic deviations were associated with the influence of spelling or stunning, which is characteristic of the southwestern dialect. And, of course, those rules of pronunciation of the sound compositions, which for a long time were recorded in the letters of the XIX century, are the most stable in verbal speech. The need for further research of the isolated problem is seen in the study of deviations that Ukrainian young people make when pronouncing consonant, vowel, and other sound combinations.

The Ukrainian Language in Argentina and Paraguay as an Identity Marker

This paper discusses the function of the Ukrainian language in Argentina and Paraguay. Although there are studies that focus on describing the historical and ethnographic features of the Ukrainian diaspora in this region, there are no studies devoted to the analysis of speech. I collected oral narratives during a field study of Slavic communities in the region in 2015, and this allowed me to draw conclusions about the processes occurring in informants’ speech. I discovered that the Ukrainian language used by descendants of the first and second waves of migration, living in the province of Misiones in Argentina and in the department of Itapúa in Paraguay, retains the traits of the primary dialect system of the South-Western dialect group of Galicia (Halychyna). A large number of contact phenomena (borrowed lexemes, numerals, affirmative and negative particles, etc.) were recorded, as well as language strategies that typically accompany these phenomena. For example, reiteration strategy, metalinguistic comments, and hesitations in choosing suitable words were all present. The principle difficulty in the adoption of words borrowed from Spanish — particularly nouns — is gender affiliation. A characteristic common to all informants was the strategy of code-switching. An analysis of the functioning of toponyms revealed that place names preceded by prepositions remain indeclinable. Personal names remain an important identity marker for members of the Ukrainian diaspora and both Spanish and Ukrainian feature a distinction between onomastic spaces. The identity of speakers is also reflected in ethnonyms that have emerged in the new land of resettlement.

Diminutieven van basissen op een vocaal of glijder in de centraal-zuidelijke en de zuidwestelijke dialecten. Een precisering

Abstract Diminutives of bases on a vowel or glide in central southern and south western dialects: a specification The excellent first part of the Morphological Atlas of the Dutch Dialects (MAND 2005) discusses the formation of diminutives in Dutch dialects, taking diminutives of bases ending on 'vowel, diphtong or glide' as a point of reference, 'after which the diminutive suffix can develop freely and most naturally.' Based on data from central southern and southwestern dialects, this article presents a more precise account, in which bases ending on a monophtong are contrasted with bases ending on diphtongs and glides.

서남방언의 ‘-을란지라’ 구문 연구

서남방언의 ‘-을란지라’ 구문 연구

Семантична опозиція горі – долі в говірках південно-західного наріччя української мови

While the lexemes горі and долі express opposite meanings, they mostly retain the identity of a semantic entity. The article analyses more than 300 micro-contexts of the function of these lexemes from dialectological sources. The semantics and grammar of lexemes are studied in the light of the functioning and action of the words in “live” contexts where they act as adverbs and prepositions. This article reviews lexicographical interpretation of words. The semantic structure of lexemes in the South-Western dialects of Ukrainian language is modelled.The analysed units represent the semantics and features typical of the South-Western dialects of the Ukrainian language. The sources of research are dialect dictionaries and texts (from 19th c. until now), regional linguistic atlases, records of the dialectal speech made by the author and other researchers. The dialectal data are provided in comparative tables of the lexemes’ semantics.

The National Joker: Abraham Lincoln and the Politics of Satire

The National Joker: Abraham Lincoln and the Politics of Satire

A historical morphology of Western Karaim: The -p edi- past tense in the South-western dialect

The present paper describes the -p edi- past tense in Western Karaim — the first such attempt made in the available scholarly literature. It is important to note that the paper is based not only on philological data collected from manuscripts from the 18th–20th centuries, but also on field research conducted by the late Polish Turcologist, Józef Sulimowicz (1913–1973). His linguistic informants were Karaims from Halych.

The lexeme верх: its phonetic and semantic features, and derivative resources in south-western dialects of Ukrainian

The lexeme верх: its phonetic and semantic features, and derivative resources in south-western dialects of Ukrainian
 The paper is an attempt to analyse the word верх ‘top’, and to construct a derivational nest for the root -верх-. The source material was excerpted from linguistic atlases, dialectal dictionaries, dialectal recordings, and other specialist studies. The focus lies primarily on the phonetic, semantic, and wordformative aspect. The analysed words display phonetic features that are typical for south-western dialects of Ukrainian, as well as their semantic and derivational variation. The resulting derivational nest is a complicated system of cognate words that cover four different levels of word formation (the first level is the base word верх). Dialectal data are provided in tables. The examples show that an analysis of the system of derivatives is able to: identify the most complete phonetic variants of words, find semantic variants of each derivative, compare UD derivatives of the root -верх- (-wierzch-) with PD, describe specific dialectal word-formative patterns which are not characteristic of the standard language, and to record an ancient phenomenon.

АКТУАЛІЗАЦІЯ ФРАЗЕОЛОГІЧНИХ ОДИНИЦЬ У ДІАЛЕКТНОМУ ТЕКСТІ

The article describes the peculiarities of the use of phraseological units in modern dialectal texts of south-western dialect. In particular, the analysis of phraseological units on the basis of dialectal texts identifi es either these units are of early non-fi xed origin or are realized as phraseological units with different contextual meanings, as different actualizations of semantic and emotive schemes of the plane of expression. The noteworthy fact is that the level of language competence of a dialect speaker and the additional information about the speech reality are analyzed on the basis of phraseology.

Lexicographical Studies on the Southwestern Dialects of the Ukrainian Language

The paper deals with the issue of compiling the Southwestern dialect dictionaries. Asurvey of the history of the dialect dictionaries from the mid-nineteenth century to the present isgiven. The scientific background and principles of compiling the dictionaries in question areanalyzed. Special attention is given to dictionary register, dictionary entry structure, description ofsemantic properties of registered words, illustrative material, word passport.It has been established that many aspects of the Hutsul dialects are reflected in differentlexicographical works, though a big academic dictionary still needs to be written. There exist bigdifferential dictionaries of the Boyko, Bukovynian, Upper Dniestrian dialects. The Transcarpathianand Lemko dialects are less closely studied in this respect. There have been carried out somelexicographical studies of the Podillian, Pokuttian, Southern Volynian dialects and the dialects ofthe Sian river basin; further research is certainly needed to provide a firm basis for compilingdictionaries of these dialects

A historical phonology of western Karaim. Alveolars and front labials in the south-western dialect

This article is an attempt to establish the time-frame and relative chronology of the s > s and o, u > e, i changes that occurred in south-western Karaim. The sample material used for the present article comes from Halych Karaim handwritten prayer books dating back approximately to the second half of the 18th and the first half of the 19th century, and are written in the Karaim semi-cursive variant of the Hebrew script. The final conclusion of the article is that both changes occurred in the final decades of the 18th century.

Body weights in Han Chinese populations

The body weights of 26,954 Han Chinese adults in 67 areas (16,503 in rural areas and 10,451 in urban areas) across China were measured from 2009 to 2013. The results showed that in China, the three areas (north China, northeast China, and Jianghuai Plain) were with the greatest body weight. Northwest Han Chinese populations were heavier. Southwestern dialect groups were at the middle level and lighter than northern Han Chinese populations, but were heavier among southern Han Chinese populations. Chinese Han who located in areas of Hangjiahu were the general level, and similar to southwestern dialect groups. The mean values of body weight in Hunan Han and Fujian Han were greater than other Han groups in southern China. Gan dialect groups and Cantonese dialect groups showed the minimum body weight value in all Chinese Han groups. Besides, the mean body weight of Hakka was heavier than Gan dialect groups and Cantonese dialect groups which were adjacent to Hakka. Body weight increases with an increase in height, bone diameter, subcutaneous fat on the limbs and trunk, chest circumference, and abdomen circumference. This study revealed that northern Han men were heavier than southern Han men, because the former were taller and had a larger waist circumference as well as thicker subcutaneous fat on their backs. Among women, height, bone diameter of the upper limbs, chest and abdomen circumferences, and subcutaneous fat on the limbs and trunks of northern Han exceeded those of rural southern Han. Consequently, body weight values of northern Han women were higher than those of southern Han women. While a significant difference in these values was found between urban and rural men, no significant difference occurred between urban and rural women. Body weight was associated with age in urban and rural men only in the case of minority groups. However, there was a positive correlation between body weight and age in the majority groups of both urban and rural women. The particular composition of genes involved in body weight traits of Han populations across the country has created a genetic foundation accounting for varying body weights of different Han populations. Environmental factors also play a role. As the Han are widely dispersed, their habitation areas vary according to factors such as topography, temperature, precipitation, humidity, and light. Moreover, labor intensity, food composition, and the intake of various nutrients also differ across Han populations. All of these factors have affected the development of body weight in Han populations living in different locations.

Electric Properties of Mg-substituted Lithium Iron Spinel

The paper deals with the issue of compiling the Southwestern dialect dictionaries. A survey of the history of the dialect dictionaries from the mid-nineteenth century to the present is given. The scientific background and principles of compiling the dictionaries in question are analyzed. Special attention is given to dictionary register, dictionary entry structure, description of semantic properties of registered words, illustrative material, word passport.
 It has been established that many aspects of the Hutsul dialects are reflected in different lexicographical works, though a big academic dictionary still needs to be written. There exist big differential dictionaries of the Boyko, Bukovynian, Upper Dniestrian dialects. The Transcarpathian and Lemko dialects are less closely studied in this respect. There have been carried out some lexicographical studies of the Podillian, Pokuttian, Southern Volynian dialects and the dialects of the Sian river basin; further research is certainly needed to provide a firm basis for compiling dictionaries of these dialects.

Listy do Łucka

One of the addressees of the letters of Prof. Ananiasz Zajączkowski was Aleksander Mardkowicz (1875–1944), a notary from Lutsk, who was one of the most affluent Karaim activists of the inter-war period. As a young man he moved to Yekaterinoslav, where he worked in a notary’s practice. There he made his debut publishing a few poems in Russian in some literary magazines. After Poland gained its independence, in 1921 Mardkowicz returned to Lutsk, where he started to play an important role in the life of the local Karaim community as a member and, for a time, a president of the Board of the community. But the major focus of his work were literary and editorial activities. As there was a need for literature which would encourage Karaim readers to develop an interest in their own language, tradition and past, towards the end of the 1920s Mardkowicz struck upon the idea of creating a Karaim publishing house. In ten years between 1930 and 1939 he published 15 brochures (most of them written by himself): four short stories, four poems, a collection of religious songs, a calendar, a Karaim-Polish-German dictionary, a grammar of the south-western dialect (written by A. Zajączkowski) and three brochures in Polish on the history and traditions of the Karaims. “Karaj Awazy”, a magazine entirely in Karaim, whose twelve issues appeared between 1931 and 1939, can be regarded as his major work. It had an enormous impact on the cultural life of Karaim communities not only in Lutsk, but in Halicz and in Lithuania as well. The letters written by Zajączkowski to Mardkowicz between the summer of 1933 and the spring of 1939 show us some unknown aspects of the relations between the editors of two Karaim magazines appearing in the same time: “Myśl Karaimska” in Vilnius and “Karaj Awazy” in Luck.